Response of Winter Wheat Growth and Yield to Planting Date and Nitrogen Application Rate

Online ISSN: 2345-6957

Journal of Crops Improvement

Homepage: https://jci.ut.ac.ir/

University of Tehran Press

Response of Winter Wheat Growth and Yield to Planting Date and Nitrogen Application Rate

Seyed Farhad Saberali^

Corresponding Author, Department of Horticulture Science and Engineering, High Educational Complex of Torbat e Jam, Khorasan Razavi, Iran. E-mail: sf.saberali@tjamcaas.ac.ir

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article type:

Research Article

Article history:

Received: 18 May 2022 Received in revised form:

13 October 2022

Accepted: 19 October 2022 Published online: 24 June 2023

Keywords:

Economic income, Leaf area index, Pishtaz cultivar, Regression analysis, Yield components.

The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between planting date and the nitrogen application rate on the growth and yield of winter wheat in Torbat-e- Jam, Khorasan Razavi province. The field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with split plot arrangements and three replications in Torbat-e-Jam, in the 2019-2020. Experimental treatments included three planting dates: 1 October, 17 October and 2 November as the main plot, and nitrogen fertilizer at levels 0 (as a control), 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg nitrogen ha^-1 as a subplot. Pishtaz cultivar was planted in experimental plots which included 7 planting lines with a row spacing of 15 cm and a length of 8 m. The results of the analysis of variance showed that planting date and nitrogen fertilizer application and their interaction had a significant effect on all measured traits. The results showed that the yield and yield components were the highest on 1 October, and the values of most of these traits showed a significant decrease in planting on 12 November compared to 10 October. The highest grain yield was obtained from a nitrogen application rate of 200 kg ha^-1 on 1 October and 16 October, while the maximum yield was obtained with an application rate of 175 kg ha^-1 on 2 November. The growth and yield response of wheat to the rate of nitrogen application decreased with a delay in planting date, and the option of planting date must be considered in order to recommend efficient fertilizer usage.

Cite this article: Saberali, S. F. (2023). Response of Winter Wheat Growth and Yield to Planting Date and Nitrogen Application Rate. Journal of Crops Improvement, 25 (2), 405-418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.343273.2712

© The Authors. Publisher: University of Tehran Press.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2022.343273.2712

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.=#= ) /== M _ # D &= *i $< K " #& < K "#<? O #<K# - "# *

4 . 3 34 ; # %<! # = .

" V 3 P# a# "L ? = M )D M N & * -M =#= " . ` &# - < * } I ?ae* /

V?>.* - =# I* &#=

/ &= D () )D#= (& & - 1)

2 V?>.* - =# I* -M =#= " . } .(

N & * &= &= D

)D M 10 O?

) &# 3 H * 537

).M N & * &= = ( 26

12

"

N & * - ) 10

- = d R?* * 6

/ 2 3 / 5 () =#= " . O/ M Q&=

3 M .(

V?>.* - =# I* O/

?'e* EF d# &= D

"#& > / $ d#) ) # D &#< <? - Dk P I+ F &= ).M 1391

# .(

f

>? L

=# I*

- H?+ #

<(

$= >

) # -M V?>.*

= D

$#&#=

)? /#

0 - #= = > H??I* &= $#

) ) #

Ferrante et al., 2020

=# I* .(

V?>.* - - 1 $ 3 €[d - 1 ?+ * $# BA& >? L V? 1 - - # -* &= D

B/ $ ?+ * $ / H? n

- 1 ?+ * ) - 1 ?+ * ) .) /

/

&=

-*

&= F?g _ # D ?ae* )g*

T

& = D&

- 1 /

- d # I -

* -A &# A $ &

= ?

"#<?

G

?

