< C : SJ ; # F&lt L0M A0 F0 "C P .& 3 .< < & C A0 .& 4 < 8 &F 3 8 L0M & .< < A "8 & :T P .1 : & .< < U .1# LV

(1)

:

./ 0 1 12 3

4 %+, 5

) :

22 / 1 / –90 :

20 / 7 / 90 (

6 : 3 8 0.9 : ; 3 .< < 0.9 < ;

; =; > "

?

& @ &. ) &

.%& & 0.9 A0 : 3 8 9 B>C # /

.

; A0 E ; A "8 &

: 3. / .%& & .9 9

: F0 "1 3 .< < # / ; 3 .< < 0.

< G 3 8 9

.

;

9 H F0 "1 # /

8 1I ; J J 3 8

K < C =0: C: & =0: C 3 8 .< < .& < < 0 # . 1

& 1# .1 &

< 3 & 1 =0: C: & =0: C 3 8 L0M . 3 8 / E0N % O E ; A "8 .

:

O

P C B>C Q <

< R 0 F0 "C & C P & 4 F"8

?

< C : SJ ;

# F< ."1 4 / / 3 8 : 8 L0M A0 F0 "C P .& 3 .< < & C A0 .&

4

< 8

&F 3 8 L0M

&

.< < A "8 & :T P .1 : & .< < U .1# LV.

< .1#

. 4 A0 &

8 .& < C 3 P & 3 8 9 .< < .& < C

% O A "8

# = P 3 P & 12 3.9 50 J A1 0 W

: ; # /

: F0 "1 3 0: C X0 3 8 # /

.

3 < 4 /M :

C: & =0: C 3 8 L0M

3 .< < # / 1I ; J J ; . 1 ; 8 ; =0:

* : 7935111 Email: [email protected]

(2)

1960 !" #$%&' ( )* '+ , - . /%0 1#, %, 2

#

, / 3 4

. -

678/, #49. , :";

9

<

#$%&' )* '+ 8"

!"

< = >? #@ #, %, 2

#, %, AB /C # D ,

Kesselman,2009:10)

.(

9 E%. - F+ B 9 , G

H 9, 8C F%* . I%?

*J -%. !" #A+ 2 , < . FA0*

.

#* = " 0" 2 9.

6 , 1945

>G 50 -%. !" *J

, /C LJ FA0*

M N9O P; >"; 8) 21

J8= . 200

!" . *J , <8%, Q G/+ J N R " R #, %, 2

Newton & Deth, )

2005:16

.(

LJ . -

1 J L F. O #D +8O #, %, 2 !" #$%&' #, 9.

#+

9R #S , - . N /, . N " N; N .

J 9.J / 9R ', 6 = 9 +

9!"

T $+ , %, N 9S

< J 2 /, 2 9. # %)+ < 0 9U )+

J 28G.

" R !" #, GC

, /C LJ #, %, 2

. 8) #G) %)+ J V , 9. ', WXY+

+ @=

!" 4 " R >? #, GC " R 1N R 8GG + @= Z8 I%" J N R8GG 2

[ #, %, 9

) 1 ', 1337 : 103 - 104

%)]J -%0 .(

C LJ 28= I%" 9.J + .

#" " O J # +I 1#/G, %BJ9^+ " R , Q " V , 9. 9.J )

19.J 1374 : 273

29!" #" &+(

_ 9 #, %, 2 !" #$%&' #, GC " R 2 9. <80B J;

. + 29!" 2 G&+ -%0

8%* < %C " R , Q " ` 9a

Marx,1962: 83)

8 (

8 b . 2 %)+ I%" 9U )+ < J

" R

^D. #, %, 2 !" 2 9. #, GC

#

# 8L , < . ( %. - 9 cS "

. d 9 S WXY+

#, GC " R 7 . 29. 9. J -% S 29. 9. J 7 . 2 ; J -% S 2 ; %)+ J ` 9a F%"J 2e * [8 f& 9+ 2 /O J #, %, 2 !" J

#+ [ >"; . 8G

) 1F%"J 1386 : 32 J 97

.(

-%0 J #, %, h%T. 129& 12e * [8 " R >? 2 %)+ N i/, J IG%* a

(9Y !" N %+ 8" 9 < i/, # 9R J 29/%* TS 129/%* 1 9R 8/O 1d% 9 + 2

8GG : I 0 I%" 'A,

Linz& Stephan ,1996: 44-45)

.(

I%" 2 , *J ( )* '+

1970 I 90/+ jk. - 9. 1 , - . C

8 Q "

2 , *J 28=

#, %, !" Q " 9.

, < . cR9%l

Tilly 1985: 182 & Ertman 1997: 6& Downing, 1992: 239-40)

.(

-%0 a

mD^+ ( )* '+ #49.

8" 9 8+; H&G+ Q "

9%l *J 2

#, %, % + 9. L F. O

N;

Moore,2004: 297-319)

# %)+ N #+ a -%0 .I+ 2 %)+ G .(

8GG [ #, %, 2 !" #B9 #, GC " R #B " 8G/C nX 9 &kU .

WXY+

" R !" 8A " R >? #, GC

< J d% 9 + 2 #/. O #, 9 + * O 9U )+

&D"

# 9R9Y@ 9. #G/&+ #, 9 + J #/ ^+ #, 9 + 1#" " O #, 9 + 1 9R

) 18A 1369 :

18

< 9/TR o%a V , 9. (

2 A0L N; %)+

G/T 8 .

