Pathology of the Strategic Management of the Iran's Gymnastic Sport
Badri foolad Borzoo 1 , Davood Nasr Esfahani 2
1. Department of Sport Management, Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. E-mail: [email protected]
2. Corresponding Author, Department of Sport Management, Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran. E-mail:[email protected]
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article type:
Research Article
Article history:
Received:
15 December 2021 Received in revised form:
20 February 2022 Accepted:
22 February 2022 Published online:
1 January 2023
Keywords:
Gymnastics Development, Pathology,
Strategic Management, Strategic Planning Strategic Thinking
Introduction: The aim of this study was to present the pathology model of strategic management of Iranian gymnastics.
Methods: The method of this research was qualitative and grounded theory based on a systematic approach. The statistical population of this study consisted of gymnastics experts, 28 of whom were selected based on theoretical saturation and purposefully sampling. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. To check the face and content validity, the findings were presented to the interviewer and after studying the theory, their opinions was applied. The method of reliability assessment was the retest method. The average rate of internal agreement was 0.83.
To analyze data, three main stages of open, axial and selective coding were used.
Results: The results showed the categories of causal conditions (management and planning weakness, information, multiple tastes), contextual conditions (lack of succession system, structural and cultural issues, financial and facilities weakness), Intervening conditions (behavioral issues, negative policy-making, political conflicts), actions and strategies (participative management, talent management, plans monitoring, education, service compensation) and consequences (achievement of goals, gymnastic development, increase of organizational empathy).
Conclusion: Based on the results, it’s inferred that the growth, development and maturity of gymnastics is a dependent on strategic management, so paying attention to the drivers and inputs of this process in explaining the effectiveness of strategic gymnastics programs can be effective.
Cite this article: Badri foolad, B., & Nasr Esfahani, D. (2023). Pathology of the Strategic Management of the Iran's Gymnastic Sport. Sport Management Journal,14 (4), 283-304.
DOI: http//doi.org/10.22059/jsm.2022.333419.2844
© The Author(s). Publisher: University of Tehran, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health.
Introduction
Today, the survival of many successful organizations depends on the strategic management. Paying attention to strategic management is inevitable for sports federations. Gymnastics is always one of the most attractive sports, and it is known as one of the basic disciplines in the success of athletes of various disciplines. Although many years have passed since the establishment of this sport in Iran, this sport has not been able to find its real place in the society. According to the results of past research, strategic management is the most important factor in the growth of gymnastic sport. Strategic management is affected by various drivers and achieving success in this field will only be by knowing the drivers and actions that affect formulation, implementation and evaluation. It is necessary to determine strategic management in gymnastics to know what conditions and what strategies are necessary in opposition and alignment with these conditions. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to investigate the pathology of strategic management of Iranian gymnastics.
Methods
Since the research method of this study was qualitative, the method of Grounded theory (systematic approach) was used.
48 gymnastics experts formed the statistical research population. Sampling of this research continued as targeted manner with theoretical saturation logic (28 people). The method of data collection in the first part was done using library methods; and the second part of the data collection process was conducted using qualitative interviews (semi- structured interviews). Also, in this research, the review of coding (test-retest reliability) and the approval of research colleagues were used to confirm the scientific accuracy. The test-retest reliability of the interviews of this research is 89%.
Therefore, the reliability of coding was confirmed. Also, based on the Grounded theory, three stages of open, axial and selective coding were performed to analyze the collected qualitative data, and finally, a logical paradigm of the created theory was presented.
Results
In order to analyze the data using a systematic approach; in the open coding stage, 189 concepts were identified by reviewing the conducted interviews. In the second stage, axial coding where the concepts are connected in the form of a network, 32 subcategories were formed according to the relationships between the identified concepts. Finally, a cording to the results, a model based on the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin was designed. Therefore, the results showed that the axial conditions (strategic management of gymnastics), the categories of causal conditions (management, planning, rehabilitation, coordination weakness, and, multiple of tastes, incoherent processes), contextual conditions (lack of succession system, financial and facilities weakness, structural and cultural issues), intervening conditions (behavioral issues, negative policy-making, political conflicts and non-fulfilment of collective participation), actions and strategies
management, plans monitoring, knowledge enhancement and education, service compensation, foundation, use of capable managers, cultivation and information, dominance of thinking and strategic view, promotion of coordination, increase of interactions external of the federation and stability) and consequences (fulfillment of goals and plans, increasing the development and success of gymnastics, controlling destructive stimuli and directing it in the correct and efficient direction, increasing organizational empathy and smoothing the implementation of the strategy).
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that the strategic management of gymnastics is subject to various conditions, in fact there are conditions that have a negative role in the formation of damages. These conditions are subject to causal, contextual and intervention conditions. In addition, in order to eliminate these damages, it is necessary to obtain the desired results by using appropriate strategies. Considering that many factors are effective in explaining the damage of the strategic management system of the Gymnastics Federation. Therefore, the strategies of this research include the application of participatory management, human resource talent management, plans monitoring, knowledge enhancement and education, compensation for services, use of capable managers, cultivation and information, the rule of strategic thinking, increasing external interactions, stability and etc.
The implementation of these strategies in strategic management requires conditions and an environment that should be prepared so that its members can take steps towards realizing their goals and visions. Finally, the consequences of this research include the categories of achieving goals and plans, developing gymnastic sport and its success, controlling destructive stimuli and guide them in the correct and efficient direction. Therefore, it can be said that the growth, development and expansion of gymnastics is a function of strategic management, and paying attention to the drivers and inputs of this process identified in this research can play a more effective role in explaining the effectiveness of the strategic plans of this sport.
Ethical Considerations Compliance with ethical guidelines:
Authors’ contribution: DNE conceived and supervised the study.
DNE and BBF wrote the study protocol and data analysis plan. DNE interpreted the data. BBF drafted the manuscript. DNE revised the manuscript. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript and had full access to all the data in the study and final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication
Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Acknowledgments: The authors would like to appreciate Islamic Azad University, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch and the Gymnastics’
Federation of I.R of Iran.
ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺪﻣ ﯾ ﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ
ﮏ ژ شزرو ﯾ
ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ اﯾ ناﺮ
وزﺮﺑ يرﺪﺑ دﻻﻮﻓ
، 1
ﺮﺼﻧ دواد ﻧﺎﻬﻔﺻا
ﯽ
2
1 . هوﺮﮔ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺑﺮﺗ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽ
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
ا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ،(نﺎﮕﺳارﻮﺧ) نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺪﺣاو ﯾ
ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . [email protected]
2 هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ . لوﺆﺴﻣ ﺪﻣ هوﺮﮔ ، ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﺷزرو ﯽ
، ﺑﺮﺗ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ ﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ و ﯽ
، ﻣﻼﺳا دازآ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽ
ا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ،(نﺎﮕﺳارﻮﺧ) نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺪﺣاو ﯾ
ناﺮ :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار [email protected] .
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا هﺪﯿﮑﭼ
:ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ عﻮﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رد ﯾ ﺖﻓﺎ : 24 / 09 / 1400
:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 01
/ 12 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ ﺬﭘ ﯾ شﺮ : 03 / 12 / 1400
رﺎﺗ ﯾ ﺦ رﺎﺸﺘﻧا : 11 / 10 / 1401
ﺪﯿﻠﮐ هژاو :ﺎﻫ ﺳﺎﻨﺷﺐﯿﺳآ
،ﯽ
،ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ
،يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
،يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺮﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ژ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺋارا ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ فﺪﻫ ي
ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ ژ شزرو ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ اﯾ ﺮ نا دﻮﺑ .
:ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ شور ا شور
ﯾ ﻦ ﮐ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﺮﻈﻧ عﻮﻧ زا و ﯾﻪ
هداد ﻨﺑﯿ دﺎ ﻫر ﯿ ﺖﻓﺎ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ دﻮﺑ . ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ آ يرﺎﻣ اﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ار
ژ شزرو نﺎﮔﺮﺒﺧ ﯾ
ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ ﮑﺸﺗ ﯿ ﻞ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧداد ﺮﻈﻧ عﺎﺒﺷا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ي
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ و ﮔ ﯿﺮ ي ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ 28 ﺮﻔﻧ نآ زا ﺎﻫ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . راﺰﺑا يروآدﺮﮔ هداد ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﯿﻧ ﻪﻤ - رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺑا ي ﺮﺑ ر ﯽﺳ اور ﯽﯾ رﻮﺻ ي اﻮﺘﺤﻣ و ﯽﯾ
، ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﻣ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺻ ﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ن ارا ﻪﺋ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ زا ﺲﭘ و ﯾ
،ﻪ نآ تاﺮﻈﻧ ا ﺎﻫ ﺎﻤﻋ ل دﺮﮔ ﯾﺪ ﺳرﺮﺑ شور . ﯽ
ﺎﭘ ﯾﺎ ﯽﯾ
، ﻣ .دﻮﺑ نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ شور ﯿ
ﮕﻧﺎ ﯿ ﻦ
ﻣﯿ ناﺰ نورد ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ
ﯽ 83 /0 اﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷ شراﺰﮔ ي
ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ هداد ﺎﻫ زا ﯾور دﺮﮑ ﺳ ﯿ ﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴ ﯿ
؛ﮏ ﺳ ﻪ ﻠﺻا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﯽ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي
ﻣ ،زﺎﺑ رﻮﺤ ي ﺰﮔ و ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ ﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .
:ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ داد
ﺎﻫ ي اﺮﺷ ﯾ ﻂ
ّﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺪﻣ ﻒﻌﺿ) ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﻪر ﯾﺰ ي
، عﻼﻃا ﻧﺎﺳر ﯽ
، ﻼﺳ دﺪﻌﺗ ﯾ ﻖ ،(...و
ﻣز ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﯿ ﻪﻨ ا ي ﺸﻧﺎﺟ مﺎﻈﻧ دﻮﺒﻧ) ﯿ
ﻦ روﺮﭘ ي
، رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ي
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﯽ
، ﻟﺎﻣ ﻒﻌﺿ ﯽ
،(تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا و ﻠﺧاﺪﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ
ﻪ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ) ﺮﮔ
رﺎﺘﻓر ي
، ﺳ ﯿ ﺖﺳﺎ زرو ي ﻔﻨﻣ ﯽ
، ﺳ تﺎﺿرﺎﻌﺗ ﯿ ﺳﺎ ﯽ ﻗا ،(...و تﺎﻣاﺪ ﺪﻣ ﺖﺴﺑرﺎﮐ) ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار و ﯾﺮ
ﯾ ﺖ ﺸﻣ ﺘﮐرﺎ ﯽ
، ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ،داﺪﻌﺘﺳا
ﺎﭘﯾ ﺶ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺶﻧاد ،ﺎﻫ اﺰﻓا ﯽﯾ
، ناﺮﺒﺟ ﭘ و (...و تﺎﻣﺪﺧ ﯿ
ﻣﺎ ﺎﻫﺪ ژ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،فاﺪﻫا ﻖﻘﺤﺗ) ﯾ
ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ
،ﮏ اﺰﻓا ﯾ ﺶ ﻟﺪﻤﻫ ﯽ ﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽ
دﻮﺑ (...و . :يﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺎﺘﻧ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ
ﯾ ﺞ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻣ طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا ﯽ دﻮﺷ ﮔﺪﻨﻟﺎﺑ و ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ،ﺪﺷر ﻪﮐ ﯽ
ژ ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻣ ﺪﯾ ﺮﯾ ﺖ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ
ﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽ
آﺮﻓ ﯾ ﺪﻨ ﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﯽ
،دﻮﺷ ﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ اﺬﻟ ﯿ
ناﺮﺸ ﺎﻫ دورو و ي يﺎﻫ اﯾ ﻦ ﺒﺗ رد دﺮﮔاﺮﻓ ﯿﯿ
ﻦ ارﺎﮐ ﯽﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ ژ شزرو ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ .
دﺎﻨﺘﺳا :.
دواد ،ﯽﻧﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺮﺼﻧ ؛وزﺮﺑ ،دﻻﻮﻓ يرﺪﺑ )
1401 .(
ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ ژ شزرو ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ اﯾ ناﺮ ﻪﯾﺮﺸﻧ . ﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﺖﯾﺮ ،) 4(
14 ، 283-304 .
2022.333419.2844 jsm.
/ 10.22059 DOI: http//doi.org/
ﺎﻧ .ﯽﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ و ﯽﺷزرو مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد :ﺮﺷ .نﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ©
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ يﺎﻘﺑ و ﻖﻧور هزوﺮﻣا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ دﻮﺟو ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ ،ﺖﺳا1
ﺪﯾﺪﺟ زا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و ﻪﯾﺰﺠﺗ و تﺎﯿﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ترﺎﻬﻣ و ﺶﻧاد ،ﺶﻨﯿﺑ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ياﺮﺑ ار ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺗ يدرﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ياﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ يﺎﻫ
دروآ ﻢﻫآﺮﻓ ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ لﺎﺣ رد ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ زا توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﯽﺑﺎﺘﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ زوﺮﻣا يﺎﯿﻧد ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾورﺎﯾور دﺮﻓ)
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
، 2016 ( . ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ،ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ صﺎﺧ رﻮﻃ بﺎﻨﺘﺟا ﻞﺻا ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ ﺮﯾﺬﭘﺎﻧ رد دﻮﺷ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ لﺎﺣ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﻪﺻﺮﻋ رد ماود و ﺎﻘﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
هﺪﺷ ﻞﯾﺪﺒﺗ يرﻮﺤﻣ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺪﻧا
) زروﺎﺸﮐ و
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2011
( نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﮑﯾ . نآ رد ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ
هﺮﯿﻏ و دوﺪﺤﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ،ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ﻒﯾﺎﻇو ،ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ يﺎﻫداﺪﯾور ﺐﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺐﺗاﺮﻣ ﯽﻣ هﻮﻠﺟ ﺮﺗ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ،ﺪﻨﮐ ﻫ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﺷزرو يﺎ )ُآ
ﻦﯾﺮﺑ
2F
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و3
2019 ( و ؛ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻞﯿﻟد
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ هﺪﻬﻋ ﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ و دراد نآ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺖﺻﺮﻓ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ار ﺎﻫ تاﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ ﺮﯿﺛﺄﺗ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ و يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ
،ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ
ﺶﯿﭘ ﻪﯾﺎﻣﺮﺳ ،زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا و ﯽﻨﯿﺑ تﻮﻗ يور يراﺬﮔ
ﻒﻌﺿ ﻊﻓر ،ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻠﺧاد يﺎﻫ
ﮑﻔﺗ ندروآ دﻮﺟو دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ،يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺮ
ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﮏﻤﮐ هﺮﯿﻏ و )
يدﺰﯾ يﺮﺒﮐا نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و
، 2019 ( نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا . هﺪﻬﻋ ﺪﻧﺰﯾﺮﮔﺎﻧ ﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ راد )
هﺮﻗ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ،
2015 ( . نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ فاﺪﻫا ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻨﯾا ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ دراد زﺎﯿﻧ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ شا
ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺖﺳا ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ناﺪﻘﻓ رﻮﺸﮐ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ ﮥﻌﺳﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ﻞﯾﻻد زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺳر )
نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زروﺎﺸﮐ ،
2017 ( .
ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ باﺬﺟ زا ﯽﮑﯾ4
كﺮﺤﺗﺮﭘ و ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ ،ﺖﺳا ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷر زا ﯽﮑﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ
ﺎﮑﺷزرو ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ رد ﻪﯾﺎﭘ يﺎﻫ نار
ﻪﺘﺷر ﯽﻣ راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ لاﺪﻣ و نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ داﻮﻣ زا ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
يزﺎﺑ رد يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﺳآ و ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ،ﮏﯿﭙﻤﻟا يﺎﻫ
) گﺮﺑﺰﺘﻨﯿﻣ ﻤﻫ و5
،نارﺎﮑ 1994 ( ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ . ژ شزرو
ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ ﻟﺎﺳ ﯿ نﺎ ﻧﻻﻮﻃ ﯽ ﺎﭘ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯾﻪ
ﯾر ﺰ ي ا رد نآ ﯾ ناﺮ ﻣ ﯽ
،درﺬﮔ لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯾ ﮏ ﺎﭘ شزرو ﯾﻪ ﺎﺟ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺴﻧاﻮﺘﻧ ﯾ
هﺎﮕ ﻌﻗاو ﯽ ﭘ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رد ار دﻮﺧ ﯿ
اﺪ ژ .ﺪﻨﮐ ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﻮﺧ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻠﻌﺗ فاﺪﻫا ﯿ
ﻢ ﺑﺮﺗ و ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﺪﺑ ﯽ
ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،دزﺎﺳ هدروآﺮﺑ ار ﯿ
ﻦ فﺪﻫ رد ﯿﮔ ﺮ ي ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ و ﯾر ﺰ ي ﺤﺻ ﯿ ﺢ ﺳر ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﯿ
نﺪ ﺘﺳرﺪﻨﺗ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯽ
، ﻗﻼﺧا ﯽ
، ﻧاور ﯽ ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا و ﯽ .ﺖﺳا ﺮﺛﻮﻣ
ﻟﺎﺣرد ﯽ ژ ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ رد تﺪﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﺷزرو نﻻﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ
ﯽ ا ﺎﻣ رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺎﺘﻣ ﺎﻣا ،ﺖﺳا ﯾ
ﻦ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ شزرو
ﺎﻤﺣ درﻮﻣ ﯾ ﺖ ﻧﯿ
،ﺖﺴ ﺧﺮﺑ هﺎﮔ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﯽ
ﺎﻫرﺎﺘﻓر زا ي ﺳ ﯿ ﻤﺘﺴ ﯽ ﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﯽ دﻮﺷ خﺮﭼ ﻪﮐ يﺎﻫ اﯾ ﻦ و ﺪﻧﺎﻤﺑ زﺎﺑ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ زا ﻢﻬﻣ شزرو نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ
.ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮑﻧ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ار ﯽﻤﺠﺴﻨﻣ و رﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﺪﯾدﺮﺗ نآ مواﺪﺗ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا نﺎﮐرا زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ يﺎﻫ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺮﯿﮔرﺎﮐ
.ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺟرﺎﺧ و ﯽﻠﺧاد يﺎﻫ قﺎﺒﻄﻧا زا ﯽﯾﺎﯾﻮﭘ نﺎﯾﺮﺟ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺴﯿﻧ فﺪﻫ ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ياﺮﺑ يﺰﯾر ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا
ﺪﻧﺎﺳر ﯽﻣ دﻮﺼﻘﻣ ﻞﺣﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ و هداد رﻮﺒﻋ نﺎﺷوﺮﺧ جاﻮﻣا نﺎﯿﻣ زا ار ﺖﮐﺮﺷ ﯽﺘﺸﮐ ،ﺮﻫﺎﻣ ياﺪﺧﺎﻧ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ زا يﺮﯿﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻪﮐ ) ﮓﻧﺎﯾﻮﮐﺎﺟ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و6
2018 ( ﺎﺑ . ا ﻦﯾ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ ﯽﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻫذ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾآ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ
اﯾ ﻦ ﺖﺳا ﺮﭼ ﻪﮐ ا ﺎﺳ ز ﺎﻣ ن ﺎﻫ ﯽﻠﻋ ر ﻢﻏ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ و ﺰﮐﺮﻤﺗ
ﺮﺑ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ي ر رد ﺪﯿﺳ ن ﻪﺑ ا ﺪﻫ فا ﻮﺧ د ﺎﮐﺎﻧ م ﯽﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ؟ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ا ﻦﯾ ﺳﺮﭘ ـ ﺶ ار ﻣـ ﯽ ﺗ ـﻮ نا رد ﺴﻔﺗ ـ ﺮﯿ ي ﮐ ـ ﻪ ﺳ ـﺎ ز ﺎﻣ ن ﻫ ـﺎ ا زا ، ﺳ ـ ﺮﺘ ا ﮋﺗ ي راد ﻧـ ﺪ
ﺖﺴﺟ و ﺮﮐ ﻮﺟ د ) ﻦﻤﻓﻮﮐ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و7
2001 ( . نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯽﻣ ﮏﻤﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺎﺑ و هدﺮﮐ كرد ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﯽﺳﺎﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﻒﻌﺿ ﻊﻓر ﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﻞﯿﻧ ﺖﻬﺟ رد دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
) ﺮﺗرﻮﭘ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و8
2011 (.