<? - 1 -A - d # -M

- d * $ &

= $ & .K#

/=

) = ? &# A F?g _ # D ?ae* )g* # *

Ferrante et al., 2020; Xie et

al., 2016

- 1 ?+ * - d &= .(

= O #<K# & = < A - < A & $i ) & P D O #<K# / = g &=

10

* 20 -(&=

O? - 1 =# I* ) &= - 1 ?+ * ) O #<K# l =#

) D /# ' -* &= *

Xie et al.,

2016; Zhang et al., 2022

- - 1 ?+ * ) O/ M - -( * - =# I* O/ M #k+ .(

& P D O/ M V?+=

B/ " )?[?M

= = )K# H? n N & * &

= ).M $ / -?( * b /

- .) # k1 - 1 u

-M /

V?>.* * =

- D

BM G & • ) H? 1 $ = =& ' V?+=

) &= - D#= $ * EF

G K M

$#

? .1 #

V?>.* = >

- 1 H # $ & D ) &# /

Tilley et al., 2019

.(

B/ } - -M =#= " . H? n " J @ - ) "L ? = M J @ )D M N & * - / &= _ & T

O #<K# l 59

- . D EF d# &= - V?>.* $ Q&=

= M J @ EF O #<K# )D M N & * - / &= u

# "L ? 100

- 200 H? EF d# &= - V?>.* & >/ &= ?M N & * - / &= )D#= . #<K# &

$ /

J @ " - ?.? )D M 200

() D VQ d & >/ &= "L ? ?M 3

d# &= & & - =# I* O #<K# .(

# - N 1 &= EF O #<K

&# 3

"L ? - #= &=

150 * 300 ?M

&=

& >/

yT &= ^ r A&# &=

&#< ^ r "#& > / # D) ) # D

1394 v

Zhang et al., 2020

$& ' O3 $ [ # "L ? .(

- H? * 1 V?>.* &= 0

<?b & / B/ $< K $ /

B/ V?K M " n B < )?+ IK &= $= M& M O3 H? n

$ /

- ( - / " >+# 3 # ? $< K - ( # P ?d $ /

-I * V?>.* $# $< K =# /# K

- 1 ) ) # ah & & $ /

Tilley et al., 2019; Brady & Weil, 2008

.(

4 . 4

%<! # # # = .

" V 3 P# a# "L ? = M )D M N & * I ?ae* /

V?>.* - #= =# I* &#=

() )D#= - / &= D 2

.(

3 } )D M N & * &= &= D V?>.* - =# I* -M -M =#= " . H?b ? - 10

O?

&# 3 H *

) 93 / 28 ).M N & * &= = ( 26

O/ M = ( 3

/ 3 I Ju '# $ Q&=

N & * $&#=

10 &= )D#

)D M N & * 12

N & * - ) "

10 = d <?

4 / 10 I O/ M Q&=

() =#= " . &#=

3 &= ?'e* ?ae* .(

V?>.* - #= =# I* )D M N & * O?1 " ^ r A&# - &= D

"#& > / $ d#) ) # D &#< <? * 1391

.(

*

=# I 3+

- #=

&= - &=

p

# I I? ‚ = g

"

x D

= b / * # -t .K#

H??I*

V?>.* - #= =# I* -t / &= D & & -t =# I* - &= = ( -t =# I* ) &= = D D

H??I* #& - &=

) M

Gonzalez et al., 2005

- * F?g _ # D H # .(

# ? _ * D

-A - d )K x D -M $ &

-t $& & " * ) # # B $ & . # $ / &= - #= V?>.* /

) / &#k a# -

Slafer et al., 2001; Gonzalez et al., 20055

-t =# I* ?+ * "# * f # ^ r A&# .(

O? ? A&# / P [ -* &=

O? -t ?+ * V? 1 * ) &#= = ' - &= $ *

Slafer et al.,

# *i $ = .(2001

20 -(&=

=#

H?

(- = b ( ) -

= .K#

O #<K# l )

-

-t P T O/ M

-M ) # + d&= H # D /

=# I*

-t / - #= ) &=

$ / V?>.*

&= D

- O/ M )

Slafer et al., 2001; Kaur & Behl 2010

.(

- -t &= u '# l *&# d O * u /

B/

# K H? n

= - .K#

= = - #= ?3 -F # ) = D

Villegas et al., 2016; Kaur & Behl

- .(2010

c & T # *i $ = -M ) # D &#<

30 -t T &= -(&=

- #= V M ?3 l / &= = $ /

) D /# '

Kaur & Behl 2010

- <? & T O #<K# .(

+=

& T - { d A&# ) ?ae* V?