%)]J -%0

3 4

(3)

!"

8/O #, %, 2 , /C LJ I%" 9R

. /, e . >"; 28G.

_ 1#/G, 2 9R 8/O 2

2 , " p', V , 9. d% 9 J . 2 9R 8/O J #/T%* S S 2 9R 8/O

O’Donnell,1979: 91) (

9%l 8B 9%l V , 9. 7 @, J #& c+ 2 " R . #/T%* S S 2 _ e 28G. _%T$

c+ F+ B

Dorraj,1990: 20)

" Q ] + -%0 , - 2 + J(

#+ N ^ 8G

. a .

<8C [ #, %, 2 !" #B9 #AU #, GC " R 2 9. # m4 C #A 9. 8"

Q " 129. 9. N I%+ 12 ; N I%+ 1#, %, h%T. 8B h%T. 129& Q " 1# 9R9Y@ N I%+

/ 9R d0 , - # B ] + J 2e * [8 8"

.

- #+ 0 ?9R

m4 C Q "

%0 I[ = 4 /T

8G M !" #$%&' )* '+ >"; + . L E%. 0 #, %, 2

8" <8" + . *J B 2 9 .

#B " nX J E%S * $+ 1Q ] + -%0 . L .

" R [ #, %, 2 !" #, GC !" 2 9 . Z ')+ 8

8C . #, %, 2 .

- <80B I+ J FO 8= * $+ F%Ak < %C Q "

: W7J 1

" R 2 9. 8 8L # G&+

#, GC

#+ _ 9 #, %, 2 !"

8G M W %" l 1 !" 9 N %+ C < N ^" 9R J #, %, 2

LJ '. >"; % + M

- fT. N #+ < q";

^ 8"

#^ JrS /, 28%A

; 6 k ` 9a 8" #+ #, %, 2 !" % + 6 k 9O #, %, ( )* '+ <8G

C 6 &" I%" #, %, 2 !" 2 9 .

<8 *J )* '+ 2 % - 9 #AU #@ 2 9 9!G+ *J )* '+ ?9R , <8C M

'+ _ 8 @" G? +

#$%&' ( )*

6 = % - E%. 0 #, %, 2 !"

/ 9R <8 "

8"

.

% 29!" #" &+ 29%R <9>. . nX * $+ - F%* -%0 .

G&+ N; 9. J 8. J J #, %, 2 !" #$%&' #, GC " R j= &+ . .I+

1

#, GC " R

[ 4 8

.

" . :";

9R #+ 9. *J 2 9 9!

M 6J S J 8" 0*; @" q";

s I= 8G" + # /4 , F@^/+ #, %, !" 8GG #+ 678/, 9!" - #AU N %" .

< q/, 12 cq" " O * :+ 1#, %, - d 9 , # tO HL 9+ J #" 2

9 1 /4 ,

#+ 9L . 3 4 #

cR 8"

) 1 N 9q J 8" 0*;

1377 : 5

.(

. L .

@G

1 <8>B 9. 2 9 :" 1#, %, !" <8G F%@^ 2 IL #G) 2 /4 , 9 L -

#+ /TL9. % - " 9R 9 < LJ C

. 1N @0 J 8" 0*; _B . ?9R

28G 9 1#0/T%, p', , #, %, !" 2 9 2 cq/, %, J

) N 0 : 15 - 12

/, (

8" C #+ 28G.

M 2 cq/, %, p', #G) * $+ #, 9. + p', . :"; FO 8= +

2 1p', - #, %, 2 !" #+ 0 , - 678/, 1 C #+ u .9+

(4)

hGS 2 9 8G/T # qD, S J - 0" 1#0%!G 1#) 1#L 9D/, " R

Almond,1965:197)

.(

78/, - 6

#, %, !" ( + 8O B 0:+ . #L 9D/, 9 1

J ( +84 17 H m% D . #) 9 1#" T" J 2 + H. G+ v 9D/, U9

<J9R J 9 / 9. #, %, !" 69/G . #0%!G 9 1#, %, !" 2 , 1

%A&0, 9 9C J #, %, N q&D" . 9a 4 `A) J D/ 1 9/= = . d _, 9+

< C ] $ . #, %, !" ( + 8O N %+ `. ' . # qD, S 9 J #, %,

(Almond,1965,198-201)

. 78/, - V , 9.

6 0 J Q " 9 w #, %, 2 !"

" R

.I+ 2 9 2

- G)+ - . J 8G #+ :"

"

2 9 2 /T .

"

A 4

#+ s Tk+ >"; #+ 0B

Almond,1965:197) C .(

#, GC " R 1 L + ( %. < %C .

!"

#G) M :" < %C J . FO 8= N #+ I%" 2 9 9!G+ #, %, 2

< %C N GB k >"; WX&O # #, GC " R

#B9 J #AU !"

_ 9. " #, %, 2 .

" R #G) 6J < %C . :";

!" #AU #, GC u .9+ 2 9 9!G+ #, %, 2

#+

#+ #, %, 2 !" C

2 9 d 9 9. 8% 8B 8% j%= N

hGS /, " R

" R J 28G.

#, GC 9 . WXY+

9. 8% 8B 8% j%= % 9 . N #+

_ e N %+ # qD, S 2 9

: I 0 d% 9 + 9%P J d% 9 + 2

9 .

