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"
^ 7
Z X
,
1-C1 : 0[
1- @ ' `
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A K B 1-
` T f ) K=
1435 )-*
B (
C 2 - _"' ^ 01 ,J-B ) R 1 ,21 0 3 %Q 1-B ,%"Q ' [ I-. 1 W I
,+<J @ ' ) 2 @ ' ` 1- ;!' , 1- 1 ) * )
: $"y "
(
1 .:1 g1-! 1 $"y " -o=1 # LR1 # `1- I-"].
49 /
15 751/16 1032 272 f T
79 /
11 371/68 656 112 @ ' (Y)K 1 -+& 2
13 /
31 2017/1 2557 1122 f T
73 /
15 1576/4 1994 1104 @ ' (X1)X ^ 7 "B -+& 2
591 /
0 36/06 49 23 f T
715 /
0 24/19 37 8 @ ' (X2) ; 1 -B pJ
597 /
0 47/23 60/10 36/50 f T 711
/
0 35/09 48/80 19/5 @ ' (X3)K 1 1?I >0
91 /
0 44/95 62/50 24/90 f T 89
/
0 45/08 71/90 30/20 @ ' (X4)K&h : K 1 1 S'
03 /
0 2/02 2/79 1/16 f T
02 /
0 1/37 2/23 0/72 @ ' (X5) K&h : K 1 >0
23 /
1 83/61 109 63 f T
14 /
1 82/04 105 66 @ ' (X6) "* u %' 1
C 3 - ,+<J @ ' f T ` 1- v&.i 3 %Q : ,y. h I N 1-~
_"' ^ ) * I ,21 0 :
K 1 >0 K&h :
K 1 1 S' K&h :
>0 K 1 1?I
pJ
; 1 -B
-+& 2
X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 ` 1- 3 %Q
665**
/
0 f T
310**
/
0 @ ' X ^ 7 "B -+& 2
143 / 0
- 0/615** f T
066 / 0
- 0/910** @ ' ; 1 -B pJ
142 /
0 0/080 0/161 f T
329**
/
0 0/143 0/377** @ ' K 1 1?I >0
377**
/ 0
- 0/251* 0/305** 0/426** f T 349**
/ 0
- 0/093 0/029 0/082 @ ' K&h : K 1 1 S'
735**
/
0 0/239* 0/417** 0/358** 0/589** f T 507**
/
0 0/460** 0/552** 0/117 0/544** @ ' K&h : K 1 >0
328**
/ 0
- -0/323** 0/056 -0/734** 0/280* -0/340** f T 423**
/ 0
- -0/436** 0/057 -0/648** 0/226* -0/506** @ ' "* u %' 1
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* : KB , S N"'-' .#1 89: 1
1 5 Q .
38 Q B -. = . B -+& 2 M h' 1
"
^ 7 -+& 2 B X
1- K 1 S~ @ ' `
"
v 1- 01 -' T `
B f
) C 3 .(
> < 3 S7 9 ,
1?T1 I -+& 2 @
B"
^ 7 0 X , -\d I1 J
"7 ' $B-= K= B
?. : .T ,Z )1 1 g-Z KB
5.R1 I K 1
I
B p"5i'
(Reynolds et al., 2009)
. -y ,' h2 KB
1 1 OI K= ) * 01 , R 1 B -+& 2
"
^ 7 OI 4 B X
1 1 0 .#1 KB B 4 B ; 1 -B pJ 1 1
B I1 J 4 B -+& 2 .
0 > AA!
W
"
;T-<
Z 1 -+& 2 ,
: I J1
"
7 KB -
"
1?T1 L
@
* X<J
"
K. 1
(Donmez et al., 2001; 1
Shearman et al., 2005; Reynolds et al., 2009)
. ;&2
1 X<J > B 4 B ) *
I C 0 G P'
-* 01 LhR X<J
<T1 , 7 KB
"
> B 4 B L
1 = , J 01 %.:1
"
-= >1 2 .
1?T1
5i' @
"
.T 1 p
?. : )1 1 KB I
5.R1 +
, Kh C 01 I
?* L +' O/
* @
"
> I
;:1 B ,21 0
Hay, 1995) (.
1-B ,S": " B u '
B ; 1 -B pJ
"
) * ) R 1 $ .
1 1 A
$
Z ;%Q
, 21 0 : ,
1- T ` 01 f 23 '
49 1- Q 01 @ ' `
8 ' 37
]. Q
"
B - .
