PDF Article Info Abstract

(1)

Different Structures of Floating and Non-Floating Quantifier Constructions in Persian

Safa Sadeghi Ashrafi ^¹, Ali Darzi ²

1.Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected]

2.Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Email:

[email protected]

Cite this The Author(s): Sadeghi Ashrafi, S., Darzi, A., 2022-2023: Different Structures of Floating and Non-Floating Quantifier Constructions in Persian, Journal of Language Researches, No. 2, Vol.13 , Serial No. 25, Aautumn & Winter 2022-2023. (83-104)- DOI:10.22059/JOLR.2021.320488.666704.

Publisheder: Unversity of Tehran Prees

1.ntroduction

There are different types of quantifiers and the one which is studied in this paper is universal quantifier ‘hame’ (all)’. Universal quantifier in Persian, like in other languages, is a kind of modifier that normally appears immediately before the nominal phrase which it modifies. In

Article Info Abstract

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received:

12, March, 2021

In Revised Form:

19, July, 2021

Accepted:

4, September, 2021

Published onlin:

20, March, 2023

Keywords:

Quantifiers basically occur adjacent to a nominal phrase. However, sometimes the quantifier and the nominal phrase appear apart in sentences. This phenomenon is referred to as quantifier floating (Q-floating). The most prominent approach to Q- floating is stranding analysis, according to which the quantifier and the adjacent nominal phrase together make up a single constituent, and in the course of derivation, the nominal phrase moves from this constituent to a higher position, stranding the quantifier in situ; in other words, stranding analysis considers the floating quantifier construction as the result of a transformation from non-floating quantifier construction. This paper addresses the structure of floating and non- floating quantifier constructions, provides evidence from Persian to indicate the independence of their structures, and argues for the oblige toriness of each structure.

The floating quantifier is shown to be a late adjunct to a copy of its associated DP: in the derivation leading to quantifier floating, a DP moves from its θ-position and then receives a QP as an adjunct, and then it moves again to a higher position and strands the quantifier in situ. According to Chomsky’s (2013) Labeling Algorithm, when QP is an adjunct to DP, the movement of DP and it’s leaving the QP behind is obligatory; to put it another way, floating quantifier construction is obligatory. As opposed to floating quantifier construction, in non-floating quantifier construction, QP is not an adjunct. In this construction, the DP is the complement of the quantifier head. Given Labeling Algorithm, this construction is obligatorily motivated, too. In addition, since quantifier phrase is the topmost nominal phrase in such constructions, it is a phase; and in order for the DP to move out of this phase, it needs to move first to the specifier position of the QP, but this movement is considered too short. For this reason, DP cannot move off the QP in non-floating quantifier constructions.

floating quantifier, non-floating quantifier, late adjunction, Labeling Algorithm, obligatory quantifier floating.

(2)

Persian the quantifier ‘hame’ is connected to the following nominal phrase by an ezafe ‘e’, like in ‘hame-y-e bacheha’ (= all of the children). However, there are sentences in which universal quantifiers occur separated from their associated nominal phrases. The separated quantifier in such sentences is referred to as ‘floating quantifier’. In some cases, the nominal phrase and the floating quantifier are completely separated with other elements in between. In other cases, floating quantifier immediately follows the nominal phrase, but without ezafe ‘e’

between them. There is a semantic relation between the floating construction and its corresponding non-floating construction, which suggests a syntactic relation between the two constructions. This paper investigates the structure of floating quantifier construction vs. the non-floating one in Chomsky’s (2013) Labeling Algorithm framework, and provides evidence from Persian for the autonomy of the syntactic structures of these two constructions. In other words, it shows that the structure of floating and non-floating constructions are not related and they are completely independent. Floating quantifier ‘hame’ can also be accompanied by a pronominal clitic agreeing with the associated nominal phrase. This paper accounts for the pronominal clitic on floating quantifiers as well.

2. Literature Review

Quantifier floating has received two major analyses: stranding analysis and adverbial one.

The adjunction approach considers quantifiers as adjuncts: the floating quantifiers as adverbial adjuncts and the non-floating quantifiers as adnominal adjuncts. Under this approach, floating quantifiers are base-generated in the adverbial position in the sentence since the positions occupied by floating quantifier canonically belong to adverbs. This approach assumes that floating quantifier is a kind of anaphoric adverbial and needs to be bound by an antecedent. Considering the shortcomings of the adjunction (adverbial) approach, Sportiche (1988) developed a stranding approach as an alternative approach to quantifier floating, according to which the quantifier and the adjacent nominal phrase together make up a single constituent, and in the course of the derivation, the nominal phrase moves from this constituent to a higher position, stranding the quantifier in situ; in other words, stranding analysis considers the floating quantifier construction as the result of a transformation from non-floating quantifier construction. Boskovic (2004), contrary to the basic version of the stranding analysis, maintains that floating and non-floating quantifier constructions do not have a base structure in common, i.e. there is no transformational relation between floating and non-floating quantifier constructions. He argues for the late adjunction of floating quantifier ‘all’. According to him, adjunction of floating quantifier to the nominal phrase is not possible in θ-positions. In other words, floating quantifier is a late adjunct to a copy of its associated DP. Put differently, in the derivation leading to quantifier floating, a DP moves from its θ-position and then receives a QP as an adjunct, then it further moves to a higher position and strands the quantifier in situ.

3. Methodology

This article is in descriptive-analytic method and is based on the minimalist program.

4. Results

In this article after discussing the two prominent approaches to floating quantifier: stranding and adverbial approaches, using Persian data, the former approach is shown to be more explanatorily justified. Then, it is indicated that in floating quantifier constructions, QP enters

(3)

Different Structures of Floating and Non-Floating Quantifier Constructions in Persian 85

the derivation as a late adjunct to a DP that has moved from its θ-position. DP and its QP adjunct form an unordered set of two non-head syntactic objects, and based on Chomsky’s (2013) Labeling Algorithm, one of these phrases must move so that the set can be labeled.

The pronominal clitic on floating quantifier provides evidence for the movement of DP out of the set {DP,QP}, since the pronominal clitic is the realization of the lower copy of DP that has moved out of the construction containing the DP and QP; in short, in floating quantifier constructions, QP adjoins to DP after DP moves from its θ-position, and then the DP moves again to a higher position and strands the quantifier. As opposed to floating quantifier constructions, non-floating quantifier is not an adjunct to the DP, but rather a head selecting DP as its complement; and according to Labeling Algorithm, this is the only structure that can be assumed for non-floating quantifier constructions: in Labeling Algorithm the only set of syntactic objects which needs movement of neither of its members is {H, XP}: a set containing a head and a non-head. Based on Persian data, in this structure the head is quantifier and the non-head syntactic object is DP. According to Boskovic (2014) the highest phrase in the extended projection of all lexical categories function as a phase, so the quantifier phrase as the highest phrase in the extended projection of noun is considered as phase. Based on Phase Impenetrability Condition, DP, being the complement of the phase head Q, cannot move out of the phase; so in this structure the nominal phrase cannot separate from the quantifier and strand it.

5. conclusions

We conclude that contrary to the basic view of stranding approach to the quantifier floating, there is no relation between the syntactic structure of floating quantifier construction and the non-floating one, and that both floating and non-floating constructions are obligatorily motivated.

(4)

رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺗ ي

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ وﺎﺣ ي ﻏ رﻮﺳ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﯿ

روﺎﻨﺷﺮ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد

ﯽ

ﯽﻓاﺮﺷا ﯽﻗدﺎﺻ ﺎﻔﺻ

1

، يزرد ﯽﻠﻋ

2

1.