-%0 N #+ #L 9D/, 9 9. 8% 8B 8% j%= a

*J J 28%* 2

#" %, * < C + #)

Luciani,1987:69)

(

I 0/+ _ 9

. J < %C 1

" R #G)

#, GC

#B9 9. , 2I 0 < LJ #AU Q ] + 12 9 9!G+ #, %, 2 !"

, 9/+ . ^+ 9 -

. , -@0+ #, %, 2 !" , - jk. L -

8GC . /C N T@ 2 9 M

LJ 8). A=9+ N T@ 2 9 - + . I 0/+ #

8+ %S J 8"9%R #+ 4 8" < 90 . #, %, 2 !" 2 9. (J i/+ #

.

@G . L . WXY+

_ e

#+ 8/. 18" 8% #0%!G 2 9 9. J 9 # J x? 9/%* 2 - N

_ e !" F y #, GC " R #0%!G #, %, 2

9 . :"; +

*J

# 2

#0%!G 9 #>LJ N GB . 2J9%" 0Y/, . A. $+ WXY+

) 1N 9q J 8" 0*;

-%^%S : 238 (

s ? ? zi= ` 9a +9, !" 2

_ e #*J 12 N8%?9. ` 9a x? 9/%* 2

+9, !"

#+ ( U 2

#B9 #, GC " R #B " _%" #+ 9%R #0%!G 2 _ e 2 9.

_%C . F[ O .

9 #, 9. < %C - . N #+ *J " R hGS 2 9 d 9 ?9R M

J #) 9 #G) 9 - #@ 9. 8% ` 9a >G 9!" * $+ - +

#) .

9.

< S _P (J i 2 . F T . * $+ -

#+ < q" (J i -

1 C

1 . . , - /O _AB h < R8 8G #+ :" H. G+ H W + 0B

. LJ . - 1 + 2 < S

(5)

" R [ #, %, 2 !" 4 2 9 #, GC 8

. -%0 9. 8%

J #) 9

#) .

1 /TL9. 2 /O < LJ -/C F%* . 29q 3 4 #Rr J

. I%"

F%Ak < %C

#+ * $+

8 I .

" R #Rr J - !" #, GC

/O 2 0C . #, %, 2 , #, %,

.

- 8.

" R * P #* = N ,

#, GC

#, %, 2 !" / 9R ( U 2 1

< LJ

)+ L #, %, #, GC { i

8" /C 1

#, GC " R

#, %, /O < LJ 9. 8% F%* . * $+

1

C #+ I 0/+ a .9+ ( %.

. . !" 9 9. 8% G)+ - 2

#, %, 8% 2 L .

% + 9.

";

>

#, GC )+ L 2 L . #, %, /O 29!" < q S -/ a -%0 J

#, %, 1 h 2 #, GC " R * $+ #, GC " R

2 8=

I 0/+

#+

, . - 8.

8/. 1Q ] + J - -/C 9!" . * $+ N ,

#+ # , GC #, %, 2 !"

8G E%.

8GG #+ 8% #) 9 9. #, %, 2 !" 9q .

L -

*J

1# 2

1 9 -%0 9. 8% . ^ F%* . >"; #+ 0 J 8" C #+ # , GC 9%/" J #/T%* S S _ e

#+ <8%+ " #) . #) 2 8" C

1.

< N ^" 8). A=9+

#+

8" C e

_ 2

#+ I 0/+ _ ( >L 2 %T. a -%0 .I+ #) . J #) 8" C

% 9 - .

F+ _ e - #B9 #, GC " R C

. . ^ < LJ 9. 8% :G , F@C - 8.

, #+ G)+ 2 T $+ nJ 9. 1I 0 < LJ G .

#+ G)+

, '"; 9?

#+ 2 ,

. 8 4 G)+ #. _ (J i/+ WX+ J _ . %&C WX+ I%? J T $+ 8 R

Sartori,1991: 246)

.(

'" 0

< LJ N N ^" 2 G)+ . T $+ 8G R #+ N 9q J |%

I 0 J . ^

Hague & Harrop,2007: 69)

, (

.

< %C -%0 J9%S 8 4 ED. J * $+ F%Ak

C . _ e , 6J ED.

2 9 9. 8% . 8" C #+ jk. #) . J #)

9%R #+ <8>B 9. ( +84 J 7 F@C . H. G+ H J 8. #+ J J U9B - I%" *J .

, , G)+ - .

, < :" H 1 . 8G" + L - *J M

. + . L

#}+ }:" }. 2 , H #AU @G

C M ) *J #) 8O - N #+

# }, <8}C H . 2 , WX&O T" < .J )

2 } }*J 8}G" +

#/T%* S S J # (

C H 8 .

) 9%/" 2 *J 8G" + .(

&+ - . N -+ I% 9S 2 9.

9/^%. * $+ 29!" j=

, /T 9q" ZX/4 - . F T . + .

}LJ I}%" #}, %, }!" J *J N %+ I 0 + I%+; F T < q" -%0

, /C

. 8" < &" jk. Fk+ * $+ >/U9 J n H 8G" + 1 *J #) < LJ 9q -%G~0 .

.

%* %, , N #+ a -%0 9 28G. /, #) 2 _ e F y #B " . I%" #/*J _T

.

#/*J _T%* %, , #49. #/=

8" <8%+ " # 2 *J d% 9 + 9%P " R Rose,1993:223)

(.

J < %}C I}%" L -

#}C " 8}+; H} #q" }q?