B/ -t ?+ * & = T O/ M ) O #<K# l # * -t H? n

&= D V?>.* - #= =# I* ) &= /

) = D -

Villegas et al., 2016; Gonzalez et al., 2005

(

& T *i $ = - * R?* * H .

O?

&= *

= - = b ( - d H? P T ).M N & * &= ? _ * .K#

= $ / ) O #<K# l b /

V?>.* - #= =# I* O/ M ? - . D /# ' -* &= D

u H # -M " &= *&# d O * =& ' V? 1

= Q d ?3 .K#

N & * &= " # V

= ).M $ / O? *

* . D

B/ } - -M =#= " . H? n l " J @ - ) "L ? = M J @ )D M N & * - / &= _ & T

O #<K#

58 - . D - &= - #= V?>.* $ Q&=

"L ? = M J @ EF O #<K# )D M N & * - / &= -M H # u #

100 - 200 V?>.* - #= =# I* & >/ &= ?M V?>.* - #= =# I* )D#= . #<K# & - &= D

J @ D 200

N & * &= & >/ &= "L ? = M ?M )D M $ /

10 26 J @

175 N & * &= & >/ &= "L ? = M ?M

12

"

= ' - ?.? - () ? &

3 { = .(

- K M P#& ?/ M * - = b ( & = T &= $ ?+ * /

= .K#

-t $ 3 V?>.* $#

/ -t = * ?d /

>

# V # H??I*

M

=# I*

- #=

) ) #

Gonzalez et

al., 2005; Kaur & Behl 2010

" / #k+ .(

O?1 -M& T

& D# <? * < K "#<? ?ae* V?+ "L ? = M D

P#& ?/ M "#<? O/ M ) &=

-t $ 3 D& { = V A $ / -t /

.) # ah /

4 . 5

# + .

I - #=&#</ " "L ? = M )D M N & * ?ae* -M =#= " . ` &# - < * } d&= = &#=

+

" V 3 a# -M /

I ?ae* )[Q H # () )D# $&#=

2 )D M N & * &= - #=&#</ " -M =#= " . } .(

10 24 -

R?* *

73 / 36 92 / 36 I )D M N & * = H # &= - #=&#</ " H? Ju '# = ).M N & * &= = ( H # .= &#=

12

"

I O/ M " V A )D M N & * = - ) &#=

1 / 3 () D / . - #=&#</ " &= $ Q&=

3 O?1 .(

<? *

"#& > / $ d#) ) # D &#< b / = ).M - O M# &= &= - #=&#</ " O/ M 1391

.(

)?+ IK O/ M

? $< K b = -

B ? K R r* -F #

= B < )?+ IK O/ M O M# &= V?'= $ /

? ?D ? $ /

$ ?1 $& `[ * O #<K#

G * O M# - ( # - #= " D 1 & = T O/ M / *&# d O * - ? $ /

) ) #

Mathur et al., 2011; Akter & Islam, 2017

B - #= " D 1 & = T O/ M .(

O/ M V H * - #= "

O * =& ' &=

- ) # D &#< *&# d $ /

$& T O/ M -M 4

/ 2 - &

$ = # = O #<K# -(&= / $# # 20

-

25 -(&=

) ) # D &#< <? - #= " D 1 & = T &= =#

Yin et al., 2009; Akter & Islam,

& = & = T &= i $ / = - * .(2017

)D M N & * &= " D 1 12

"

O/ M l T < K "#<?