،لﻮﺌﺴﻣ هﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ نﺎﺑز هوﺮﮔ

هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ و تﺎﯿﺑدا

هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ، ناﺮﻬﺗ ، اﺮﻬﺗ ناﺮﯾا ،ن :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار . . [email protected]

2 نﺎﺑز هوﺮﮔ . ،ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ هﺪﮑﺸﻧاد ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا مﻮﻠﻋ و تﺎﯿﺑدا هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ،

ناﺮﻬﺗ ، اﺮﻬﺗ .ناﺮﯾا ،ن :ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار

. [email protected]

ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا

هﺪﯿﮑﭼ

:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 22 / 12 / 1399

:يﺮﮕﻧزﺎﺑ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 28 / 04 / 1400

:شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 13 / 06 / 1400

:رﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 29 / 12 / 1401

هژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ :

ﺤﺗ ،ﺖﺳا اﺪﺟ ﺶﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ زا رﻮﺳ نآ رد ﻪﮐ رﻮﺳ يزﺎﺳروﺎﻨﺷ هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﻞﯿﻠ

ﺐﻧﺎﺟ زا ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

نﺎﺑز ﻢﻬﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺷاد نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ نآ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ود ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ رد .ﺖﺳا يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر و يﺪﯿﻗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﺎﻫ

هداد ﺎﺑ و هﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺷاﺬﮔ رﺎﻨﮐ يﺪﯿﻗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﺮﺑ هﺪﯿﻘﻋ يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد .دﻮﺷ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ و ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ياراد روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

هزﺎﺳ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ اﺪﺘﺑا رد ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ و رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣ ﻞﮑﺷ ار ﺪﺣاو يا

ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﮥﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﻨﻫد

نﺎﻤﻫ رﻮﺳ ،ﺪﺣاو ةزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا نورد زا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ و هﺪﺷ ﺎﻫر ﺎﺟ

هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ .ددﺮﮔ زا

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر دﺮﮑﯾور ﺞﯾار رﻮﺼﺗ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ود ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

، زا ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ماﺪﮐ ﺮﻫ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد .دراد يﺮﮕﯾد حﺮﻄﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ هدوﺰﻓا روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ،دﻮﺷ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ يا

قﺎﻘﺘﺷا دراو ﺮﺧﺎﺘﻣ ﯽﮔدوﺰﻓا ﺪﻨﯾآﺮﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﺶﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ ﯽﻣ

ﯽﻨﻌﯾ :دﻮﺷ رد ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ اﺪﺘﺑا

ﯽﻣ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ و هﺪﺷ مﺎﻏدا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﻣ هدوﺰﻓا نآ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺳ مود هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻦﯾا رد و ﺪﻨﮐ

-

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ رد .دﻮﺷ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ يراﺬﮔ

هوﺮﮔ ةدوﺰﻓا و دراد راﺮﻗ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد ﻪﮐ يرﻮﺳ ﻢﯿﻫد

ﺎﻨﺷ ًارﺎﺒﺟا ،ﺖﺳا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ ﯽﻣ رو

ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺳ نﺪﺷ هدوﺰﻓا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ ،دﻮﺷ

، ياﺮﺑ

هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ؛ﺖﺳا رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا نورد زا ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﮏﯾ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ،ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﺒﻌﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﺒﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﯾﺬﭘ رﻮﺳ و هﺪﺷ ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ًارﺎﺒﺟا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ

روﺎﻨﺷ ﺎﻫر ﯽﻣ دﻮﺷ ﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ رد . لﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ رﺎﺘﺧﺎ

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ياﺮﺑ ﺮﻫاﻮﺧ و ﻢﻤﺘﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ نآ رد ﻪﮐ هﺪﺷ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺰﯿﻧ روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ .ﺖﺳا رﻮﺳ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ،رﻮﺳ هوﺮﮔ ندﻮﺑ زﺎﻓ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد ﻢﯿﻫد

ﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد رﻮﺳ ،ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ رد و دراﺪﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ نﺎﮑﻣا ،نآ ﻢﻤﺘﻣ روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ ًارﺎﺒﺟا ﯽﺘ

ﯽﻣ ﺪﻧﺎﻣ .

ﻏ رﻮﺳ ،روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﯿ

،روﺎﻨﺷﺮ ﮔدوﺰﻓا ﯽ رﻮﮕﻟا ،ﺮﺧﺎﺘﻣ ﯾ

ﻢﺘ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ يراﺬﮔ

، زﺎﺳروﺎﻨﺷ ي رﺎﺒﺟا ي رﻮﺳ .

:دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﻗدﺎﺻ ﯽ ﻓاﺮﺷا ﯽ

، ﺎﻔﺻ

، زرد ،ي ﻠﻋ ﯽ : رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺗ ي

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ وﺎﺣ ي ﻏ رﻮﺳ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﯿ

روﺎﻨﺷﺮ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد ﯽ

: ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻧﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ لﺎﺳ ، 14 رﺎﻤﺷ ، ة 2،

ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ و

،نﺎﺘﺴﻣز 1401 - ﭘﯿ ﭘﺎ ﯽ 25 - ) 104 - 83 (.

DOI:10.22059/JOLR.2021.320488.666704

ناﺮﻬﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد تارﺎﺸﺘﻧا ﻪﺴﺳﻮﻣ :ﺮﺷﺎﻧ

(5)

87

رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺗ ي

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ وﺎﺣ ي ﻏ رﻮﺳ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﯿ

روﺎﻨﺷﺮ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد ﯽ

1.

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ

يﺪﻤﺣا ) يرﻮﻧا و يﻮﯿﮔ 1389

: 120

»(

ﺖﻔﺻ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻢﺳا هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻪﺑ ار نآ راﺪﻘﻣ و هرﺎﻤﺷ ﺎﯾ ﯽﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺎﯾ عﻮﻧ و ﺪﻨﯾآ

ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﻌﻣﺎﻧ رﻮﻃ -

ﺪﻨﻧﺎﺳر .«

سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ

1ﻦﻤﮕﻫ ) 1994

ﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﺰﯿﻧ (

ترﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا يﺎﻫ

توﺎﻔﺗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﯾا زا 2

ترﺎﺒﻋ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧراد ﯽﻤﻧ عﺎﺟرا نﺎﻬﺟ رد ﯽﺼﺨﺸﻣ قاﺪﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻋﺎﺟرا يﺎﻫ

و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ نآ زا ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو ﯽﻧﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﺮﺸﺑ نﺎﺑز رد .ﺖﺳا ﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ نﺎﺷﺮﯿﺒﻌﺗ -

ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ رﻮﺳ ناﻮﺗ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ3

» ﻪﻤﻫ « و

» ﺮﻫ « يدﻮﺟو رﻮﺳ و ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ4

» ﯽﻀﻌﺑ «

نﺎﺑز ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ نﻮﻨﮐﺎﺗ ﺎﻫرﻮﺳ .دﺮﻤﺷﺮﺑ ار ﻪﺒﻨﺟ زا و هدﻮﺑ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ نآ زا ،ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ناﻮﺗ

5ﯽﺘﻠﺑ ) 1982 يدوﺮﺑ و ﯽﺗود ،(

6

) 1984 ﺶﯿﺗرﻮﭙﺳا ،(

)7

1988 اوﺎﮔﺎﯿﻣ ،(

)8

1989 ﯽﺘﺳﻮﯿﺟ ،(

)9

1990 ﻦﯿﺘﻟﺎﺑ ،(

)10

1995 ﮏﯿﻠﺑﺎﺑ و (

11

) 2003

(

نﺎﺑز نﺎﯿﻣ زا .دﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا هدﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ار ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﺪﻧا

ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ ناﻮﺗ

) نﺎﯿﻌﯿﻤﺳ 1983

) ﯽﻤﻈﻌﻣ ،(

1385 ) يﺮﯾﺪﻗ ،(

1393

و( ) مﻮﻠﻌﻟاﺮﺤﺑ 1388

.دﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ ار (

ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ و روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ و ؛دزادﺮﭘ

هروﺎﺤﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ رد روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ دﺮﺑرﺎﮐ ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾار يا

هداد ﺮﺜﮐا ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﺗ حﺮﻄﻣ يﺎﻫ

هروﺎﺤﻣ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ زا ،ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا رد هﺪﺷ هﺪﺷ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا يا

.ﺪﻧا

1 - .ﻒﻟا ﻪﭽﺑ ﮥﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ .ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ

ﻢﯾﺮﻣ .ب ﻪﭽﺑ ﮥﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ .دﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ور

ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻫ

» ﻪﭽﺑ ﮥﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ

« ﯾ ﺶﺨﺑ ود زا ،هزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا عﻮﻧ زا غرﺎﻓ و هدﻮﺑ هزﺎﺳ ﮏ

ﺪﻧﻮﯿﭘ ﺮﮕﯾﺪﮑﯾ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ةﺮﺴﮐ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﮏﯾ و رﻮﺳ هدرﻮﺧ ) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ رد رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ةزﺎﺳ .ﺪﻧا 1

) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ رد و ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﺶﻘﻧ (ﻒﻟا . 1.

ب ار لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ (

ﺮﺑ لﺎﺜﻣ .دراد هﺪﻬﻋ ) يﺎﻫ

2 ) و ( 3 ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ( هزﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﻫد

ﯽﻣ ﮏﯾ شﻮﺨﺘﺳد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

هﺪﯾﺪﭘ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺴﮔ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧور رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ زا اﺪﺟ نآ ﺶﺨﺑ ود و هﺪﺷ ﯽﮕﺘﺴﺴﮔ مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ يا

1. Haegeman

2. R-expression 3. universal 4.existential 5. Belletti

6. Dowty & Brodie 7. Sportiche 8. Miyagawa 9. Giusti 10. Baltin 11. Bobaljik

(6)

» روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ «1

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ ار اﺪﺟ ﺶﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ زا ﻪﮐ يرﻮﺳ ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ،دروآ

ﻪﺑ نآ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﯾ هدﺎﺘﻓا لﺎﺜﻣ رد ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓر رﺎﮐ

ﺮﯾز يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ .دﻮﺷ

) يﺎﻫ 2 ) و ( 3 لﺎﺜﻣ ﺎﺑ ار ( ) يﺎﻫ

1 .ﺪﯿﻨﮐ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ (

2 - ﻪﭽﺑ .ﻒﻟا ﻪﻤﻫ/ﻪﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ .ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ نﻮﺷ

ﻪﭽﺑ .ب ﻪﻤﻫ / ﻪﻤﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ .ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ نﻮﺷ

ﻪﭽﺑ .پ ﻪﻤﻫ /ﻪﻤﻫ ﺪﻧﺪﻣآ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ .نﻮﺷ

3 - ﻪﭽﺑ ﻢﯾﺮﻣ .ﻒﻟا ﻪﻤﻫ /ور ﻪﻤﻫ ور ﺎﻫ

.دﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻮﻧﻮﺷ

ﻪﭽﺑ ﻢﯾﺮﻣ .ب ﺑ ور ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻤﻫ / ور ﻪﻤﻫ ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪ .دﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد ﻮﻧﻮﺷ

ﻪﭽﺑ ﻢﯾﺮﻣ .پ ﻪﻤﻫ / ور ﻪﻤﻫ دﺮﮐ تﻮﻋد ﯽﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ ور ﺎﻫ

.ﻮﻧﻮﺷ

) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ 1 ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺎﺑ (ﻒﻟا . ) يﺎﻫ

2 ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ياراد ( ) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ و

1 ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ (ب .

ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ) يﺎﻫ 3 ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ .(

نﺎﺑز ،ﺖﺳد ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

د ﻪﺑ يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ و ﺖﺳد ﻦﯾا زا ﯽﺗﻼﻤﺟ ﻦﯿﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻦﺘﻓﺎﯾ لﺎﺒﻧ

هدﻮﺑ تﻼﻤﺟ عﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﻫرﻮﺳ هﺪﻋ .ﺪﻧا

نﺎﺑز زا يا نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ﻪﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ )

1 ﻪﻠﻤﺟ و (ﻒﻟا . ) يﺎﻫ

2 ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ياﺮﺑ نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ﺰﯿﻧ و ( ) يﺎﻫ

1 (ب .

) و 3 هدﻮﺑ ( ) تﻼﻤﺟ و 2

) تﻼﻤﺟ و ( 3

ﺑ ار ( ) ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد يرﺎﺘﺸﮔ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪ 1

(ﻒﻟا .

) و 1 ﯽﻣ (ب . ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺪﻨﻧاد

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﻫد روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

) تﻼﻤﺟ رد 1.

ﻒﻟا ) و ( 1 ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ (ب . رد روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

) تﻼﻤﺟ 2

) و ( 3 ﺶﺨﺑ رد .ﺪﻧراد ( 2

رد رﻮﺳ يزﺎﺳروﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد ﯽﻠﺻا دﺮﮑﯾور ود

نﺎﺑز رﺎﺛآ رد روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ زا ار يﺪﯿﻗ دﺮﮑﯾور و هدﺮﮐ روﺮﻣ ار ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﯽﻣ رﺎﻨﮐ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ يﺪﻌﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ رد .ﻢﯾراﺬﮔ

يراﺬﮔ

) ﯽﮑﺴﻣﺎﭼ 2013

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ يﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﮐ ار(

ﺶﺨﺑ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ،ﺖﺳا يﺪﻌﺑ

ﻢﯿﯾﺎﻤﻧ ﺲﭙﺳ و

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ مرﺎﻬﭼ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﺎﻫ

ﺶﺨﺑﺮﯾز رد) روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ ي 4

- 1 و (

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺶﺨﺑﺮﯾز رد) روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ 4

- 2 ﯽﻣ ( ﺶﺨﺑ .ﻢﯾزادﺮﭘ 5

ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ -

.ﺖﺳا ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ يﺮﯿﮔ 2.

ﭘ ﯿ ﺸ ﯿﻨ ﮥ ﻖﯿﻘﺤﺗ

ﻢﻬﻣ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ يﺪﯿﻗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ،زوﺮﻣا ﻪﺑ ﺎﺗ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ درﻮﻣرد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا يﺎﻫ

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ و 2

يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر رﻮﺳ ،يﺪﯿﻗ ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ رد .ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ 3

ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ﻪﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ار روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫ

1.floating quantifier

2.adverbial analysis 3.stranding analysis

(7)

89 رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ توﺎﻔﺗ

ي ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ وﺎﺣ ي رﻮﺳ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻏ

ﯿ روﺎﻨﺷﺮ ﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد ﯽ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳور هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ نﺎﻤﻫ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺮﯿﮔ

مﺎﻏدا نﺎﺷ ﯽﻧوﺮﺑ

هﺪﺷ 1

.ﺪﻧا

ناوﺮﯿﭘ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﯿﻧ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ روﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﯿﻏ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ يرﺎﺘﺸﮔ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﺑ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا رد يﺪﯿﻗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﯽﻣ نآ نﺎﻣﺎﮕﺸﯿﭘ زا ﻪﮐ

ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ

2ﻦﯿﮐ ) 1975 ) ﯽﺘﻠﺑ ،(

1982 يدوﺮﺑ و ﯽﺗود ،(

) 1984 ) اوﺎﮔﺎﯿﻣ ،(

1989

ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ هﺪﯿﻘﻋ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ ،دﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا ،(

ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳور هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ نﺎﻤﻫ رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ هﺪﺷ مﺎﻏدا نﺎﺷ

ﺪﻧا يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﮐ

هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﻞﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ

3رﻮﺤﻣ نﺎﺑز رد ﻪﮐ اﺮﭼ ،ﺖﺳا يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ عﻮﻗو هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ،ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ

د روﺎﻨﺷ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ ،ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻄﺧ ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ر ﻞﻌﻓ يﺎﻫ

ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ) رﻮﺤﻣ

و ﯽﻬﺟو هوﺮﮔ ،يدﻮﻤﻧ هوﺮﮔ ،ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ ...