#+ -%%) . " J *J FP ^+ Q " H #/= J I0/, 9

2 }/O }!" -} I%" #q/T@C J J 2 @%. F%* -%0 . J

C 8" G)+

. 2 9}. < GS9}, %> J 9%R 9 #" + J #/C 8>. ( +84 [ 1N q #" q0 n +; 1 0 2 9. F•C d : 19. <JXB

9R 9O /, " 4 #+ 0 .

= ( +84 - %i% 9!" #* = 8

2 8" . -% S M W }& 9$ 29}%R 9 j}%= }+

8G/ 9R #+ 9. 8 . %)0L F

.

(6)

C < N ^" >"; . ^ < LJ #B " #) . J #) .

I 0 < LJ 9. 8% . J ED.

9 _% 4 F%0@ 4 #$%&' #, GC " R 1 >"; N %+

. 8/.

" #, 9. . 4 jk.

-%/TD

- " R

*J _%G #+ P; # *J #G) .

%*J 2 " R 8 . # 2 *J

*J 9R 9!" #) . 2 .

€X'U

. -%/TD" # *J o$,

6 , F•0 %A J 1941

9. .

Boas, 2001:875)

.(

?9R

*J 8G/ { i _/T%. N9O J 0%" # 2 M

2 , # ( + 8O $. , +

*J

, 9 #"7 a #0 .

9R #+ 9. *J # ( + 8O . :";

M - ( + 8O -%/TD"

N 0*; b 0T%. Q "

1880 . :"

Wilson & et.al,1982:7)

.(

9/^%. ( + 8O -

‚ = #R / 12 0%. 9. 9. 0%. * O N 9R . #B 0/L 2 0%. [ F+ C . 28G0* , 2 I+ J #/)GU .

E%S 2 ^ 9q I%" N /TAq" a -%0 - J

U9B

. . 6 , ^ N; 6 9&%* *J @" G?

1908

" 1 -%/TD 9S N " O J N 8G0* , . 290/T+ 4

6 , 1911 0%. I%" J N 9R 2 <80B ED. 2 9. #" + ( +84 N " O 2 @%. 2

#" 9R #49. 2 9. J8k+

9 ƒ9)+ FP ^+ #49. % + F%* .

#.

8G/C 9O # &l

Wilson & et.al,1982: 8)

.(

LJ .

„- 1 8O -

). # ( +

2 J8k+

&" <9/TR N 8G? #B 0/L 4 , >"; 9%l H&'* . J 8G/C .

< 9/TR + # ( + 8O - 9

6 , h J #. n IR 1942

€9'+

9 8+; N " O F@C . 8).

.

#+ 8% h J #.

9

X. hGS . < &+ ` 9a #B 0/L H]J &>. J Z8 1F>L 12 0%. 19$ 1#G) M… I. 2

, 2 @%. J X

Beveridge,1948)

.(

- R

" 1n I

9!" # ( +84 V , N G).

C #+ / 9R

"

Wilson & et.al,opcit, 8)

* O J #" >L |GL 8). (

*J

# 2

8"8" 9/TR #B 0/L < = #/%G+ 9/? J 8" J;9. 9,

"

R < >R

"

9.

#+

9R . LJ . -

1 N @0 J 9

#/)GU 9R $&a E I J N8C #/)GU

Kerr et.al, )

1960: 22, 152

1(

#@TGA J }%)0L N8C -T+

Wilensky,1975: 47)

1(

F.

<8G I ( !/" sX$"

Cited, Myles & et.al, 2002: 41)

1(

J 9" J J 8%* < %C 2 9. d% 9 + %BJ9^+ T

+9, 2

Cited, Blok,1981: 2)

a -%0 J (

( )* '+ #49.

( $&a . 2 `= n9/TR

, J9 #A+ B N G).

/T"

8"

/C E$" # *J E 8%S 8"

. 8" . #A+ B >G

#" >L |GL S < J 8"8C jB . : 9%R F@C 9!" Q 0L - h 8 . J

, ( J9] d 8C . /C #" " E$" N; *J #)0L < <8GG _ 9 !"

.

(7)

1( )* '+ #49. ?9R

*J _%T$ d% 9 + 9%P J d% 9 + " R . # 2 28G.

< 9 O9C 2 SJ #/T%* %, , 2 _ e - . J 8"

d% 9 + 9%P " R #

*J

# 2

s Tk+

9 8" <

Rose, Ibid:223)

M(

#/, . J W + 0B +

#+

N

*J

# 2

@" q";

8" J . 9" J J J .

94 /+ 2 +9, #, %, F@C N GB

O’conner, 1984 )

Offe,1973

#+ 6 C + @" q"; (

8 R

#, 9 + #B "

9!" / 9^%S 9R

Marshal,1950)

.(

9q # *J @"; 2 L . ( )* '+ -

*J d% 9 + 9%P 2

8" , I 0/+

M

*J N ^" I 0/+ 2 +9, !" d% 9 + 6 @C 9q # 2

8G #+

. U F+ B 1< *J 2 /O 2 #Rr J 9/^%. 1( )* '+ -

- I 0 #A

6 @C 9 , *J

*J

#+ / 9R 9!" d% 9 + 2 C

.

< *J :G

2J T F 4 8L J I%? 9 E%. d% 9 + 2 +9, !" s ? ? J " &Aa

#+ _> #) . C

. .