زا اﯾ ﻦ ور ﺳآ ﯿ ﺐ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﯾر
ﺰ ي ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ
ﺪﻣآرﺎﮐ راﺰﺑا ي
ﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯾ
ناﺮ ﻣ نﺎﮑﻣا ﯽ ﺪﻫد ﻗد ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ ﯿ
ﻖ ﻤﻠﻋ و ﯽ ﻌﺿو ﯿ ﺖ ﻧﻮﻨﮐ ﯽ ﺎﻫدﻮﺒﻤﮐ ﻊﻓر ﻪﺑ ،نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي
ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﯽ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ
ﻨﻨﮐ ماﺪﻗا نآ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ و ﺪ
) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻠﮐﻮﺗ 2015
( ﯽﺗرﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ . ﺐﯿﺳآ
و ﺖﺳا ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﻞﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ و ﯽﻤﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﯽﺷﺮﮕﻧ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
1. Strategic management
2. Fred
3. O’Brien
4. Gymnastic
5. Mintzberg
6. Jacoyange
7. Kaufman
8. Porter
ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ عﻮﻧ و ﺖﯿﻫﺎﻣ ﺺﯿﺨﺸﺗ نآ فﺪﻫ ﯽﻣ زوﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يا
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳا ﻦﮑﻤﻣ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ .دراد ﻞﺣ ﻪﺑ زﺎﯿﻧ و ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺘﺣ ﺎﯾ يﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ترﻮﺻ
ترﻮﺻ
ﻪﺧﺮﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺎﯾ ﺪﻨﮐ رﻮﻬﻇ يا .دراﺬﮕﺑ ﺮﺛا نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻒﻌﺿ و تﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ رد ﻢﯿﻘﺘﺴﻣﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﻃ
ﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﯽ رد ﻪﮐ ﺐﯿﺳآ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﯽ
ﺖﺳا يرﺎﻤﯿﺑ ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ،دراد )
ﮓﻧﺎﯾﻮﮐﺎﺟ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2018 ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و داﮋﻧ ﻞﯿﻠﺟ ؛ 2004
( ﺐﯿﺳآ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ . ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺐﯿﺳآ فﻼﺧ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﯽﮑﺷﺰﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هار ذﺎﺨﺗا و تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ دﺎﺠﯾا ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ،ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﻊﻓر مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ؛ﺖﺳا ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﺗاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﯽﺗآ دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﮐ ﮏﻤﮐ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ي ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺪﯿﻤﺣ)
2011 ( . ﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﯿ ﻦ ندﻮﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﮑﺷا زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﯽﺸﺨﺑﺮﺛا و ﯽﯾارﺎﮐ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ يرو هﺮﻬﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽﯾﺎﺳرﺎﻧ و تﻻﺎ
ﻤﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻞﻣﺎﻋ يﺎﻫ ﯽ
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﮑﻠﺑ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺒﻗ زا يﺮﮕﯾد ﯿ
ﻞ
ﺳ ﻒﻌﺿ ،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯿ
ﻢﺘﺴ ﺎﻫ ي ﺮﻓ رد ﻒﻌﺿ ،لﺮﺘﻨﮐ آ
ﻧ هﺮﯿﻏ و يرﺎﮐ يﺎﻫﺪﻨﯾ ﯿﺰ
ﺑ ﻦﯾا رد ﯿ ﻦ ﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺶﻘﻧ ﯽ
ﻧ و ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯿ زﺎ ﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﯽ
دراد نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ . ﻪﺑ و ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﯽﻠﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ ،ﯽﺷزرو يﺎﻫ
شور ﻪﺑ نﺎﻣز لﻮﻃ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يﺪ رد نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻌﯿﺳو طﺎﺒﺗرا و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺪﺷر يﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧراد رﻮﺸﮐ زا جرﺎﺧ و ﻞﺧاد رد ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﮕﯾد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ و طﺎﺒﺗرا .ﺪﻧراد راﺮﻗ تاﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺑ ،ﺖﻟود نﻮﭼ ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ و ﯽﻟﺎﻣ نﺎﯿﻣﺎﺣ ،ﯽﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﺶﺨ يﺎﻫ
ﻦﯿﺑ و ﯽﻠﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ﻢﻬﻣ و ﯽﻠﻠﻤﻟا
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﻤﻫ زا ﺮﺗ ﯽﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﯽﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟا ،ﯽﺳﺎﯿﺳ ،يدﺎﺼﺘﻗا يﺎﻫ
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ضﺮﻌﻣ رد ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﺳاﻮﺧ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا دﺮﮑﻠﻤﻋ دﻮﺒﻬﺑ ور ﻦﯾا زا .ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يﺎﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ شور ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﺎﻫ
ﻖﻓﻮﻣ و دﻮﺧ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻆﻔﺣ
ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ دﻮﺧ ﺖﻟﺎﺳر رد ندﻮﺑ )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و هداز ﻦﺴﺣ 2008
( ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ياﺮﺟا هار ﺪﺳ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ . ،ﺎﻫ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ار ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺶﻟﺎﭼ نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ ،ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ رد .ﺪﻨﻫد
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ و راﺪﯾﺎﭘ رﻮﻃ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ دﺮﺒﺸﯿﭘ و ﺖﯾاﺪﻫ ياﺮﺑ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻢﯿﻈﻨﺗ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧزادﺮﭙﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﻗر ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ و
يﺎﻫ ﺖﺳد رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ دﻮﺧ تﺪﻣﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ و فاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾ
ﺪﻧراد زﺎﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺖﯾرﻮﻣﺄﻣ )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮﻓ نﺎﻤﯿﭘ 2013
( . ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ﮋﭘ و ﺶﻫ ﺲﯾﻮﻧﺪﻨﺗ و
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 2007
ﺖﻓﺮﺸﯿﭘ يﺎﻫرﺎﮑﻫار داد نﺎﺸﻧ (
شزرو ﯽﻧﺎﻣﺮﻬﻗ ژ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ ﻮﺸﮐ
ر ﺎﺒﻋ ر ﺪﻨﺗ را :زا ﺎﻘﺗ ي ﺢﻄﺳ ﯽﻤﻠﻋ و ﯽﻨﻓ ﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ
،ن ﺮﺘﻨﮐ ل و ﺎﻈﻧ تر ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ي ﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ
،ن ا ﺪﻌﺘﺳ دا ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ﻪﺑ شور
ﯽﻤﻠﻋ
، ا ﺰﻓ ا ﺶﯾ ﺎﻫﻦﻟﺎﺳ ي ﺺﺘﺨﻣ ژ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ و
ﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﺎﻫﻦﻟﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ا ﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣ ت ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ و
ﮏﻤﮐ آ ﻮﻣ ز ﯽﺷ ) ﯾﻮﻧﺪﻨﺗ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺲ 2007
( .
) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﺣا ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ 2013
.دراد راﺮﻗ ﯽﻧاﺮﺤﺑ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو رد رﻮﺸﮐ يا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ شزرو يدﺮﺒﻫار ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﮕﻧﺎﯿﺑ (
يروﺮﺿ يا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ شزرو ﻊﻣﺎﺟ مﺎﻈﻧ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ رد ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ تاﺰﯿﻬﺠﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز و تﺎﻧﺎﮑﻣا ،يا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ يﺎﻫدﺎﻬﻧ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻣ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺖﺳا
رو دﺮﯿﮔ راﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ يا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ و يا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ شز )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﯽﻧﺎﺴﺣا 2013
( ،هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ . ﻧﺎﺑﺮﻗ
ﯽ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2015
( ﻪﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻨﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ناﺮﯾا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و شزرو ترازو رد ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ياﺮﺟا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ يﻮﮕﻟا ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ و ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ازو رد ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ رد راﺬﮔﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ و ﻢﻬﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻄﯿﺤﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد و ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ،يدﺮﻓ ،يﺰﯾر شزرو تر
ﺖﺳا نﺎﻧاﻮﺟ و )
ﯽﻧﺎﺑﺮﻗ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 2015
( . ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زروﺎﺸﮐ ي 2011
نﺎﯿﺑ صﻮﺼﺧ رد ( ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ي ﺐﯿﺳآ يﺎﻫ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ و ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧزو و وﺪﻧاﻮﮑﺗ ،ﻮﺷوو ،ﯽﻧاﺮﻘﯾﺎﻗ ،ﯽﺘﺸﮐ) ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﯽﺷزرو ،ﯽﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ ﯽﮔدﺎﻣآ ،يﺮﯾﺎﺸﻋ ﯽﯾﺎﺘﺳور) ﻖﻓﻮﻣﺎﻧ و (يرادﺮﺑ
ﮓﻧﻮﮐ و ﯽﻧﺎﮕﻤﻫ شزرو ،يﺪﺒﮐ ،ﮏﯿﺑوﺮﯾا ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ،(ﻮﻓ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ رد ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ي ﻦﯿﮕﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ يﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ رد ﺮﮕﯾد فﺮﻃ زا .ﺖﺷاد ﻖﻓﻮﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ شادﺎﭘ ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ و ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻖﻓﻮﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ
نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻫد -
بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻢﻏر ﯽﻠﻋ .دﻮﺑ ﺮﺗ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ رد ﻖﻓﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﻦﯿﺑ يرادﺎﻨﻌﻣ توﺎﻔﺗ ،ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ
ﺪﺸﻧ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و زروﺎﺸﮐ 2011
( ) نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺮﻫ ﺎﺘﺳار ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد . 2015
ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ رد ( ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ياﺮﺟا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ يا
دﺮﭘ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺖﻟود رد ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻢﺸﭼ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ يدﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻣاﻮﻋ ﻪﮐ داد نﺎﺸﻧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .ﺪﻨﺘﺧا
ﻪﯿﻧﺎﯿﺑ و زاﺪﻧا ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد ﻢﻬﺒﻣ ﺖﯾرﻮﻣﺄﻣ ي
يﺰﯾر
ﯽﻣ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ياﺮﺟا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ زا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ناﺪﻘﻓ و ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ مﺪﻋ ،ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يﺮﻫ 2015
) ﺲﯿﻧا .( 2011 رد (
ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ دﻮﺧ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ
» ﺎﻫ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ياﺮﺟا ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﯽﻧﺎﯿﻣ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ
« ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ار يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ رد مﺎﻬﺑا و ﯽﺘﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ ؛
دﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺎﻫ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ياﺮﺟا )
لﻼﺑ لﺎﺑﺮﮔ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و2
2011 ( نﻮﺗرﻮﻧ و نﻼﭘﺎﮐ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .
3 ) 2001 ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ ( رد ﯽﺳﺎﺳا ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻨﮐ
1. Jacoyange
2. Ghorbal Blal
3. Kaplan and Norton
دﺎﯿﭘ هار ﺮﺳ ه
يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يزﺎﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﻫ
4 ﻪﺘﺳد يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ نﺎﻨﮐرﺎﮐ ﯽﯾﻮﺳ ﻢﻫ مﺪﻋ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ي ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ،ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯿﻧ ﺺﯿﺼﺨﺗ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ ،ﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ مﺪﻋ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻊﻧاﻮﻣ و يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا مﺪﻋ )
نﻼﭘﺎﮐ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و1
2001 ( تﺎﺘﺴﻧﺰﯾا و ﺮﯿﺑ .
2 ) 2000 ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ (
نﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺐﻠﻏا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
6 يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ياﺮﺟا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﺑور دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ور 6
ﺮﯿﻏ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ،ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ زا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﮏﺒﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ
ا ضرﺎﻌﺗ و ﺢﺿاو ﺖﯾﻮﻟو
ﺶﺨﺑ و رﻮﻣا ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻒﻌﺿ ،يدﻮﻤﻋ تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻒﻌﺿ ،ﺮﺛﻮﻣﺎﻧ ﺪﺷرا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻢﯿﺗ ،ﺎﻫ و ﯽﻓﺎﮐ ترﺎﻬﻣ ناﺪﻘﻓ ،ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﻦﯿﯾﺎﭘ حﻮﻄﺳ رد يﺮﺒﻫر ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ي
)ﯿﺑ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﺮ 2000
( هوﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ . ﺪﻓ
ار ﻮﯿﺳ ن ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ يﺎﻘﯾﺮﻓآ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ )
2014 ﺎﺑ (
تاﻮﺳ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا لﺎﺳ يﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار و زاﺪﻧا ﻢﺸﭼ ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ نﺎﯿﺑ3
2020 نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﻦﯾا 5
،تﻮﻗ 4 ،ﻒﻌﺿ 3 و ،ﺖﺻﺮﻓ 5
ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ دراد دﻮﺟو ا رد .
ﻦﯾ
،ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ ژ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ سﺎﺳا و ﻪﯾﺎﭘ
ﯽﺘﮐﺮﺣ ﺪﻤﻠﻗ دا ﺪﺷ ه ار نآ و ﻪﺑ ﻮﻨﻋ نا ﺎﺑ زر ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻮﻗ ت و ﺪﻘﻓ نا ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ار ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
ﻮﺗ ﻒﻌﺿ ﻪﻌﺳ ﻮﺣ هز ژ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺮﮐ هد ا ﺖﺳ . ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻮﺟ ا ﻊﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ
، ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ور ﯽﯾﺎﺘﺳ
، هﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﯾﺪﺟ و
ا ﺪﻌﺘﺳ دا ﯽﺑﺎﯾ ار ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ
و ﺎﺸﻣ ر ﺖﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﻣ ا ﺮﻓ دا ﺢﻄﺳ ﻻﺎﺑ ي ا ﺎﻤﺘﺟ ع ﻪﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻮﻀﺣ ر ا رد ﺎﺤﺗ د ﺎﻫﻪﯾ ا و ﺎﻫﻦﻤﺠﻧ ار ﻦﯾﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﻬﺗ
ﺮﺑ
ﺮﻤﺷ هد ا .ﺖﺳ رد ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ز ﻪﻨﯿﻣ ا ﺖﻟﺎﯾ ) ﻮﯾرﺎﺘﻧوا 2013 ( ار رد ﺎﺘﺳ ي ا ﺪﻫ فا ﺪﻓ ار ﻮﯿﺳ ن ژ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ ﺎﻧﺎﮐ
اد رد ﮏﯾ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ار ﺮﺒﻫ يد ا ﺎﻫﺖﯾﻮﻟ ي دﻮﺧ
ار ﺮﺑ يا ﺎﻬﭼ ر ﺎﺳ ل ﯽﺗآ ) 17-2013 (
رد ﺎﻬﭼ ر ﺶﺨﺑ ﺪﺗ و ﻦﯾ ﻮﻤﻧ هد ا :ﺖﺳ ا ﺰﻓ ا ﺶﯾ آ ﯽﻫﺎﮔ و ﺎﺸﻣ ر ﺖﮐ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو رد ﯽﻣدﺮﻣ ا ،
ﺎﺠﯾ د
ﻢﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﺬﺟ
،ب آ ﻮﻣ
،شز را ﺎﻘﺗ
، ﻆﻔﺣ و ﺪﻬﮕﻧ يرا ﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ ن ﺮﺑ يا آ ﺪﻨﯾ ه،
ﺪﺗ و ﻦﯾ ا ﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳ درا ﺎﻫ ي ﯽﺗﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ و ﺮﯿﭘ يو آ زا ﺎﻬﻧ و ﻆﻔﺣ و ﺪﻬﮕﻧ يرا
ﺖﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ ﯽﺘﻨﺴﯾو .ﺎﻫ -
ﻮﻨﯾرﺎﻣ )4
2021 نﻮﺘﺳ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﯽﻨﺳ هوﺮﮔ تﺎﻘﺑﺎﺴﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد ( ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﺻﺎﻓﺪﺣ ﻦﯿﻟﻮﭙﻣاﺮﺗ لﺎﺳ
يﺎﻫ 1999 ﺎﺗ 2019 ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻦﺘﺷاد ،داد نﺎﺸﻧ يﺎﻫرﻮﺸﮐ ﻞﯾﻻد ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا شزﻮﻣآ و يﺰﯾر
ﺖﺳا ﻪﯿﺳور رﻮﺸﮐ صﺎﺧ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ هزﻮﺣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻖﻓﻮﻣ )
ﯽﺘﻨﺴﯾو ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و ﻮﻨﯾرﺎﻣ 2021
( ﻦﻤﺘﯾ و ﺶﯾرﺎﭘ ،دارﺎﮐ ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد .
5 ) 2021 (
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧدﺮﮐ شراﺰﮔ ﺎﯿﻟاﺮﺘﺳا ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ :شزرو مﺎﻈﻧ رد ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺖﺷاﺪﻬﺑ ﺖﯿﻓﺮﻇ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﻖﯿﺒﻄﺗ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد ﺎﻫ
مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ رد ﯽﻧﺎﻣزﺎﺳ ناﺮﺒﻫر ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا و ﺎﻫ ﮏﯾ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ و ﺖﺳا يﺰﯾر
ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ دﻮﺷ
) ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و دارﺎﮐ 2021
( .
ﯽﻣ طﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳا ﻦﯾا ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ زا سﺎﺒﺘﻗا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ نآ ﻞﯾذ رد و ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ
يدﺮﺒﻫار يﺰﯾر ﻢﻬﻣ
رد ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
ﻪﺑ شزرو ﯽﮔﺪﻨﻟﺎﺑ و ﺪﺷر ،تﺎﯿﺣ رد ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺚﺤﺒﻣ لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو هﮋﯾو رﻮﻃ
ناﺮﺸﯿﭘ زا ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ نﻮﭼ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻊﻗاو ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز ﻦﯾا رد ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺐﺴﮐ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺷ ﺎﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ناﺮﺸﯿﭘ ﺖﺧﺎﻨ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﺛا ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا و ءاﺮﺟا ،ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﯽﺗﺎﻣاﺪﻗا و ﺎﻫ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ دراﺬﮔ
رد و دﻮﺷ ذﺎﺨﺗا ﺖﺳا مزﻻ يدﺮﺒﻫار ﻪﭼ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﺘﺳاﺮﻤﻫ و ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺗ رد و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻄﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﭼ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو رد ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺮﮔرﺎﮑﺑ ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ ﻞﯾﻻد زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ ﺖﺳا ﺮﮐذ نﺎﯾﺎﺷ .ﺖﺴﯿﭼ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو ياﺮﺑ نآ يﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﯿﭘ دﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﻓ
هدﺮﻤﺷﺮﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ و ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ناﺪﻘﻓ ار رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ شراﺰﮔ سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ و ﺪﻧا
نآ يﺎﻫ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ شزرو ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد ار ﺐﯿﺳآ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﯾا زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ و ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻌﻄﻘﻣ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ راودا رد
هدﺎﯿﭘ و اﺮﺟا ،يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﯾاﺮﺟا لﺪﻣ و شور ﮏﯾ ﺮﺑ ءﺎﮑﺗا ﺎﺑ و بﻮﺧ عوﺮﺷ ﻢﻏﺮﯿﻠﻋ ﺎﻣا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﻬﻧآ لﺮﺘﻨﮐ و يزﺎﺳ
دﻮﺷ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﯽﻤﻧ ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﯽﺘﺳرد
ا ﻪﺑ دراﻮﻣ زا ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد و دﻮﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ دﻮﺧ نﺎﻋذ
نآ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ راودا رد ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻣﺎﮐﺎﻧ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮑﻨﯾا زا ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻖﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﺎﯾ اﺮﺟا ،ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﻪﺑ ﺐﺼﺘﻨﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ و ﻦﯾوﺪﺗ ،اﺮﺟا ﺪﺳر
يﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯽﺑﺎﯾزرا ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ مﺰﻠﺘﺴﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا عﺎﻤﺟا و ﯽﯾﻮﻤﺴﻫ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﺗ
ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣادﺎﻣ و دﺮﮐ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ تﺎﻣاﺪﻗا ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺷاد ار رﻮﺸﮐ رد شزرو ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا ناﻮﺗ
1.Kaplan
2. Beer and Eisenstat
3.SWOT Analysis
4.Vicente-Mariño
5.Carrad, Parrish & Yeatman
ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﺖﯾﺮﯾﺪﻣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺳآ
ﺐﯿ ﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ شزرو رد ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا ژ
ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ ا
ناﺮﯾ ﯽﻣ رﺎﻈﺘﻧا و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺎﺑ دور
ﺶﻟﺎﭼ يوﺎﮐاو نآ ندﺮﮐ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ ياﺮﺑ ار ﺎﻫدﺮﺒﻫار ناﻮﺘﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ داد ﻪﺋارا دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻂﯾاﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺪﺳر
.ﺪﻨﮐ راﻮﻤﻫ ار رﻮﺸﮐ رد ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ و ﺖﯿﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﺮﯿﺴﻣ
شور ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻪﮑﻨ ﻘﺤﺗ شور زا ﺮﺿ ﺎﺣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ﯿ
ﻖ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﺳ رﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ؛ﺖﺳ ا هﺪﺷ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ ا ﯽ
وﺪﺗ و ﯾ ﻦ ﺳ آ لﺪﻣ ﯿ ﺐ ﺳ ﺎﻨﺷ ﯽ ﺪﻣ ﯾﺮ ﯾ ﺖ
ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ ﺳارﺪﻓ ﯿ نﻮ ژ ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ اﯾ ناﺮ ﺮﻈﻧ شور زا ﯾﻪ
ي ﻨﺑ هداد ﯿ دﺎ ور) ﯾ دﺮﮑ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ( هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺪﺷ ) 25 .(
ﺟ ﻪﻌﻣﺎ يرﺎﻣآ اﯾ ﻦ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ار 48
ژ شزرو هﺮﺒﺧ ﯾ
ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ وﺪﺗ رد ﻪﮐ ﯾ
ﻦ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ ﮋﺗاﺮﺘﺳا ﯾ ﮏ ﺳارﺪﻓ ﯿ نﻮ ژ ﯾ ﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤ ﯿ ﮏ ﺘﺷاد ﺶﻘﻧ لﺎﺣ و ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ رد ﻪ
ﺪﻧا ﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﻞ ﻣ ﯽ ﺪﻧداد .
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﮔﯿ ﺮ ي اﯾ ﻦ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺳ ر ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ترﻮﺻ
ﯿ نﺪ ﺎﻋﻼﻃا عﺎﺒﺷ ا ﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ) ت
28 ﻪﻣادا (ﺮﻔﻧ ﯾ
ﺖﻓﺎ ﻮﺤﻧ . ة روآدﺮﮔ ي ا رد ﺎﻫ هداد ﯾ
ﻦ
ﻣ ار ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽ
ﺴ ﻘﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ود ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﯿ
ﻢ لوا ﺶﺨﺑ رد :دﺮﮐ ﺑدا ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﮐ
ﯿ تﺎ ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﻣ ﯽ آﺮﻓ ،ﺪﺷ ﺎﺑ ﯾ ﺪﻨ وآ ﻊﻤﺟ ر ي زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳ ا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ هداد
ﺎﻫ شور ي ا ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ ي
ــﺳرﺮﺑ ﻞﻣﺎــﺷ ﯽ
ﺎﭘ ،ﺐﺘﮐ ﯾ نﺎ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻤﻠﻋ تﻻﺎﻘﻣ و ،ﺎﻫ ﯽ
و ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ــﺷ
ﮑﺒ ﮥ ﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﯽ اﯾ ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻨ دﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯾﺪ
ﺶﺨﺑ رد .