& 1 2 , Œ2 B K=
; 1 -B pJ u ' ,
3 %.
, B . 1 -Z 01 L 1 2 $ Y
-"\D' -+& 2 -B
B -+& 2 K 1
"
^ 7 X -I 1?T1 Œ2 B / [
@
; 1 -B pJ @I =
, . u %' 1 3 %'
*
"
-. / >1 2 KB > I
pJ u ' ;&2 $
;:1 >1 2 ; 1 -B .
1
a 1?* $
;:1 u %' 1 @I = K=
)
>^ 01 %.:1 B I
I ' = W ,
(Rht
F 3 Q KB
"
A. -
"
1?T1 Œ2 B O
pJ @
1 > B ; 1 -B K+
-"\D' S , 1 -+& 2 -B
B K. 1 X ^ 7 "B
Hay, 1995) (.
>1 ' @ 1?T1
B K A ?. : .T 1 fEC 1-B K&h : ,.B R I1 J ; 1 -B pJ @ 1?T1 Œ2 B KR :
Reynolds et al., 2009) (.
01 KR : B K&h : ;B R
> 0 0 F[ , /. 1 Kx&h : L"+<' K&#- -*
> " K= , y I , <T1 -*
KR : , 4 B I
# 1 A -o=1 # KB . I J .J : KS: '
J , : . 1 x&* `A: Œ2 B ;B R $ K
LJ1 I
. Kx&h :
"
-+& 2 @I = KP ,
. R 1 , 01
1 1 K= ) * K&h :
I e ?B .B R 3 R B -' ,
B"
-.<
, Kx&* •%# >1 ' B I
B"
1?T1 -.<
@
. -+& 2 K 1 1 S'
"
1 ; 1 -B pJ KP
; 1 I1 J
. e-B ?h: )1 3 %'
: I
-
)1 1 I
?. : .T -Z 01
Y -"\D' -B
> -W
. K 1
"
K 1 >0 KP -B I
; 1 -B pJ
-"\D' , 1E*
. c 5J $ 1
Hay (1995)
-= 1
B K=
"
f[ B > . &y 1 ; 1 -B pJ > B -.<
1 I
A f Z- .S
71-.:1 B K
"
;&2 KB
4 Z , 1 > -W -'
;:1 K . 1 KB KC ' B KB I
-{
, 1 ) R 1 K= : 1-
, KB ; 1 -B pJ 0 I
:- J vA:
"
1?T1 > + 1 0 I
. >[ @
"
KP
1?T1 1 C K 1 -+& 2 @ .
K+ 1 $ ~
Austin et
al.
(1980)
W
"
B K= -= / <
"
-.<
' 1 A $ +
,
1-B ) * ; 1 -B pJ 62
Q , B 1 ' .
$
!
%&
' ()*
1 I
C C
4 1-~
N
> ":-*
-"]. 1 , S .#1 I
0 1 B , 1-B
@"W , "B
> < 1 ) * K 1 -+& 2 ,
I . .
…
K7 S K= 1 > < [ ;: B
@"W , "B 1-B
K 1 -+& 2 GB- -.
F) ( ]. 01 %.:1 B
"
I-
0 3 Q KB KS7 9 K7 -T -
, :
: 1- T ` f
F= -486.381 + 0.275 X1+ 15.937 X2+ 0.873X3+.
0.612 X4– 30.066 X5+ 0.263 X6. :
1-
@ ' `
F= -629.829 + 0.385 X1+ 17.745 X2- 0.429 X3-.
0.575 X4+ 16.534 X5- 0.695 X6.
1-B K7 S 1-
T ` '-' KB @ ' f
"
N 7 / 95
6 / 96 ]' L= 01 Q
""
1 -+& 2 1?C1 > 31-
C '
"
K ,
R B =
, ]'
""
1-B 31- 1-
T ` f
'-' KB @ '
"
N 3 / 4 4 / 3 Q V4 .#1 31-\1 ;&2 KB
R B
"
B . 1 K+ 1 KB KC ' B KB M B- I
9 3 %Q
, -y + B ,y. h I 1 1 KS7 B
1 -y 3 h2 KB
, 1E7 . " S. I
01 >1 '
C C , ":-* N 1-~ ,* ?B 4
K7 S $ -.<"B ;%Q )1 = K= -= pi< k T I
-"\D' 1 -+& 2 -B 1 .
,y. h I N 1-~ KB KC ' B 1
2 B 3 %Q 01 )1 = -I
> 0[ K 1 -+&
, t
>1 '
KP".