`%O # &B W7J 19

1 A 4 -%0 2J T 2

#) . J " &Aa

" R 9q < *J , +9, 9. #G/&+ d% 9 + 2 !" 2

I 0/+ 2

#+

W %" l J , 1

N;

" R

`$k 2 9. 8 #+ 9O #) . 2 _ e 2

< +;

9S #+ 8+; J ( +84 17 H . . 1< 4 29. 9. 2 .

N; WXY+

" R

%"

N

#+ 678/, ‚ J 8GG

M 2 J; _ 9 J H. G+ H . ` 9a , #, 9 + 1< *J

%* †T+ N @%. J 9$ 1N R / 1N7 TG> 1N " L 2 9. ( +84 < 2 9. #

#+ F&$ N 8"J9>C 8G

Newton & Deth,Ibid:14)

.(

1# *J I%" N _B . a -%0

2 8G ;9 9/^%S C #+ / 9R 9!" N 8+ *J F+ @ A=9+ - 94; J -%+ >?

, 94; A=9+ J , < 9 #a #+ 9+ #, 9 + J 2 , A+ 12 , *J " R

|" 9S J #+ 0B ( +84 [ . # *J %, ` 9a 9

H . 2 9 N

, /4 9S

Rokkan,1975: 570-572)

.(

# *J + #AU 678/, F%* -%0 .

, -

%* ) N "

*J - 2 1

-/C 1 +X, 12 /O %G+ F+ C # + "9.

H. G+ H -%&+ I%? 9 E%. # + "9. M 9O #B 0/L ( +84 J (X% k 1< GS9, , *J 2 ,

"

Friedman, 1987:Xi)

_AB #0 8O Q ] + - N " < *J J(

#+ 9O , %,

#+ ,8. + @= 2I%? ? #T ? 8

" J;

(Hicks &

EpsingAnderson,2005:513)

%* †T+ . 2 L . *J N; , #/%)]J . 9‡ " < *J G)+ - . 2

9. #B 0/L < 9/TR 1< GS9, %> 1n +; F+ C W , , 9 cS #+ N 8"J9>C < -%+ 2

_ 9 9

#G+ " E 18+; #AO 8= N I%+ N 12 @%. 1Z 12 0%. 9l 2 /O 2

_ 9 J * >

J;

&O 9+ 8G" + #B 0/L ( +84 #49. #+ 0B N 4 9S 1#/C 8>. 2

2

0/L -%+ 0%.

{ $= 1#R / 2 I+ 1N R8" + . 2 I+ 1#q/T^" . { $= F+ C #B

(8)

, <9%P J 2 0%. { $= 1 7J `= 12 @%.

.

# *J #49. , :"; -

#) . ( + 8O s ? ? 8GG #+ o 9) #/*J

"

#0%" E%.

I G Z9U N; 2

C E" 8"J9>C <

"

Therborn,1983 Cited Gough and et.al 2004: 19)

.(

d + - #+ 0

!"

#" " #) . E$" N; *J C #+ <8 b 8 #)0L , < 2 , _ 9 .

`$k+ 28B 2 ( %* + ` 9a # ( + 8O - 2 G I <80B ED. :";

1N; C #+

#) . < LJ 6 $/" - 1 C #+ < 6 $/" N 9%$ . N 8G0 J9l (J9l

, #+ N 0" 9/^%. < *J .

( U 9

*J

2 -%. # 2

1960

f, J 1970

94 J + 8" 9 8%S ), J fT. #/)GU 2 ^ 9/^%.

1970 .

. J , - J 8"8C L + # N 9k. . #.9P 2 ^ 9Y #+ P;

>"

8" >" 6 . J 2 8=

.

*J 2 /O 2 8+ %S 9%4 2 ( %. 1#A ).

<8G I L . 29T J 9/^%. 2 @%. ˆ9" 8C 19 -% S 2 /O 8C 1<

(Myles &

Quadango,2002:41)

, %, 0, . 9= J 8C /T"

9 cS " s G/L # J9] 6 9&%* †" 2

o 9) C 8 .

1 T $+ $+

*J 8 . #/T%* S S 2

*J

#) . J8k+ 2 9 . #

9 o 9) .

#B 0/L E&GL d N GB . _T%* S S ?9R 1870

%,J J

1890 9R F@C @ 9+;

Canovan,2001:546)

( M

#/T%* S S #, %, !" -%/TD" F%@^ +

^ , N >L 2 ^ .

_ e -%/TD" @" G?

F@C -% 7 2 @ 9+; Q " -

T" -% 7 2 @ 9+; 8 . _T%* S S < R G)+ - . J 8G/ 9R .

+ 0B 3 4 -

. W

#+ < C N R " R F+ B 8" <8C #/T%* S S 2 !" 8C J E 8%S jB . 8GG

.

>‡ F" J

( J #G Iq L ` 9a N8C #/)GU , %, < %C 28G ;9. -% 7 2 @ 9+; _T%* S S 8G%. #+

.

%A. O 1< %C - ` 9a 2 /O ), #" + J J . . E

9/^%. 8C 2 9.

8 #+ N ^" / F%Ak M

8C S #+ J9 _T%* S S

O’Donnel,1979: 57-69)

.(

/T" , N; +

-@0+ 2 /O ), A=9+ 9 _T%* S S 8G #+ 678/, F" J ZX4 9. [X 7 , 1 C 9 ‡ .

b A. TTR : #C " @B9. _T%* S S J J . . #a , ( 8O

F, /+ 9+ . ( 8O b A. ED. d N;

#+

i* D+ . 9$/T+ !" 2e * [8 %AB C

I%49.

laclau,1982)

.(

8G #+ 678/, J 8" #+ N %, I%" 8+ :%/" _T%* S S 19q #A%Ak

4 #*J , # /,J J 29>C ( $&a ZX/[ 28G ;9. _T%* S S N %, I%" 8+ #" .9O

(9)

#+ V T= #+J J 8G%. #+

$B <8C /C cR G N %, I%" 8+ N . /C 8G ;9 8G

, <8" +

Dix,1985:48) .(

#A ).