آﺮﻓ زا مود ﯾ
ﺪﻨ روآ ﻊﻤﺟ ي ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ هداد ي
ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﻤﻋ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ) ﯿ
ﻖ ﻧ و ﯿ ﻪﻤ ﺎﺑ (ﺪﻨﻣرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺟ
رﺎﻣآ ﻪﻌﻣﺎ ي
، ا رد ﻪﮐ ﯾ ﻦ ﻣز ﯿ ﻪﻨ زا
ﻓﺎﮐ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯽ
روآ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ي
ﻧ درﻮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ﯿ
زﺎ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ي
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ عاﻮﻧا ﺎﻫ
ي ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ
، ﻘﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻖ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﻧﯿ
،ﺰ
ﺎﺑﯾ ﺪ ﺧﺮﺑ زا ﯽ و ﯾ ﮔﮋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﯽﯾ ﺎﭘ و رﺎﺒﺘﻋا و هدﻮﺑ رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﯾﺎ
ﯽﯾ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺋﺎﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ عﺎﻓد ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ ﯿﺪ
اور ﯽﯾ ﻤﻃا و ﯿ نﺎﻨ ﺬﭘ ﯾﺮ ي هداد
،ﺎﻫ ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ
داﺪﻌﺗ ي رد نﺎﺸ ﺗاﺮﻈﻧ و ﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا نﺎﮔﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼ ﻣ زا ﯾ
ﺖﻓﺎ ﺳ ﺮﭘ هرﺎﺑود و ﯿ
هﺪ ﻟ و ﺎﺑﻮﮔ .ﺪﺷ ﯿ
ﻦﻠﮑﻨ ) 1985 ﺘﻌﻣ ( اﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺪﻘ ي ﺋﺎﺗ ﯿﺪ اور ﯽﯾ ﺖﻗد و
ﻤﻠﻋ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رد ي
ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ ﻠﺑﺎﻗ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ زا هدﺎﻔﺘــﺳا ﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﺖ ﺎﻨﻋ و دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﺮــﺻ
ﮋﺗاﺮﺘــﺳا ،نآ ﻪﻧﺎﮔﺪﻨﭼ ي
ﺎﻫ ي دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ي ﻈﻧ ﯿﺮ ﺑزﺎﺑ ﯿﻨ ﯽ ﻣز رد ﯿ ﻪﻨ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي
، ﺎﺗ ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺎﺘﻧ ﯾ ﺞ ﻧدﻮﻣزآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﯽ
ﺎﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﺸﻫوﮋﭘ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﯽ
) دراد دﻮﺟو ...و 26
ﻫوﮋﭘ رد .(
ﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶ ﯿﺰ
ﺗﺎﺳا ﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺴﮐ ﻪﺑ ﯿﺪ
و
اﺰﻓا رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺪﻧور صﻮــﺼﺧ رد ﺮﻣا نﺎــﺼــﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﯾ
ﺶ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا دﺮﮔ ماﺪﻗا
ﯾﺪ ا رد . ﯾ ﻦ ﻧ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯿﺰ اﺮﺑ ي ﺗﺎ ﯿﯾ ﺪ ﻤﻠﻋ ﺖﻗد ﯽ
، زا
ﺑزﺎﺑ ﯿﻨ ﯽ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﺎﻫ ﺎﭘ) ﯾﺎ ﯽﯾ ﺎﺗ و ( نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﯿﯾ
ﺪ ﺸ ﻫوﮋﭘ نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ ﯽ
ﺎﭘ .ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ هﺮﻬﺑ ﯾﺎ
ﯽﯾ ار نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﻣ
ﯽ ناﻮﺗ ﻧﺎﻣز ﯽ ﻪﮐ دﺮﮐ ﻪﺒﺳ ﺎﺤﻣ ﯾ
ﮏ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﯾ ﮏ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ نﺎﻣز ود رد ار ﻦﺘﻣ ي
اﺮﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هدﺮﮐ ي
ﺎﭘ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﯾﺎ
ﯽﯾ ﻣ زا نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ ﯿ
نﺎ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫ ي مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ
رد ﺎﻬﻧآ زا ماﺪﮐﺮﻫ و ﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﯾ
ﮏ ﻧﺎﻣز ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﯽ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ هرﺎﺑود ﺺﺨﺸﻣ و هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ي
ﭙﺳ ؛ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﺲ ي هﺪﺷ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ
ﻧﺎﻣز ﻪﻠــﺻﺎﻓ ود رد ﯽ
اﺮﺑ ي ﻪﺒﺣﺎــﺼﻣ زا ماﺪﮐﺮﻫ ﺎﻘﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﯾ ﻪــﺴ ﺮﻃ زا و ﯾ ﻖ ﻣ ﯿ ناﺰ ﻋ و تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ ﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪ
ود رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ تﺎﻘ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ
راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي
،
اﺮﺑ تﺎﺒﺛ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ي
دﺮﮔ ﻪﺒﺳ ﺎﺤﻣ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ نآ ﯾﺪ
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼ ﻣ زا ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ رد . ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ،ﺎﻫ
ﯽﯾ ﻣز ﻪﻠﺻ ﺎﻓ ود رد ﻪﮐ ﻧﺎ
ﯽ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺴ ﻫ ﻪﺑﺎﺸ ﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ
ﺎﻫﺪﮐ و ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ ي
ﻏ ﯿ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣﺮ ﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻖﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺣ رد ﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ اﺬﻟ . ﯿ
ﻦ ا مﺎﺠﻧا ﯾ ﻦ رد و ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﺟ
ﺮﯾ نﺎ راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ي ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ
رد ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼ ﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻫ ﯾ
ﮏ ﻪﻠﺻ ﺎﻓ 20 راﺬﮔﺪﮐ درﻮﻣ هزور ي
ﺪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ .داد راﺮﻗ دﺪﺠﻣ ﺎﻫ
ي ﻟوا ﯿﻪ نآ زا هﺪﺷ جاﺮﺨﺘﺳ ا
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ و ﺎﻫ ي
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﻣآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧآ دﺪﺠﻣ
لوﺪﺟ 1 راﺬﮔﺪﮐ ود ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ .
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ هرﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﻞﮐ
تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ تﺎﻘﻓاﻮﺗ مﺪﻋ
ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺪﺻرد
1 44
20 4
909 / 0
5 14
6 2
857 / 0
عﻮﻤﺠﻣ 58
26 6
896 / 0
ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ رد نﻮﻣزآزﺎﺑ
ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ
89
% .ﺖﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ناﺰﯿﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ %7 زا ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا
ﺖﯿﻠﺑﺎﻗ دﺎﻤﺘﻋا
يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ ﺎﻫ درﻮﻣ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺪﯿﺋﺎﺗ .
ﺮﺑ سﺎﺳا حﺮﻃ مﺎﻈﻧ ﺪﻨﻣ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﻧ هداد
،دﺎﯿﻨﺑ ياﺮﺑ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ هداد يﺎﻫ ﯽﻔﯿﮐ يروآدﺮﮔ ﺷ هﺪ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﺳ ﻪ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ يراﺬﮔﺪﮐ
،زﺎﺑ يرﻮﺤﻣ و ﯽﺸﻨﯾﺰﮔ يﺮﭙﺳ ﺷ ﻮد ﺎﺗ رد
،ﺖﯾﺎﻬﻧ ﯽﻤﯾادارﺎﭘ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺎﯾ يﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﯽﻨﯿﻋ زا ﯾﺮﻈﻧ ﻪ ﻖﻠﺧ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ددﺮﮔ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﮔﮋﯾو ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﺐﻟﺎﻗ رد ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ يﺎﻫ ژ ﻪﺘﺷر رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ،تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ناﺰﯿﻣ ،ﻦﺳ ،ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ
ﺎﻬﻧآ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ و ،ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾ ﻪﺋارا
ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ .
لوﺪﺟ 2 ﯽﮔﮋﯾو . ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ يﺎﻫ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ
ﻪﺘﺷر رد ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﮏﯿﺘﺳﺎﻨﻤﯾژ ﻦﺳ
تﻼﯿﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﯿﺴﻨﺟ
ﺮﺘﻤﮐ زا 15
لﺎﺳ 16 ﺎﺗ30
لﺎﺳ ﺶﯿﺑ31 زا
لﺎﺳ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ
زا 30
لﺎﺳ 31 ﺎﺗ50
لﺎﺳ زا ﺶﯿﺑ
51 لﺎﺳ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﮐ يﺮﺘﮐد ﺪﺷرا
دﺮﻣ نز
ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ 6
11 11 2
17 9
9 9
10 24 4
ﺪﺻرد 22
39 39 7
61 32 32
32 36
86 14
لوﺪﺟ 3 ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ رد نﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﺖﮐرﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﯿﻌﻗﻮﻣ . ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ
ﺪﺻرد
ﻦﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ،ﺮﯿﺑد ،ﻪﺴﯿﺋر تﺎﯿﻫ ﻮﻀﻋ) نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ ﻦﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و ناﺮﯾﺪﻣ (نﻮﯿﺳارﺪﻓ نﺎﺳرﺪﻣ و ،ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﯿﻤﮐ
10 36
ﺎﻫ نﺎﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ تﺎﯿﻫ ﻦﯿﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ و يﺎﺳور 9
32
ﺎﻫ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﻤﻠﻋ تﺎﯿﻫ يﺎﻀﻋا 4
14
لﺎﻌﻓ نارواد و ﯽﻠﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻢﯿﺗ نﺎﯿﺑﺮﻣ 5
18
3,1 ﻠﺤﺗ ﯿ ﻞ ﮐ ﯿﻔ ﯽ راﺬﮔ ﺪﮐ : ي
رﻮﺤﻣ ،زﺎﺑ ي
ﺰﮔ و ﯾ ﺸﻨ ﯽ
ﺘﺴﺨﻧ ﯿ ﻦ ﻠﺤﺗ رد ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﯿ
ﻞ ﺮﻈﻧ ﯾﻪ ﻨﺑ هداد ﯿ دﺎ ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ مﺎﺠﻧا ي
ﺎﻫﺪﮐ .ﺖﺳا زﺎﺑ ي
ﻠﺤﺗ ﺪﺣاو ﺮﻈﻧ زا زﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﻞ ﻪﺑ ترﺎﺒﻋ ،ﺮﻄﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻄﺳ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ
،ترﺎﺒﻋ ﯾﺎ فاﺮﮔارﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ فاﺮﮔارﺎﭘ ﯾﺎ
ﺤﻔﺻ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﮥ
ﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻧﺎﮔاﺪﺟ ﯽ
دﻮﺷ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺪﺣاو ﻪﭼﺎﻨﭼ . ﯿ
،ﻢ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻄﺳ ﯾ
ﮏ ﺎﻫﺮﻄﺳ زا ﯾﺎ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ
مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ،ﺎﻫ ﯾﺎ
ﺪﮐ ي ﻣ قﺎﺼﻟا ﯽ دﻮﺷ ا . ﯾ ﻦ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯾﺎ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ ﮐاﺪﺣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﻀﻓ ﺮﺜ
ي ﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﯽ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ و ي ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ عﺎﺒﺷا ار نآ ي
ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ لوا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ي
ﺮﻃ زا ،ﺖﺳا فوﺮﻌﻣ زﺎﺑ ﯾ
ﻖ ﺑزﺎﺑ ﯿﻨ ﯽ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺒﺣﺎﺼﻣ ي
ناﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا 189
ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ مﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﯽﯾ
دﺮﮔ ﯾﺪ لﺎﺣ .
ﻠﮐ ﻪﮐ ﯿﻪ ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ ﺎﻫ هداد ي
ﺷ هﺪ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ و ﯾﺎ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ﻟوا ﯿﻪ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ي ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ مود ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ،ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ي
ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ مﺎﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ هداد ي
رﻮﺤﻣ ي ﻣ زﺎﻏآ ﯽ
ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ مود ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ .دﻮﺷ ي
ﺪﻨﺑﺪﮐ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ هداد ي
رﻮﺤﻣ ي ا رد .ﺖﺳا مﻮﺳﺮﻣ ﯾ
ﻦ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ،ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﯿ
ﻢ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯾ
ﮏ ﻣ راﺮﻗ طﺎﺒﺗرا رد ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﯽ
ﮔﯿ ﺪﻧﺮ ﻣ ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﻧﺎﻤﻫ . ﯽ
دﻮﺷ ﻦﻤﺿ رد مﺎﺠﻧا
ﺰﺠﺗ ﯾﻪ ﻠﺤﺗ و ﯿ
،ﻞ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ
ﯿ ﻢ ﻟوا ﯿﻪ دﺪﻌﺘﻣ ي ﺖﺳد ﯾ ﻪﺘﻓﺎ رد ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ .ﺖﺳا
اﯾ ﻦ ﻣ ﯿ نﺎ اﯾ ﻦ ا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯾ ﻦ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﮐ ﯾﺪ ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﯽﯾ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻨﻌ ﯽ ﺎﺑ ﯾﺪ ﺪﭘ ﯾ هﺪ ﺎﻫ ي ﺪﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﯾ
ﺮﮕ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ي ﻏ رد ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﯿ
اﺮ ﯾ ﻦ ﺑ ترﻮﺻ ﯿ ﻦ داﺪﻌﺗ ي
زﯾ دﺎ ي ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ﻣ رﺎﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽ ﻮﺷ ﯾ ﻢ ﻤﻧ ﻪﮐ ﯽ ﻧاد ﯿ ﻢ ﭼ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺑ ﻪ ﻨﮐ ﯿ ﻢ ﺘﻗو . ﯽ ﺪﭘ ﺎﻫ هداد رد ﯾ
هﺪ ﺻﺎﺧ ﯽ دﺮﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ار ﯾ
ﻢ ﻣ هﺎﮕﻧآ ﯽ ﻧاﻮﺗ ﯿ ﻢ ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ار
ﺪﻨﺑ هوﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﻧآ رﻮﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ي
ﻨﮐ ﯿ ﻢ ا . ﯾ ﻦ ﺎﻫﺪﺣاو داﺪﻌﺗ رﺎﮐ ﯽﯾ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ار ﯾﺪ ﻨﮐ رﺎﮐ ﺎﻬﻧآ ﺎﺑ ﯿ
ﻢ ﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﮐ ﯽ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺪﻧور .ﺪﻫد ي
ﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﯿ ﻢ ﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﯽ
ﺪﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺳر ﯾ
هﺪ ﺎﻫ ي ﭘ ﻂﺑر ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﯿ
اﺪ ﻣ ﯽ زادﺮﭘ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﮐ ي
ﻧ ﻣﺎ ﯿ هﺪ ﻣ ﯽ ا ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺎﮕﻧآ .دﻮﺷ ي
ﺪﭘ ﻪﮐ ﯾ هﺪ ا ي ﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ار ﯽ
دﻮﺷ ﯾ ﮏ ﻢﺳا