K= -= -"*
1- -I ;!' T `
@ ' f
B -+& 2
"
^ 7
S Z KB ; 1 -B pJ X
, 1
1 @A GB- -. K 1 -+& 2 s %
,
= .
7 # ,
]. K=
"
I-
S @A -y
, 1 . 1 .
1-B B
. $
&= … , 1 01 %.:1 B
$
?P' a K
I1
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]. ;
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?* 1 -=„ -
1-B ) R 1 @
K -B I
#bQ1 ,
€+S ,
= . 1
$ K.T I
YB 9 $"AA! - : [ ;: B … . B
(Donald et
al., 1976; Leilah and Al-Khateeb, 2005)
?"
, B .
$
!
I-"]. $""S' { KB ) * KB ) * > ":-* 01
C 4 -
> ":-* N -~
- A 1 .:1 h. 1
, S .#1 t
I-"]. 1
@"W , "B ` 1- ;!' ) * K 1 -+& 2
K * r ,9J > ":-* K ?P' B ,+<J @ ' ) 2 @ '
, S .#1
1 t (SE) 1 .:1 h. 1 (b)> ":-* N -~ ` 1- I-"].
**
000 /
0 26/575 0/014 0/385 f T
**
000 /
0 16/231 0/017 0/275 @ ' (X1)X ^ 7 "B -+& 2
**
000 /
0 17/898 0/991 17/745 f T
**
000 /
0 27/017 0/590 15/937 @ ' (X2) ; 1 -B pJ
719 /
0 ns -0/361 1/186 -0/429 f T
165 /
0 ns 1/404 0/622 0/873 @ ' (X3)K 1 1?I >0
612 /
0 ns -0/510 1/127 -0/575 f T
277 /
0 ns 1/096 0/558 0/612 @ ' (X4)K&h : K 1 1 S'
542 /
0 ns 0/613 26/981 16/534 f T
137 /
0 ns -1/503 20/004 -30/066 @' (X5)K&h : K 1 >0
158 /
0 ns -1/426 0/487 -0/695 f T
459 /
0 ns 0/744 0/354 0/263 @ ' (X6) "* u %' 1
f T : Y-intercept (a) = -629/829, SE =29/876, R2 = 0/957, Adjusted R2 =0/954. ,+<J @ ' : Y-intercept (a) = -486/381, SE = 20/202, R2 = 0/966, Adjusted R2 =0/964.
**
* : KB , S N"'-' .#1 89: 1
1 5
ns Q gb.J1 ) 2 , S
1 .
1-B $ -./B }"/' GB ' -"]. -B -\d a0 1 B , %.:1 >[ 31-""]' K"C ' -*
. { $" I KB
3 %Q - : GB ' -"]. >1 2 KB K 1 -+& 2 >1 2 KB
K.T-* -{ LA. I-"].
. O& Z KB
. I GB ' -"]. B -'4 B ,y. h I 1 1 K= ,' %Q , >[ 31-""]' K"C ' -.<"B O/: 1 1 B
, 1 -' 0
. ) * KB ) * > ":-* … .
LB A K. B1 -"]. >1 2 KB K 1 -+& 2 1-B 6
%Q C LA. -"]. >1 2 KB ,21 0 ; I
5
6
;:1 [
. X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 f T ` 1-
K= B KB 1 -"]. $". i 2
/ 44 01 Q
$""h' 1 K 1 -+& 2 31-""]' .
) }&#-
$""h' N -~ B ; 1 -B pJ 514
/ 0
1 KB
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6 / 95 31-""]' 01 Q
K"C ' 1 K 1 -+& 2 .
].
"
I-
;&2 KB -y
< 1 O= ,h ;=-
.
;ho ,y. h I
-+& 2 B X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 ; 1 -B pJ 4 B , $ 1 ‰ = " ' ?" K 1 B
. 01 @ ' ` 1-
". i ; 1 -B pJ KS7 9 3 %Q > "
$
K= B KB 1 -"].
7 / 82 31-""]' 01 Q
K"C ' 1 K 1 -+& 2 .
" B ;ho ,y. h I
$ 1 ‰ = " ' ?" ; 1 -B pJ -+& 2 $"B 4 B
;:1 KP".
. B X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 ;%Q ) }&#-
s?C $""h' N -~
138 / 0 1 .
;%Q $ 1
u P 5 / 96
$""h' 1 K 1 -+& 2 31-""]' 01 Q
. X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 ;%Q K= ;:1 8~1
@ ' ` 1- -"\D'
01 , = Q `AT K. 1 -. =
, K"C ' 1 K 1 -+& 2 C 31-""]' .