1 2 /O J #qG 9 1#, %, 1#B 0/L <8G" C S _ < LJ -0t/+ _T%* S S

, .

&GL 1#B 0/L j%= _T%* S S WXY+

$&a N %+ E N; <80B #B 0/L < q S , 2

)+ L #B 0/L 6 k+ W + 0B J 9O -% S . J f, /+ J -% S ( $&a N %+

28= 2

C #+ <8 2 <

.

#+ %, #/T%* %" 0 9 S #, %, |G 9 9. #qG 9 ‰ k* . - 9. G. M8.

mDC 1#, %, 2 >" 2 L .

< . <8GG -%%) E$" N; +I N 0 '.

#+ 9O9. _%$/T+

8G .

< h%T. 2 9. #, %, #/G, 2 0" #, %, ‰ k* .

<9>.

#+

1 9%R

< #, 9 + 2 " R + #49. , " 9R 8/O F 4 8L J W + 0B 0= 2

#+

. O 8G

< 94 N @* + (X@^+ b 8C . d? : J N " $ 1 S

. 2 /O < =

#+ s D/" ), 9%T+ , < I%"

#+ :" -% S ( $&a Hi" . # =XU J 8G 8

L F. O #) . < LJ .

a -%0

#"J ) J #U 4 %@* + . ?9R

+ J .

9C k J … I. 2 : 2

#+ … I. 2 8, 9

Dorraj 1990: 176-178,Wiles, 1969: )

.(171

. _T%* S S ?9R , J9 N; 2 /O < LJ . N #0" #, %, !" d N GB

M +

L F. O #) . A 4 8" C #+ /4 GC 2 /O # LJ . + #49. _T%* S S 8"

. +

#G%B `

*J - #) . < LJ { i #/T%* S S 2

*J 2 8=

+ N 0"

# , . N GB . F 9. V R J _ e J -%/" e ; NJ9S _ e W + 0B :";

" 0"

%*J 2

*J

#+ < 9. " #/T%* S S 2 C

M

# S 9. I 90 - 2 /O 2

*J

#) . < LJ - 8 4 N ^"

. , %, #, 9.

mD^+ _ e - 2 /O 2

#+

, %, 9. _ = #A 29%R >L 9. #) . 2 9 , _ e - 2 /O 2

, /C { i .

#A a .

1

_ e - nX

H GU N 9 #A+ 1(J9l "7 B H 2 9.

/^%S >"; 129R ED. H G+ . 3 4 L J #B 0/L J # ( =XU 2 9L 1<80B , %, Q " - -% 7 2 @ 9+; G, #^D. . 8). 4 , #) . #/T%* S S 2

8C F 8&

. WXY+

6 , ( . D/" I0/, E I J 0%O >+ <8BJ . F 9. V R J

1950

9 9C F 9.

. jB . #" 9R 0Y/, . < &+ 2 9. 9 ` ^ N 9R J

8GG d0 J . 8" <8C #R8" 2 G I E I .

8%, 2 J9%S . #+ qG V R J

<8BJ N 9 #A0B 2 9.

+ "9. 4 2 H GU N 9 #A+ 1(J9l "7 B H 12 /O 2I

9L J <80B P; #B 0/L J # ( =XU 2

9

) 1( R 1381 : 96

.(

#0 e a -%0

. , A%

6 , NJ9S 1946

9R S -%/" e ; M

8L J W & 9$

0 + !" F 4

#

#/T%* S S

(10)

#+ /T"

C . NJ9S . . 1 J ` 9a ( 8O T 9. 8% 2 L . 29R #+ !" $. , _P9

0=

E&GL 2

< 2 C J . N; 29R ED. <r J . 2 .

` 9a - #" + J

6 , ; ( . D/"

1946 8%, ( 8O . M

* , hGS 2 + "9.

J #B 0/L ( =XU 2 9. 2

+ "9. F+ C 9 XB 2 /O 2

< 9/TR . < J (J9l H . 2 9.

. . < 90 NJ9S

9T0 / J 1N +9 9. ^ J 9%4 2 >OJ8GU 69/G -/ 9R %/4 . n 4 J

9 #+ H 6 S N /,8%> N %+

) N 0 : 99

.(

{J8GU >";

WX0B 8" 9 %, 2 9%4 2

-%. E$"

#+ 2 . 8" 9

.

#+ N +9 ^ 6 0B . 6 S {J8GU - J 8G/ 9R

%+

#+ H , J9 ( $&a N 9

J 8"

*J #) . ( + 8O #" 9B F@C N , - 8.

#+ Š%A&

8" 9 . .I= a -%0

#

%, T%"J9S N GB k NJ9S 8= J 9

WX0B I%"

E$"

" ? J 29R ED. 0= 2 9. #Aik+

N +9 J N 9R N %+ <8C 69/G #"

#+ F0B 9 _T%"J9S J 1

/O #B " 9. #G/&+ 6 = 9 NJ9S 4 /iR . 1 !" - 2e * [8

H "7 B ( U . (J9l 8 . N; . #B 0/L

#+

8C

Page,1983: 219)

.(

LJ . -

1

- %G. 9%%• jB . 8G/ 9R #+ ( U # < %C . (J9l H . 2 9. NJ9S ( + 8O -

" %@* + 2 q*

^ 8"

. ( + 8O J 8C 6 &" J8k+ ( U . 6 + < + . F%* -%0 .