ﺖﺳا نﺎﺴﮑﯾ (

) ﮏﯿﻠﺑﺎﺑ (2003

. ﻪﺑ ار ﺮﯾز ﮥﻠﻤﺟ

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ زا ﯽﻟﺎﺜﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

» «all ﯽﻣ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﮏﯾ رد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﺋارا ،ﺪﻨﮐ لﺎﻐﺷا .ﺪﻨﮐ

4- The children {all} would {all} have {all} been {all} doing that. ( ﮏﯿﻠﺑﺎﺑ 2003

:

4 )

ﻞﻌﻓ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﭗﭼ ﺖﻤﺳ يو ﯽﻣ ﺪﯿﻗ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد ار رﻮﺤﻣ

لﺎﺜﻣ رد و ﺪﻧاد

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻻﺎﺑ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ روﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻣﻮﻤﻋ رﻮﺳ ياﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

» «all و ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻊﻗاو رد ﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪ دﻮﺷ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

روﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺌﺴﻣ ﻦﯾا و

ﯽﻣ تﻮﻗ ار روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ندﻮﺑ ﺪﯿﻗ ﮥﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ رد و لوا هﺎﮕﻧ رد ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز رد .ﺪﺸﺨﺑ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ،ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ و روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﯽﻄﺧ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﺳر

ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ﺲﻨﺟ زا ،يﺪﯿﻗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ،ﺰﯿﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ نﺎﺸﻌﯾزﻮﺗ و

ﻖﯿﻗد ﯽﻫﺎﮕﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا ؛ﺖﺳﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ﯽﻣ ار هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﮏﯾ ﻞﻗاﺪﺣ ،ود ﻦﯾا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗ

ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﺑﺎﯾ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻤﻧ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﻣا ،دﻮﺷ لﺎﻐﺷا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ رد .ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

) لﺎﺜﻣ 5 (

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ

»

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ « ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ناﻮﻨﻋ زا يا

رد و ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ) لﺎﺜﻣ

6 ( ﺎﺟ هﺎﮕﯾ -

ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ار روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ نﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ ) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺪﺑ .ﻢﯿﻨﮐ

6 شﻮﺧ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد (پ . -

) ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳ 5

نﺎﺸﻧ (پ . ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ةﺪﻨﻫد

»

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ « دﻮﺟو

روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﮐ دراد

» ﻪﻤﻫ « ﯽﻤﻧ لﺎﻐﺷا .دﻮﺷ

5 - ﻪﭽﺑ رﺎﻫﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑ .ﻒﻟا ﺎﻫ

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﯽﻣ ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﺎﺳ .ﺪﻧرﻮﺧ

ياﺮﺑ .ب ﻪﭽﺑ رﺎﻫﺎﻧ ﯽﻣ ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻧرﻮﺧ

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ .

.پ

ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﭽﺑ رﺎﻫﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ

.ﺪﻧرﻮﺧ

1.External Merge

2.Kayne 3. verbal phrase

(8)

6 - ﻪﭽﺑ رﺎﻫﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑ .ﻒﻟا ﺎﻫ

ﻪﻤﻫi

ﯽﻣ ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﺎﺳi .ﺪﻧرﻮﺧ

ﻪﭽﺑ رﺎﻫﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑ .ب ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﺎﺳi ﺪﻧرﻮﺧ

ﻪﻤﻫ . i

* .پ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﭽﺑ رﺎﻫﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑi ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﭻﯾوﺪﻧﺎﺳi .ﺪﻧرﻮﺧ

ار ﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﻤﻧ

هوﻼﻋ .ﺖﺴﻧاد نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ يﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ناﻮﺗ

نﺎﺑز ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد ﺎﻫﺪﯿﻗ و روﺎﻨﺷ يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻊﯾزﻮﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ مﺪﻋ ﺮﺑ يﺮﮕﯾد تاداﺮﯾا ،ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻤﻧ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا :.ﺖﺳا دراو يﺪﯿﻗ دﺮﮑﯾور ﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ار يرﺎﮑﺷآ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ طﺎﺒﺗرا ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

) تﻼﻤﺟ 2

) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ و ( 1

) تﻼﻤﺟ ﻦﯿﺑ و (ﻒﻟا . 3

( ؛ﺪﻫد ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ،دراد دﻮﺟو (ب .ا) ﮥﻠﻤﺟ و

) تﻼﻤﺟ ﮥﻤﻫ رد اﺮﭼ ﺪﯾﻮﮕﺑ ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ردﺎﻗ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ 2

) و ( 3 ةﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،(

» ﻪﻤﻫ « هوﺮﮔ ﻤﺳا ﯽ

» ﻪﭽﺑ ﺎﻫ « ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ رد ار ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ و رﻮﺳ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ زا ﺰﯿﻧ و ؛دﺮﯿﮔ

شا

ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ رد نﺎﺑز رد ﺖﻟﺎﺣ و ﺲﻨﺟ ،رﺎﻤﺷ ،ﺺﺨﺷ يﺎﻫ

و ﯽﺑﺮﻋ ،ﻪﺴﻧاﺮﻓ ﻞﺜﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ و يﺮﺒﻋ

ﺖﺳا ﺰﺟﺎﻋ ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ .

يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ،ﻞﺑﺎﻘﻣ رد نﺎﺑز ﻪﮐ

ﺖﯾﺎﻤﺣ نآ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﻨﮐ .دزادﺮﭘ

) ﺶﯿﺗرﻮﭙﺳا 1988

ﻪﮐ (

ﻪﺑ يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ مﺎﮕﺸﯿﭘ ﯽﻣ رﺎﻤﺷ

طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻪﺑ ،دور يﺎﻫرﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﻘﻄﻨﻣ و ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ

روﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﯿﻏ و روﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا

ﻦﯾا ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ،ﺪﻨﮐ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ

ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻣ ﺮﯿﺛﺎﺗ نآ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ روﺎﺠﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ دراﺬﮔ

؛دراﺬﮔ

نﺎﺑز ﯽﺧﺮﺑ رد روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ و ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﻫ

و ﺺﺨﺷ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ هﺪﯾد ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﯽﺘﺣ و رﺎﻤﺷ زا ﺶﯿﺗرﻮﭙﺳا .دﻮﺷ

طﺎﺒﺗرا ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣ ﻪﺠﯿﺘﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دﺮﯿﮔ

ﻦﯾا و ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد دﻮﺟو يرﺎﺘﺸﮔ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا تﻼﻤﺟ رد روﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﯿﻏ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ هوﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز رد روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ وا هﺪﯿﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﺪﺣاو ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز ﺪﯾﺎﺑ تﻼﻤﺟ ﯽﻣ هزﺎﺳ ﮏﯾ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ ﯽﻤﺳا ﻣ اﺪﺟ نآ زا رﻮﺳ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﺖﮐﺮﺣ ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﺪﻫد

ﯽ -

ﺪﺘﻓا ؛ زا يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ،ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ هزﺎﺳ

ﯽﻣ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺪﺣاو يا هوﺮﮔ ﮏﯾ و رﻮﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺪﯾﻮﮔ

رﻮﺳ نﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﺠﺑ و ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ار رﻮﺳ يزﺎﺳروﺎﻨﺷ و ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ ﯽﻣ ﺎﺠﻧﺎﻤﻫ رد ﺶﯿﺗرﻮﭙﺳا .ﺪﻧاد

) 1988 هدوﺰﻓا ار رﻮﺳ( ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ يا

،دﺮﯿﮔ

نﺎﺑز ﺎﻣا ﺷ نﻮﭼ ﯽﻧﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﮑﺴﻧﻮﻠ

)1

1991

ﻪﺘﺴﻫ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ(

ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺸﻘﻧ يا

ﯽﻣ ﻢﻤﺘﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ/ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ .دﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ار ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ وا

ﯽﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ رد رﻮﺳ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﻫاﻮﺧ ار ﺶﻄﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ و روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ و دﺮﯿﮔ

ﯽﻣ نآ زا ﯽﺷﺎﻧ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ اﺪﺘﺑا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﮐﺪﻧاد

رﻮﺳ هوﺮﮔ ﺲﭙﺳ و ﻪﺘﻓر 2

1. Shlonsky

2. quantifier phrase(QP)

(9)

ﯽﻣ كﺮﺗ ار رﻮﺳ هوﺮﮔ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ رﻮﺳ هوﺮﮔ1

،دﺮﯿﮔ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﮥﻄﺑار ،ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ و رﻮﺳ ﻦﯿﺑ -

ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ رد ﺖﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

-

ﻪﻄﺑار ﻦﯾا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ...و رﺎﻤﺷ و ﺺﺨﺷ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ يرﻮﺘﺳد يﺎﻫ .ﺖﺳا

ﯽﻤﯾﺮﮐ

) 1989

ﺰﯿﻧ (

ﺑ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا هﺮﺴﮐ ﯽﻫاﺮﻤﻫ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ندﻮﺑ ﻢﻤﺘﻣ و رﻮﺳ ندﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ار رﻮﺳ ﺎ

.ﺪﻫﺪﯿﻣ راﺮﻗ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد ار رﻮﺳ ﻢﯿﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاﺪﻧ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا هﺮﺴﮐ ﯽﺘﻗو و دﺮﯿﮕﯿﻣ

) ﭻﯾوﻮﮑﺷﺎﺑ 2004

ﻪﮐ دﺮﮑﯾور ﻦﯾا نﺎﻣﺎﮕﺸﯿﭘ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ،ﺖﺳا يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر دﺮﮑﯾور ناوﺮﯿﭘ زا ﻪﮐ(

ﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ مﺎﻏدا ياﺪﺘﺑا نﺎﻤﻫ زا رﻮﺳ ﺪﻧدﻮﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ هﺪﯿﻘﻋ ،ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ نآ هاﺮﻤﻫ ،ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ ف

ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ يرﻮﺳ دراد ﻪﺑ ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ زا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ زا ﺲﭘ ،دﻮﺷ

ﯽﻣ هدوﺰﻓا نآ ددﺮﮔ

هوﺮﮔ ،ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺳ نﺪﺷ هدوﺰﻓا زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﮥﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد و

ﯽﻣ ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ هرﺎﺑود و هدﺮﮐ ﺎﻫر ار رﻮﺳ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ياﺮﺑ وا ﺪﻫﺎﺷ .دﻮﺷ

ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ، -

نآ ﺢﯿﺿﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ردﺎﻗ يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر دﺮﮑﯾور ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺪﺑ يﺎﻫ نﺎﺑز رد :ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺒﻧ ﺎﻫ

ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ

ﯽﻣ ،يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﯽﻤﻧ ﯽﻗﺎﻔﺗا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ًﻼﻤﻋ ،ﺪﻫد يﺎﺟ دﻮﺧ رد ار روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

ﯽﻨﻌﯾ ؛ﺪﺘﻓا

روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ رﻮﻀﺣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻦﯾا رد

ﺶﯿﭘ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ،ﺎﻫ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺪﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ تﻼﻤﺟ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ،دﻮﺷ

) 7a ( ) و 7b

ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﻌﻓ ياراد ﯽﻟوا ﻪﮐ(

لﻮﻬﺠﻣ ﯽﻣود و2

.ﺖﺳا 7- a. *The students arrived all.

b. *The students were arrested all.

(682 :2004 ﭻﯾوﻮﮑﺷﺎﺑ)

يﺎﻄﻋا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﮥﯿﺿﺮﻓ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺶﻘﻧ

ﺎﺗﻮﯾ) ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺶﻘﻧ ،(3

نﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﯽﻣ لﺎﻐﺷا ار ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮑﯾ يرﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ يﺎﻫ ﺮﺟا ﺮﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

) 4

2003

،ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد (

ﺶﻨﮐ

5ﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﯽﻣ مﺎﻏدا گرﺰﺑ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد نآ زا و دﻮﺷ

يرﻮﺘﺳد ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﻪﮐ ﺎﺟ

ﺶﻨﮐ ﺶﻘﻧ ياراد ،لﻮﻬﺠﻣ و ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﻌﻓ ياراد تﻼﻤﺟ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺮﯾﺬﭘ

ﺺﺧﺎﺷ رد اﺪﺘﺑا ،

ﯽﻣ مﺎﻏدا گرﺰﺑ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﻨﮑﻓاﺮﻓ ﻞﺻا ندروآﺮﺑ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ و هﺪﺷ ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺲﭙﺳ ،ﺪﻧﻮﺷ

1. specifier

2. unaccusative

3. UTAH (Uniformity of Theta-Assignment Hypothesis) 4. Adger

5. theme

(10)

هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﺼﺗ هوﺮﮔ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻪﺑ1

ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺑ و هﺪﺷ ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺰﯿﻧ گرﺰﺑ ﻞﻌﻓ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ .ﺪﻧور

ﻖﺤﻠﻣ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﻞﻌﻓ ﯽﻣ2

دﻮﺷ ) رادﻮﻤﻧ رد ار ﻞﺻﺎﺣ قﺎﻘﺘﺷا. 1

ﯽﻣ ( .دﺮﮐ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ناﻮﺗ

رادﻮﻤﻧ 1 - رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑز رد لﻮﻬﺠﻣ و ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣﺎﻧ يﺎﻫ

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد ،ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ،يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر دﺮﮑﯾور ﻖﺒﻃ ﯽﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ

ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ

ﯽﻣ رﻮﺒﻋ نآ زا ﺎﯾ هﺪﺷ مﺎﻏدا نآ رد ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ،ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯽﭙﮐ تروﺎﺠﻣ رد ﻪﺸﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ 3

ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ةﺪﻧﺎﻣﺎﺟ )

د راﺮﻗ (لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .درا

) رادﻮﻤﻧ 1 ﻞﻌﻓ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ قﺎﺤﻟا و ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ زا ﺪﻌﺑ لﻮﻬﺠﻣ و ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا تﻼﻤﺟ رد (

ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﻞﻌﻓ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ در ،ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﻞﻌﻓ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺑ گرﺰﺑ رد ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،دﺮﯿﮔ