< K P I O/ M R?* * H D

.) =& B/# K #& b = N & * = - ) - #= " &#=

B/ } - -M =#= " . H? n

? = M J @ _ # D &= - #=&#</ " )D M N & * - / &= _ & T "L

" J @ - ) 1

/ 4 - /== M $ /& ?* &= - #=&#</ " O/ M H # .=#= " . O/ M Q&=

=# I* V?>.* V?+=

O? - #=

- #= - j @ '# p.' = O/ M ) &= - &= * $ /

- Dk P I+ F &= <? . & -M D

"#& > / $ d#) ) # D &#<

1391 v

Gonzalez et al., 2005

- .(

O #<K# )D M N & * - / &= -M H # u

# "L ? = M J @ EF 100

- 175 I O/ M & ‚ 3* & >/ &= ?M () )D#= - #=# - #=&#</ " &#=

3 .(

# - N 1 &= - #=&#</ " O/ M O #<K

&# 3

"L ? - ^ r A&# &=

- &= D V?>.* - #= =# I* O #<K# -F #

O?1

# D) ) # D &#< <? *

"#& > / 1394

v

Zhang et al., 2019

.(

4 . 6 .

# # $%

" V 3 a# "L ? = M )D M N & * ?ae* -M =#= " . ` &# - < * } I - #= = > /

() = &#=

2 .(

&= $ ?+ * - #= = > "#<? -M =#= " . <? H?b ? - 3 } 10

O?

) &# 3 H * 5867

.= (& >/ &= ?M

).M N & * &= - #= = > "#<?

26

12

"

- R?* * 3 / 6 7 / 15 )D M N & * - ) Q&=

10

BM

& * &= * O/ M H # -M = * N

12 I "

() = &#=

3 yT ^ r A&# &= - #= = > O/ M .(

O?1 b / = ).M - N 1 &= ^ r "#& > / $ d#) ) # D &#< <? *

1391 v

Gonzalez et al., 2005

.(

V?>.* - #= =# I* EF d# &= - =# I* O/ M )D M N & * &= - &= D

() * = 3

( = > O/ M # *

- . M -?( * #& * = )D M N & * # D

= - #= " D 1 & = =& ' u ).M &= *&# d O * =# '& *i $ /

- $ ?'e*

*&# d O * _ # D &= - #= " D 1 & = T O/ M $< K B ? #& M O/ M u ( # # *

-

) D - #= = > O/ M b = V i=

Yin et al., 2009; Akter & Islam, 2017

.(

B/ } - -M =#= " . H? n O #<K# " J @ - ) "L ? = M J @ )D M N & * - / &= _ & T

_ 169

* &= $ ?+ * - #= = > - ?.? . D l #& - #= = > &= $ Q&=

)D M N &

10 J @

200

# O? J @ $ I )D M N & * = &= D VQ d & >/ &= ?M 175

= > O #<K# l & >/ &= "L ? ?M

I () . $&#=

3 J @ - N 1 &= ^ r yT &= ^ r A&# = > O #<K# .(

120 * 220 &= ?M

< & >/

"#& > / # D) ) # D &#

1394 v

Zhang et al., 2019

O #<K# .(

C' D EF

- N 1 &= G

L ? = M J @

"#<? O #<K# # * O *

< K K &=

D $ ?+ * - #= = > O #<K# $ ah V

)

Jafarikouhini et al., 2020

- .(

"L ? O3 u B < )?+ IK = V?K M "#<?

< K &= V?'= $ /

G $ ?1 ) O/ M

) = D - #= = > O #<K# R( & J @ " #& = y T # # *

Qadeer et al.,

= M J @ "#<? - = > N 1 )D M N & * - / &= -M =#= " . <? " ? & <?+ } .(2019

"L ?