I 90/+ N 8G0 J9l 9. ( %* + E I 9. 9/^%. #) . C

8

) 1( R -%^%S : 99

.(

9. <JXB . I%" $ 9 ; 6 0C J " %+ J 4 1-% 7 2 @ 9+;

C #+ < 9. " #$a G+ N GB

, / 9R S >"; _T%* S S .

8" %S #.9B _T%* , , #B " . 9/^%. `a G+ - _%T* S S

C #q" 9S #/T%* " %, " < LJ .

9U " < J 9 + <r J . N %+ - 1950

1970 94 J , J 1950

F J 1970

%, #, %, 2 !" #B " 1

8"8C

"

#/T%* S S _T% S

"

97) Ayubi,1992:

" (

9R *J _T%* S S

"

) 1n . #G 1383 :

168

<8C <8%+ " (

#&% 9 8"

"

*J , %, J # 9R

# 2

"

8" . #/T%* %, , &C .

< + 12 , #A+ 1#] ( =XU 9C

4 2 J #L 9C 2 'B 1#A4 … I. 2

- 2 9 - 9 #AU A0L #B 0/L ( +84 1#, , 2 7 . "

*J 2

8" . #/T%* S S 8G" +

*J 8G/C 2 O #) . < LJ -% 7 2 @ 9+; #/T%* S S 2 .

, %, h%T. #= ', 8G+ %" 8$" 0 _T%* S S N , - 8.

< q S 1# DC 29& 1 < #

< #B 0/L

$&a N %+ 2 , ), , < J N . #.I= d 12I%/, " q%. 12

M

, %,

#+ s : I%" #) . 2 /O 2 9

.

>"

*J

#/T%* S S 2

1960 J -% 7 2 @ 9+

1970 J 1980 k. . " %+ J 4 N 9

8"8C L + # .

>";

d% 9 J . 2 9R 8/O 2 _ e . 4 2 L W + 0B -% 7 2 @ 9+;

2 L " %+ J 4 J

(11)

. 4

*J

#/T%* S S 9 2 9R 8/O 2

) 1n . #G 1383 : 16 ( - 168

- 9 #AU #@ 8" (

2 9 N >" J 1-%^%S _ e . >"; I 0 < LJ

. #) .

.

*J 8" C #+ s Tk+ #) . J #) 2 _ e 94‹/+ " R 9%/" 2 .

-

*J

1970

- .

2 /O J #, %, %)]J 1N; d%,X 2 G)+ J 8G/ 9R F@C ,

_ e 8G #+ p%] i" <8GG 8%* s9B 2 .

#A a .

J #, %, 2 0%, 9%/" *J

, #+ @)G+ /O - #B 0/L J #, %, ( %)O J J , 9%/" /O d #B 0/L .

, #/" 9U GB #49. 2 2 /O 9 ?9R M

/iR 2 /O Q " N; . >G #/" /O +

#+

8 F%@^ #L 4 " N; 8+; <80B ED. C

Mahdavi,1970: 428)

'"; (

E%. 8G R #+ 9 `%O #0 #" %, * J 2JX&.

42 9q i" #C " N; 8+; 8U

8C . #L 4 H. G+

Beblavi & Luciani,1987: 13)

.(

^D. , - I%" N; J #Rr J

# b8"

8G/T " 8%* 9%R %)0L M

%)0L <80B ED. #* = H 9%R

<9>.

N; 28G+

8G/T

Beblavi,1990:87)

.(

- #, 9. @" G?

. J8= >G , < N ^" <

2 3

%$. J 8G/T " H J 8%* 9%R i" <8GG 8%* s9B 2 ^ 2J9%" 8U 8" C #+ s Tk+ " <8GG #B " . %)0L

Beblavi,1990:89)

.(

- I%" , #Rr J

C #+ s Tk+ /O #L 4 " <80B <8GG 1 *J ,

Beblavi,1990:88)

.(

(J9l J " H #AU J #" " E$" L - *J @G 94; J _>+ #Rr J <8>B 9. N; #C "

Beblavi,1990:88)

.(

*J #) E$"

#" %, * , :"; 8A% k

€X'U

*J o%U 2 9. #) 2

*J

€X'U F. $+ J 9%/" 2

*J 2

o%U 2 9. 28%*

*J

#+ < i/, #/" 9%P 2 8G

. . , -@0+ 9%/" *J L -

#Rr J C 9 ‡ 9Y@/+ # M

+ 0

#Rr J - 19Y@/+ 2

(8=J . N; #) . 9

#+

8 9R .

#49. , :"; 9 - { i

*J o 9) H 2 9. 2 IR 9%/" 2

9 8" <

chatelus,1990: 104)

.(

8G #+ 678/, _ #" %, *

": d 8 F+ B - V , 9.

. *J #AU i%‡J 28%* #) 2 9

8C M

#+ + _%"

*J

* O

*J

J 28%* 2

*J

" R #) 2

#, GC _%G ...