ﺎﯾ ﯽﻟﻮﻌﻔﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﻌﻓ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ،يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر دﺮﮑﯾور سﺎﺳا ﺮﺑ ،ﯽﺴﯿﻠﮕﻧا ﻗ لﻮﻬﺠﻣ لﺎﺜﻣ ﺎﻣا ،دﺮﯿﮔ راﺮ

) يﺎﻫ 7 ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ( ؛ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺪﺑ ﯽﺗﻼﻤﺟ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد

ﺶﯿﭘ ﻦﯾا ﭻﯾوﻮﮑﺷﺎﺑ ﺎﻣا ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺗﻼﻤﺟ درﻮﻣرد يزﺎﺳﺎﻫر دﺮﮑﯾور ﺖﺳردﺎﻧ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻨﯿﺑ

) 7 ﯽﻣ ﻦﯿﯿﺒﺗ ار ( ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ مﺎﻏدا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ار رﻮﺳ ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ مﺎﻏدا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ وا .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ )

ﻣ (لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﯽ

رد ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣﺎﮕﻨﻫ وا ةﺪﯿﻘﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻧاد

ﻮﺑﻮﻟ ﺮﻈﻧ زا وا ،ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ هوﺮﮔ هاﺮﻤﻫ رﻮﺳ ،دراد راﺮﻗ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ

)4

1988

درﻮﻣرد (

هدوﺰﻓا دورو نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﺧﺮﭼﺮﯿﻏ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ5

6يا ﯽﻣ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﯽﻣ و ﺪﻨﮐ

-

1. EPP

2. adjoin 3. copy 4. Lebeaux 5. adjunct 6.acyclically

(11)

ﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﯽﻫﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ زا ﺲﭘ ﺪﯾﻮﮔ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ زا ﺮ

ﻪﻓﺎﺿا نآ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺳ ،1

ﯽﻣ لﺎﺜﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﯽﺗﻼﻤﺟ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻞﯿﻟد ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ و دﻮﺷ ) يﺎﻫ

7 هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد رﻮﺳ رﻮﻀﺣ (

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﺘﺧﺎﺳﺪﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ .دﻮﺷ

3 . بﻮﭼرﺎﭼ يﺮﻈﻧ

ﯽﻠﺻا زا ﯽﮑﯾ مﺎﻏدا اﺮﮔ ﻪﻨﯿﻤﮐ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد ﺎﻫ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ

ﯽﮑﺴﻣﺎﭼ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻖﺒﻃ .ﺖﺳا

) 2004 ، 2007،2008 و

2013

ﻤﻋ (

ﯽﻣ ﻢﻫ ﺎﺑ ار يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود (نرﺎﻘﺘﻣ) مﺎﻏدا تﺎﯿﻠ و دﺰﯿﻣآ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نآ زا ﺐﺗﺮﻣﺎﻧ يا ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻫد يراﺬﮔ

ﺎﺗ دﻮﺷ2

.دﺮﯿﮔ يﺎﺟ قﺎﻘﺘﺷا نورد رد ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ و يﻮﺤﻧ ظﺎﺤﻟ زا ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ نآ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ(

ﮕﻟا ،مﺎﻏدا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يراﺬﮔ ﯽﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ار ﯽﻤﺘﯾرﻮ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا مﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﺗﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ار مﺎﻏدا وا .يراﺬﮔ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ زا يا

ﯽﻣ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود ﭻﯿﻫ دﻮﺧ ،مﺎﻏدا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ ،ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ؛ﯽﻨﮑﻓاﺮﻓ ﭻﯿﻫ نوﺪﺑ ،دزﺎﺳ

ﯽﻤﻧ دﺎﺠﯾا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﺒﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ،مﺎﻏدا رﺎﮐ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺗﺮﻣﺎﻧ يا ﺐ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا ،مﺎﻏدا زا ﺲﭘ .ﺖﺳا يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود زا ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ياﺮﺑ يراﺬﮔ

يراﺬﮔ

ﯽﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ دراو ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺮﯿﺒﻌﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ياﺮﺑ ،مﺎﻏدا ﻂﺳﻮﺗ هﺪﺷ ﺪﯿﻟﻮﺗ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ .دﻮﺷ

ﻂﺑار ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ :ﺖﺳا ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نآ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا يوﺎﺣ ﯽﺒﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ ،3

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗﺎﻋﻼﻃا يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺪﻫد

ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﭼ زا ،رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺖﺴﯾا

؛

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ .ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ نآ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﯿﺒﻌﺗ ياﺮﺑ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﮏﯾ يراﺬﮔ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ -

ﺮﻈﻧ زا يراﺬﮔ

ﻪﻨﯿﻤﮐ شوﺎﮐ ﮏﯾ (

ﺖﺳا 4

ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﭘ رد و هزﻮﺣ نورد ،H

ﯽﻣ ار دﻮﺧ شوﺎﮐ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود ،مﺎﻏدا تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ .دوﺎﮐ

وa

ﻮﻤﺠﻣ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ارb

ﮥﻋ

}

،b a

ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ار {

ﯽﻣ يﺮﺼﻨﻋ عﻮﻧ ﺮﻫ ،يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻫد و ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﭼ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻊﻗاو رد .ﻪﺘﺴﻫﺮﯿﻏ ﻪﭼ ﯽﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ار مﺎﻏدا زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

:دﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ناﻮﺗ

) 1 ( ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ) ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﮏﯾ زا يا ) ﻪﺘﺴﻫﺮﯿﻏ ﮏﯾ و (H

} :(XP H, XP {

) 2 ( ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ } :ﻪﺘﺴﻫﺮﯿﻏ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود زا يا XP, YP

{

) 3 ( ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ } :ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ود زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ يا {X, Y

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد

} H, XP

ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻗاو رد ﻪﮐ { }}

{X, … {H,

ﯽﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ نﺎﺸﻧ ار نآ ناﻮﺗ

ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﮏﯾ ،دﻮﺧ شوﺎﮐ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﯿﻟوا رد ﻪﻨﯿﻤﮐ شوﺎﮐ ،داد

) (H

ود ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﮏﯾ و

1. argument

2. labeling 3. interface 4. minimal search

(12)

يﻮﻀﻋ

) (XP

ﯽﻣ ار رد ،ﺖﺳا ﻂﺑار ﺢﻄﺳ زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ ﻪﭽﻧآ ،لوا ﺮﺼﻨﻋ صﻮﺼﺧ رد .ﺪﺑﺎﯾ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ دﻮﺧ ﻪﮐ مود ﺮﺼﻨﻋ درﻮﻣ رد ﺎﻣا ،دراد راﺮﻗ سﺮﺘﺳد ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﮕﯾد ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود زا يا

ﻖﯿﻤﻋ ﯽﺷوﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ جﺎﯿﺘﺣا ،زﺎﯿﻧ درﻮﻣ تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ندروآ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ ياﺮﺑ و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﺮﺗ

ﺖﺳا ؛ ﯽﻧﺎﮔژاو ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ،ﻪﻨﯿﻤﮐ شوﺎﮐ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار H

-

ﺪﻨﯾﺰﮔ ؛ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺎﻣا

} XP, YP

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﯽﮔدﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ {

} {H,XP

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ رد :ﺖﺴﯿﻧ

} XP, YP

،دﻮﺧ شوﺎﮐ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﻪﻨﯿﻤﮐ شوﺎﮐ ،{

ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﯽﻤﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ار يا فرژ ار دﻮﺧ شوﺎﮐ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ،ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺮﺗ

ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نورد ﻪﺑ و هدﺮﮐ يﻮﻀﻋود يﺎﻫ

وXP

ﯽﻣYP

ود ،شوﺎﮐ زا ﺢﻄﺳ ﻦﯾا رد و دﺮﺑ

ﮥﺘﺴﻫ

وX

ﯽﻣ ارY

ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻦﯾا زا ﮏﯾ ﺮﻫ بﺎﺨﺘﻧا رد ﺎﻣا ،ﺪﺑﺎﯾ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

} XP, YP

ﯽﻣ مﺎﻬﺑا رﺎﭼد {

.دﻮﺷ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻞﮑﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ياﺮﺑ (

يراﺬﮔ

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ

} XP, YP

ﯽﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ ﻞﺣ هار ود {

درﻮﻣ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا لوا ﻞﺣ هار :ﺪﻨﮐ

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺮﯿﯿﻐﺗ نﺎﻨﭼ ﺮﻈﻧ راﺬﮔ

ﯽﺋﺮﻣ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﮏﯾ ﻂﻘﻓ ،ي ﺪﺑﺎﯿﺑ نآ رد1

و

ﯽﻣ هدروآﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ درﻮﻣ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ود زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ .دﻮﺷ

XP

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نورد زا

} XP, YP

ﯽﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ {

ﯽﭙﮐ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ،ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ نورد XP

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا و هﺪﺷ ﯽﺋﺮﻣﺎﻧ يراﺬﮔ

ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﻂﻘﻓ يراﺬﮔ ﻪﺑ ار Y

ﻮﻨﻋ .ﺪﻨﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﮐﺬﻣ ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ نا هار

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ زا يدراﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ مود ﻞﺣ -

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يراﺬﮔ

} XP, YP

ﯽﻣ رﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ{

ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﮐ دور يﺎﻫ

وX

ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮑﯾ ﮥﺼﺨﺸﻣ يارادY

) رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﺗرﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ 8

.ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هداد نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﻪﺘﺴﻫ ،ﯽﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ رد

يﺎﻫ

وX Y

ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﯽﻣ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮑﯾ يﺎﻫ ﺮﺘﺷا ﺎﺑ و ﺪﻨﻨﮐ

كا ﻪﺼﺨﺸﻣ يراﺬﮔ

2يﺎﻫ ﯽﺒﺴﭼﺮﺑ ،دﻮﺧF

ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ

<F,F>

ﮥﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ياﺮﺑ ار

} XP, YP

ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ{

.ﺪﻨﻫد

8 - } } Y[F], ZP {

}, X[F], WP } ={{

XP, YP {

4.

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﻮﺤﻧ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ تﻼﻤﺟ يﻮﺤﻧ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا رد ) ﺶﺨﺑ رد .ﻢﯾزادﺮﭘ

4 - 1 (

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ يرﻮﺳ ﻢﯿﻫد

ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ هدوﺰﻓا اﺪﺘﺑا رد ،دﻮﺷ

ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ يا

ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺖﺳا شا و ؛

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﺲﭙﺳ ﺐﺴﭼﺮﺑ ﻢﺘﯾرﻮﮕﻟا سﺎﺳاﺮﺑ ﻢﯿﻫد

،ﯽﮑﺴﻣﺎﭼ يراﺬﮔ

ﯽﻣ هدوﺰﻓا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ يرﻮﺳ نﺪﺷ روﺎﻨﺷ ) ﺶﺨﺑ رد .ﺖﺳا يرﺎﺒﺟا ،دﻮﺷ

4 -

2 ﺖﺧﺎﺳ يﻮﺤﻧ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ درﻮﻣرد ﺰﯿﻧ ( ﺮﮐ ﺚﺤﺑ روﺎﻨﺷﺮﯿﻏ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ يﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ و هد -

1. visible

2. feature-sharing

(13)

ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا رد ﻢﯿﻫد ﺮﯿﻏ ًارﺎﺒﺟا رﻮﺳ و هدﻮﺑ رﻮﺳ ﮥﺘﺴﻫ ﻢﻤﺘﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ،ﺎﻫ

.ﺖﺳا روﺎﻨﺷ

1 - 4 . هدوﺰﻓا ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ يا

ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﺑ ﻦﮑﻓاﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ هدوﺰﻓا نﺪﺷ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا(

ﯽﻣ عﻮﻨﻤﻣ ار ﺖﺳا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ يا -

ﺪﻧاد هدوﺰﻓا ﺖﻌﻧﺎﻤﻣ ار نآ ﻞﯿﻟد و ﯽﻣ نﺎﯿﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻄﻋا زا

وا .ﺪﻨﮐ

) ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ ار هدوﺰﻓا ياراد يﻮﺤﻧ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ 9

ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ( ﺪﻫد

) ﯽﮑﺴﻣﺎﭼ 1986 : 7 .(

9- [ba [b …..]]

رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ رد

) 9 ،(

ﻪﺑ a

،رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا رد .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هدوﺰﻓا b

ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻄﻋا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد b

ﮏﯾ ﻪﺑ هدوﺰﻓا نﺪﺷ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﺎﺑ ،رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻖﺒﻃ ،ﺮﮕﯾد نﺎﯿﺑ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﯽﺋﺮﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﮏﯾ ،ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﺑ ﻦﮑﻓاﺮﻓ ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ود 1

ﯽﻣ دﻮﺟو ﻪﺑ 2

نآ ﻪﺑ هدوﺰﻓا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻨﮑﻓاﺮﻓ و ﺪﯾآ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﺋﺮﻣﺎﻧ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ يﺎﻄﻋا ﺮﺑاﺮﺑ رد ،هﺪﺷ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا .دﻮﺷ

نﺎﻤﻫ ﺶﯿﭘ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻪﮐ رﻮﻃ

،ﺪﺷ هرﺎﺷا

ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﮐ يرﻮﺳ دراد هﺪﯿﻘﻋ،(

دراو عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد ،دﻮﺷ

ﯽﻤﻧ قﺎﻘﺘﺷا ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ وا ،دﻮﺷ

نﺪﺷ هدوﺰﻓا ﺖﯿﻋﻮﻨﻤﻣ درﻮﻣرد (

هدوﺰﻓا ﺰﯿﻧ ار رﻮﺳ ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ هدوﺰﻓا ﯽﻣ ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ يا

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد ﻪﮐ درﺎﻤﺷ

ﯽﻤﻧ ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺷ

دﻮ . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ ﭻﯾوﻮﮑﺷﺎﺑ

ﻮﺑﻮﻟ ) 1988

ﺮﺑ ﺮﯾاد(

ﻪﺧﺮﭼﺮﯿﻏ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ هدوﺰﻓا دورو نﺎﮑﻣا ﻪﮐ ﯽﻣ هرﺎﺷا يا

ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ

ﯽﻣ هدوﺰﻓا ﻮﺑﻮﻟ هﺪﺸﻧ مﺎﻏدا ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز رد ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

؛دﻮﺷ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ دراو قﺎﻘﺘﺷا ﯽﻃ رد و

ﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ؛دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو ﻢﻤﺘﻣ ياﺮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﮑﻣا ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﯽﻨﮑﻓاﺮﻓ ﻞﺻا ﻖﺒﻃ ،ﺮﮕﯾد تر

عﻮﺿﻮﻣ مﺎﻏدا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا مزﻻ و ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣاﺰﻟا ﺎﻫ

،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد رﻮﻀﺣ ﺖﺧﺎﺳﺮﯾز رد ﺎﻫ

هدوﺰﻓا درﻮﻣرد ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد هدوﺰﻓا و ﺖﺴﯿﻧ ﻦﯿﻨﭼ ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﺣاﺮﻣ رد ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼﺮﯿﻏ ترﻮﺻ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ قﺎﻘﺘﺷا دراو يا

نﺎﮑﻣا ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﺎﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ (

ﺮﺧﺎﺘﻣ ﯽﮔدوﺰﻓا ﻪﺧﺮﭼﺮﯿﻏ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ار ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ رﻮﺳ دورو ،3

ﯽﻫﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد و يا

ﺣ هوﺮﮔ مﺎﻏدا هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ زا ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ (ﺖﺳا عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ) ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮ

رد ﺮﻈﻧ ﯽﻣ .دﺮﯿﮔ

فﻮﻧﺎﭙﺘﺳا )4

2001

ﯽﻣ هدوﺰﻓا مﺎﻏدا ﺮﯿﺧﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻧﺎﺴﮐ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺰﯿﻧ (

توﺎﻔﺗ وا .دزادﺮﭘ

مﺎﻏدا يﺪﻨﺒﻧﺎﻣز

» ﺸﻧﺎﺟ

5ﯽﻨﯿ « مﺎﻏدا و

» ﯽﮔدوﺰﻓا «6

ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺚﺤﺑ درﻮﻣ ار نﺎﺸﻧ و ﺪﻫد

1. category

2. segment 3. late adjunction 4. Stepanov 5. substitution 6. adjunction

(14)

ﯽﻣ ﺲﭘ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ،هدوﺰﻓا مﺎﻏدا ﺪﻫد ﻪﺧﺮﭼ

1يا رﺎﮑﺷآ ﻮﺤﻧ رد ﯽﻣ يور2

ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﭼ ،ﺪﻫد

يﻮﻗ ﯽﺘﯾاور فﻮﻧﺎﭙﺘﺳا .ﯽﻧورد مﺎﻏدا ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﭼ و ﯽﻧوﺮﺑ مﺎﻏدا ﻮﺑﻮﻟ ﻪﭽﻧآ زا ﺮﺗ

) 1988 ،(

) 1991

ﯽﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ ار ﺖﺳا هدﺮﮐ حﺮﻄﻣ (

ﻟ .ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ هدوﺰﻓا ﺮﺧﺎﺘﻣ مﺎﻏدا نﺎﮑﻣا زا ﻮﺑﻮ ﻦﺨﺳ ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ ار هدوﺰﻓا ﺮﺧﺎﺘﻣ مﺎﻏدا ماﺰﻟا فﻮﻧﺎﭙﺘﺳا ﺎﻣا ،ﺪﯾﻮﮔ ﯽﻣ

.ﺪﻨﮐ

ﻞﺳﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ (

ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ

هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ رد ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ هدوﺰﻓا ندوﺰﻓا ﺖﯿﻋﻮﻨﻤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺒﻣ (

عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺳﻮﺗ ﺰﯿﻧ و

) ﻮﺑﻮﻟ 1988

و نﺎﮑﻣا درﻮﻣرد (

هدوﺰﻓا دور ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ رﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ

ﻪﺧﺮﭼﺮﯿﻏ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻣ حﺮﻄﻣ ار ﻪﯿﺿﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ،يا

هدوﺰﻓا ،روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﺲﭘ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يا

ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ و هﺪﺷ هدوﺰﻓا نآ ﻪﺑ ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ زا ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ زا ﯽﻣ روﺎﻨﺷ و هﺪﺷ ﺎﻫر ،ﻒﯾﺮﻌﺗ فﺮﺣ هوﺮﮔ دﺪﺠﻣ هداد .ﺪﻧﺎﻣ

د ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ نﺎﺑز زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ ﺪﯿﯾﺎﺗ ر

ﯽﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ نآ زا ﻪﮐ دراد دﻮﺟو ﭻﯾوﻮﮑﺷﻮﺑ ﮥﯿﺿﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﯽﯾاﻮﻧ يﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ

تﻼﻤﺟ 3

هﺮﺘﺴﮔ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﺮﺛا و ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ ،ﯽﺳرﺎﻓ تﻼﻤﺟ ﯽﯾاﻮﻧ يﻮﮕﻟا ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑار رد .دﺮﮐ هرﺎﺷا 4

ﯽﯾﻮﻤﻨﻬﮐ ) رﻮﭘ 2009

ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ رد ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻦﯿﻟوا يور ﻪﯿﮑﺗ ،ﻪﯿﮑﺗ ةزﻮﺣ ﮏﯾ رد دراد هﺪﯿﻘﻋ (

ﺣ ﻦﯾا رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﯽﻄﺧ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ هزﻮ

دﺮﯿﮔ ؛ ﻪﯿﮑﺗ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﯽﻣ راد

زﺮﻣ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ

.ﺪﻨﮐ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ار ﻪﯿﮑﺗ ةزﻮﺣ

ﯽﯾﻮﻤﻨﻬﮐ ) رﻮﭘ 2017

ﯽﺑ ﮥﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﯿﮑﺗ ةزﻮﺣ(

هوﺮﮔ ار نﺎﺸﻧ

ﯽﻣ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ار ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﯽﻠﺻا ﮥﯿﮑﺗ ور ﻦﯾا زا و ﺪﻧاد

زﺮﻣ ةﺪﻨﻨﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ

ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻣ ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﻪﯿﻬﺗ ﺖﺳد رد يﺮﺛا رد .ﺪﻨﮐ

ﯿﻫد تﻼﻤﺟ ﯽﯾاﻮﻧ يﻮﮕﻟا ﻪﮐ ﻢ

ﯽﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻣز ،روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ راﺮﻗ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ زا جرﺎﺧ روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺸﻧ

ﯽﺑ ﮓﻨﻫآ ﺎﺑ ﺮﮕﯾد ترﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ؛ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد رﻮﺳ ،نﺎﺸﻧ

» ﻪﻤﻫ « ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ زا جرﺎﺧ

ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻪﮐ ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ،دﺮﯿﮔ عﻮﺿﻮﻣ

هوﺮﮔ نورد ،ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ،ﯽﻧوﺮﯿﺑ و ﯽﻧورد يﺎﻫ -

ﺎﻫ دراد راﺮﻗ گرﺰﺑ و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ ي ؛

ﺮﮔا ﻦﯾاﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ

» ﻪﻤﻫ « هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﻦﯾا رد قﺎﻘﺘﺷا دراو ﺎﻫ

ﯽﻣ ،ﻞﻋﺎﻓ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ زا ﺪﻌﺑ ،ﺪﺷ

» ﻪﻤﻫ « و ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ نورد رد ﺪﯾﺎﺑ

ﯽﻣ ﯽﻗﺎﺑ ﮏﭼﻮﮐ ﯽﻠﻌﻓ هوﺮﮔ نورد رد لﻮﻌﻔﻣ ﯽﻤﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ زا ﺪﻌﺑ .ﺪﻧﺎﻣ

ﯽﻣ ﻪﮐ يﺮﮕﯾد ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻧ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا نآ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ

ةﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ رد رﻮﺳ ةﺮﺘﺴﮔ دﺎﻤﺠﻧا ﺮﺛا دﻮﻤ

روﺎﻨﺷ رﻮﺳ

» ﻪﻤﻫ « رﻮﺳ يوﺎﺣ ﯽﻔﻨﻣ تﻼﻤﺟ رد .ﺖﺳا ﯽﻔﻧ ﺮﮕﻠﻤﻋ ةﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﺑ

» ﻪﻤﻫ «

ﻊﯿﺳو ﯽﻔﻧ ةﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽﮑﯾ رد ﻪﮐ ﻢﯿﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﺶﻧاﻮﺧ ود ﺎﺑ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ و ﺖﺳا ﺮﺗ

» ﻪﻤﻫ « رد ار

1. postcyclically

2. overt syntax 3. prosodic

4. scope freezing effect