01
, P [
;ho ,y. h I X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 K=
, -{ KB 1 K 1 -+& 2 B ,9: . 4 B K= :
' -+& 2 @ 1?T1 1-B @ ' ` 1- ;%Q $ 1 > -B
, AS # X
;B Z h = L"7 KB ,7 B
-+& 2 K 1 > -W L#1- ,+<J @ ' ` 1-
, @I = f T ` 1- B K A >[
B .
$ 1 K.h71
A. 1 ‰ W >1?" KB K. B v&.i > I "* K&
P , k-T
= . 1-~
:-* N
"
1-B >
].
"
I-
EW
C K.T-
6
;:1 1 > <
. K7 S
@"W , "B 1-B
K 1 -+& 2
F) ( 0 3 Q KB -
K7 -T :
F=-739.299 + 0.382 X1+ 18.935 X2
: 1- T ` f
F= - 439.735 + 0.279 X1+ 15.389 X2
: 1-
@ ' `
… . L=
, > < ) * KB ) * > ":-*
K= I
` 1- -I X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 ; 1 -B pJ
C 5 - ,h G 0 ' )
,z?C $""h' N -~
(
@"W , "B -+& 2 ) * K 1
) * KB ) * > ":-* K ?P' 1 .:1 h. 1
)
(SE $""h' N -~ ,z?C $""h' N -~ ` 1- 1 I-"]. ) * 012
/
0 0/442 0/442 f T
016 /
0 0/965 0/138 @ ' (X1)X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 1
628 /
0 0/956 0/514 f T
350 /
0 0/827 0/827 @ ' (X2) ; 1 -B pJ 2
C 6 -
@"W B ,+<J @ ' ) 2 @ ' ` 1- ;!' ) * K 1 -+& 2 , "B 01 %.:1
* > ":-* K ?P' ) * KB )
, S .#1
1 t (SE) 1 .:1 h. 1 (b)> ":-* N -~ ` 1- 1 I-"]. ) *
**
000 /
0 31/968 0/012 0/382 f T
**
000 /
0 17/484 0/016 0/279 @ ' (X1)X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 1
**
000 /
0 30/161 0/628 18/935 f T
**
000 /
0 43/940 0/350 15/389 @ ' (X2) ; 1 -B pJ 2
f T : Y-intercept (a) = -739/299, SE =36/413, R2=0/956, Adjusted R2=0/955. +<J @ '
, : Y-intercept (a) =-439/735, SE = 27/124, R2=0/965, Adjusted R2=0/964.
**
* : KB , S N"'-' 1
.#1 89:
1 5 Q .
-{ KB O/ ;%Q $ 1 h/B 1
, : .
@ ' ` 1- , ":-* }7 S KB ‚ ' B
@ ' ` 1- -+& 2 > -B 4 B 1-B K= ;:1 "W K 1 ; : KB 1 ?. : .T 1 G 0 ' ,. B -y#bQ1 I @ 1?T1 .
.
… Y"A!' $ 1 . B KB <
… 01 ,J-B
-y $"AA!
(Donald et al., 1976; Leilah & Al-
Khateeb, 2005)
K= ;:1 )b21
1 -+& 2
B"
^ 7
S Z KB ; 1 -B pJ X
, 1
`h'-
;:1 ) * K 1 -+& 2 B .
+ ,
1 C I 7
> <
, K= I
` 1- ;!'
N"'-' KB @ ' f T
&Q1 L 2 K:
, 481 / 87
152 / 84 ]' L= 01 Q
""
1 31- K. B1 .J : X
C '
"
K ,
= .
$ 1 KB '-'
"
1- ;!' K= N T `
f
) C 8 ( 7 1
"
L L 2 $
1 S' ; 1 -B pJ
K&h : K 1 K 1 >0
K&h :
* u %' 1
"
1
139 / 40 Q ]' L= 01
""
1 31- X
C ' K. B1 .J :
"
K ,
W ) =
"
/ <
1-B 1
$
;:1 ; 1 -B pJ L 2
.