- V>D) = = -(&= P& Q 1

'#= 1 - </ - N 1 &= - #= K # VQ d $= @ A# &= N 1 = ( H # .(

$ ?1 F' & p # )D M N & * - / &= K @ & # = M ' $#

V>D) = M 2

C+ ' = -M =#= " . } .(

D M K # VQ d &=) # & # = M J @ O #<K# # VQ d ( & # = M ' $# '#= 1 - </ #

175

- ?M 200

)D M N & * &= ?M 10

26

12 - "

# O? R?* * 000

/ 200 / 2 000 / 700 / 1 000 / 800

V A O/ M = ( .) # = & >/ &= " *

%# # VQ d $= @ A# = -( * N & * &= "L ? = M J @ -K

).M $ /

" 3 ?+ * b / = -

"# & .M R? * R( = M H # I* ) ?A - -( * "L ? = M J @ -K %# # VQ d -K Q

O? = M J @ $#

+ d&= . D /# ' * ) P#& ' -M

- ( # L ? = M - & J @ # VQ d F?g

" D& D m - " + d# = & $ ?+ * &= P# ? * # D u Pu>. U '

- [ e ? $ /

&# A -( *=&

.= ?

U / 1

"#<? - - #= = > N 1 . )D M N & * / &= K @ "L ?

)D M N & * / &= K @ "L ?= M $# '#= 1 - </ "#<? - - #= K # VQd $= @ A# &= N 1 .2 U /

5

@ . +# A!- 1 "

O/ M K T # . D /# ' = > D& O/ M l )D M N & * &= ?'e* -M =#= " . O/ 01 H # } / M l b / = )D M N & * &= = >

- 3 &= - #= $ cM# d ?+ * $# ? L ? ? O

)D M N & * &= <? - #= = > - ?.? . D b /= )D M N & * 10

J @ 200

C+ ' "L ? ?M

# O? J @ b / = )D M N & * = &= D VQ d & >/ &=

175 & >/ &= "L ? ?M O #<K# l

I J @ "#<? - = > N 1 )D M N & * - / &= -M =#= " . <? " ? & <?+ } . . = > &#=

- "L ? = M + d&= = = -(&= P& Q

- </ - N 1 &= - #= K # VQ d $= @ A# &= N 1 -M

&= K @ & # = M ' $# '#= 1 $ ?1 F' & p # )D M N & * - /

O/ M = ( .= M 64

J @ # VQ d $= @ A# = $ Q&=

25 b / = )D M N & * &= ? =# = M ?M 12

"

)

)D M N & * - 10

P& ' O/ M = M J @ $ b+# SuQ#

) $ / M J @ # D F?g

= - &

- O? = M J @ $= @ A# -?( * V?+=

- * V A V &= "# & .M & ? '# &= - K &# A I* = M H? 1 ) ?A V?+=

$& ? " &= $# = ) u J Q [b / ƒ+ - i -M ) # + d &= H # .) ? # (#

J @ # D $ /

$#&#= ? D m #k =#

*# ? = + .= D

6

# B $- .

./ 01 ) I P#& # Vg # D# (# * 3?3g* S T } # „ r -+ 3 H # +

) * (

D .

7 . D = E !

…?/

=&# = ( " _ * K w& I* - .

8 E ! . v & > M v & @ $ d#

) - d#& m B?/# # vH?.K# F 1391

.(

?ae*

N & * )D M T

& =

$ / p L + K A&#

-F #&

"

?+ *

= >

O/ 01 - . / ? ?+ * $ /

7 ) 2 ( 122 - 109 .

b R v

^?

=#

?I v

# ?D

=#&

H? d ? # v

$= +

?

% ?

=#0 [I(

d#

) 1396 .(

&

P# a#

N & * )D M C' D

$ / D&

= >

$#<(#

= >

A&#

&

&=

& .?

O/ 01 .

$ /

$= & M

#&

30 ) 2 ( 1 - 18 .

https://doi.org/10.22092/aj.2018.109088.1113

# D

†= Q #

?g 3 &

? +#

- ?1 -D # /

$=

) 1394 a# .(

O *

>.'

= M

"L ?

= >

- #=

#& M

#&

J @

"L ? )

Triticum aestivum L.

( BA&

"# ?

&=

_ # D

" # {& K - . .

#&

"# # . 17 ) 4 ( 349 - 363 .

) $ & .M = ( P&#

1399 - & .(

$ & .M ) I :"# *

&

<M

& K

$ P uT#

.P T *&#

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