"
-+& 2 L L 2 $
B"
^ 7 X ) B ) W
"
/ <
-+& 2 B"
^ 7 X ( B
324 / 26
: Q
"
>0 L 2 $ K 1 1?I
) K 1 >0 (
B 018 / 21 01 Q ]' L=
""
1 31- .J : X
C ' K. B1
"
K ,
= . ' Q , 1- ;!' K=
@ ' `
) C 9 ( 7 1
"
L L 2 $
; 1 -B pJ K 1 >0
K&h :
* u %' 1
"
1 983
/ 39
Q ]' L= 01
""
1 31- C ' K. B1 .J : X
"
K
,
W ) =
"
/ <
1-B 1
J L 2 $
; 1 -B p
;:1 .
>0 L L 2 $"
K 1 1?I K&h : K 1 1 S'
) W ) B
"
/ <
K&h : ( B 268 / 25
: Q
"
$
B -+& 2 L 2
"
^ 7 X B 901 / 18 L= 01 Q
]'
""
1 31- C ' K. B1 .J : X
"
K ,
= . 1 I
C 8 9
> <
, 1- ;!' K= I T `
f
1 >0 K B -+& 2 K&h :
"
^ 7
>0 X K 1 1?I
-'4 B
. l1-. 1 $
"
h @A KP ,
-+& 2 4 B
7 ; 1 K 1 ,
@ ' ;!'
; 1 -B pJ K 1 >0
K&h :
>0 K 1 1?I B -+& 2
"
^ 7 -'4 B X
$
. l1-. 1
"
h @A KP
, 1 K 1 -+& 2 4 B
1 . . B < … / ,
`: '
$"AA! - : a 1?*
(Donald et al., 1976; Leilah & Al-Khateeb, ;:1
2005)
.
$ -.
"
K%7d KB K ?P' 01 1 S' @I = 1-B ,&Q1 I
K%7d Y -Z 01 ,&Q1 I-"].
K= K. h I -"F I
I-"]. 01 ,h"=-' , ,&Q1
, %.:1 B
.
C 7 - L 2 >1 ) * ,B 0 1 I-"]. 1-B / [ l1-. 1 >1?" I
,+<J @ ' ) 2 @ ' ;!'
l1-. 1 >1?" 3L 2 2L 2 1L 2 ` 1- I-"].
770 /
0 0/216 0/836 0/158 f T
801 /
0 0/808 0/382 -0/055 @ ' (X1)X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 826
/
0 0/175 -0/486 0/748 f T
793 /
0 -0/296 0/210 0/813 @ ' (X2) ; 1 -B pJ
964 /
0 0/978 -0/081 -0/010 f T 884
/
0 -0/095 0/886 0/299 @ ' (X3) K 1 1?I >0
935 /
0 -0/386 0/434 0/773 f T
911 /
0 0/498 -0/614 0/535 @ ' (X4) K&h : K 1 1 S' 896
/
0 0/259 0/366 0/833 f T 849
/
0 0/281 0/218 0/850 @ ' (X5) K&h : K 1 >0 859
/
0 0/100 0/562 -0/730 f T 811
/
0 0/241 0/341 -0/797 @ ' (X6) "* u %' 1
481 /
87 21/018 26/324 40/139 f T 152
/
84 18/901 25/268 39/983 @ '
L 2 € 1 (%)
C 8 - L 2 B KQbJ f T ` 1- ;!' ) * ,B 0 1 I-"]. 1-B I
L 2 1-B / <"W ) L= l1-. 1 Q ,& 2 B L 1 2
; 1 -B pJ 40/139 2/408 1L 2
748 /
0 (X2); 1 -B pJ
773 /
0 (X4) K&h : K 1 1 S' 833
/
0 (X5)K&h : K 1 >0 730
/ 0
- (X6) "* u %' 1
X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 26/324 1/579 2L 2
836 /
0 (X1)X ^ 7 "B -+& 2 018
/
21 1/261 3L 2
K 1 >0 0/978 (X3)K 1 1?I >0
481 /
87 5/248 ,S P' € 1
C 9 - L 2 B KQbJ ,B 0 1 I-"]. 1-B I
,+<J @ ' ;!' ) * W )
"
/ <
1-B
L 2 L= l1-. 1 Q ,& 2 B L 1 2
; 1 -B pJ 39/983 2/399 1L 2
813 /
0 (X2) ; 1 -B pJ
850 /
0 (X5)K&h : K 1 >0 797
/ 0
- (X6) "* u %' 1
K&h : 25/268 1/516 2L 2
886 /
0 (X3)K 1 1?I>0
614 / 0
- (X4)K&h : K 1 1 S' 901
/
18 1/134 3L 2
B -+& 2
"
^ 7
X 0/808 (X1)X^ 7"B -+& 2
152 /
84 5/049 ,S P' € 1