. N %+ - 1

*J 9%/" 2

*J H m% D 9 J , #L 4 >"; 8+; Œ ^G+ 8" C #+ <8 #

9 9, >"; 2 , . N >L u $" 9q # 8+;

8" <8>B 9. ,

"

Luciani,1987:69) (.

LJ . -

8C . /C LJ - 8G? , -@0+ *J - #) 9 1 .

#) LJ

6J 1 ( U 3 4 9 . #) G+ J I+ H F@C . J 3 4 J J8k+ 2 <9/TR

(12)

#+

9%R .

J #) LJ

1

< = 2 C #+ F+ C 9 < 9/TR .

9%/" 2 *J L -

1H G+ J I+ Q " - <8GG H N GB . E$" 2 i 9. <JXB

"

2 9 #49.

8G #+ :" %)0L F 2 9. I%" #+ 0B ( +84 J 7 2 J; _ 9 .

( +84 J 7 -

i%a #+ 0B

# +; / 9R Q J #A+ %G+ < 9/TR 6 •/C 1#B 0/L -%+ 1 C 8>. 1n

+9.

# 8"9%R

"

Beblavi,1990: 90)

.(

8G #+ N ^" +;

*J #/" %*J F= 9+ #/=

^>L #+ 0B ( +84 J 7 - 2 J; _ 9 j%= N8C

# 8" /C L F. O .

d WXY+

2 -%. N /T.9B , < N ^" #, 9.

1960 1980 m4 C 1 C 8>. ED.

1dCIS d . 0%. I 9 &T"

10

#/= N 0B J 9. 9.

15 , / &>. 9. 9.

.

%)]J %&C W & 9$ I%" .I+ m4 C #.9B <8k/+ ( + J %)]J 1< J -%0 , < . #/)GU 2 ^

chatelus,1990: 126)

.(

ED. a -%0 N /T.9B I%" n +;

6 , >G 2 ), 1984

J8=

7 . 7 %A%+

7

>G J , < 3 /4 4 < q^"

J8= ƒ #@ I" 8> < C < q^" %, 2 9.

2 , < 9 o 9) G I 7 %A%+

chatelus,1990:125)

.(

G)+ - .

*J

" H G 9%/" 2 2 9 N %+ 3 4 2

6 &" I%" #+ B #) 2 9 13 4 9

J 7 [ %i% J p', W + 0B J 8" <

#+ 0B ( +84 .

, A%

, <8C o%U 7 . #/= J , G+ I%" >";

Beblavi,1990: 90)

.(

9R

G I m4 C

$+ 9%/" 9%P 2 ^ . 9%/" 2 ^ #+ 0B 2 { Q ] + _%G T

mD^+

#+ 9 C .

#+ 0B 2 G I 1 / 9R ( U 2 +; 2 #, 9. V , 9. J " 0" 2 9.

#* + 6 , N /T.9B 1982

- 1983 #* + 6 , N 0 9 + m* 4 " 8%* 9. 9. J E%. 2I%?

, < .

chatelus,1990: 125)

#49. 1 - 9. <JXB .(

*J

%/" 2 2 4 9S . 8O 9

_%$/T+ #* $/"

9

" 4 N %+ J #B 0/L 4 , 6 S F@C . i" #C " 8+; J 8" <

8" < 9 H .

6 , P; @" G?

2011 J8=

4 4 #/i" 2 8+; 7 %A%+

J8= N %+

00000 12 H #/ 2 " 4 9i"

9

) 1b G.

29 / 10 / 89

.(

#/= *J

+ #49. @" G? M , < 29T I%" +9, . . 4 #) < LJ + #49.

9C >, 2 cR J . 8O I%" 4 N 8"J9>C N %+ %, /* 8 8L 2

9 , <

Luciani, )

Ibid,92

.(

>G 9%/" *J 1- 9. <JXB

@A. 1 T%" #B 0/L 4 , H G+ J I+ <8GG H

+9 $+ >"

, <8C <8 I%" … I. # .

; T J ?9R F%* -%0 .

/O #^D.

*J C #+ s Tk+ 8A% k 2 M

. #/*J N G 8) j%= +

*J 8GG #+ . O #/T%* %, , 2

Beblavi, 1990:91)

.(

( + 8O <9/TR #/= N , - 8.

8C <8" ^ I%" #A•C 2 >/U9 H . 9%/" *J #) . .

(13)

8G 9.

0 ( +84 ED. < 8" E%. 8C N #+ #) . J #) ( + 8O -

8 ^ -

.

#+ 9!" . - 8,

*J ), 8G ;9 @"; 2 L . 2 J ^ ED.

ED. ), >G 1 C <8" ^ ( +84 ED. . W / >" J )GU ED. . •, 1 C QJ9C , /C < 90 . 9q ED. J ), w 1( +84

"

Cited Fadil,1987:85)

.(

HO J

. #/i" 2 8+; H . , < . F%* - . I%? 9 E%. ), - 8

F@C .

1 " 2 'B 1#B 0/L -%+ 1N q n +; 1< GS9, %> 8G" + # ( + 8O ( +84

U9 J N q #/C 8>.

8G/ 9R #+ ( U #/*J ED. 2 , #A•C 2 .

8G" 0 J >"

9q

*J

1#) . J #) 2

*J I%" 9%/" 2 1980

B J , - . W + 0

0%O E 9l 8"8C L + < 9/TR #* + 2 N 9k. . i" 2

. b8" b8" >"; F%* -%0 .

8" 9 9= -/qGC J ` . , + 2 + "9. J 2 /O 2 , ; 2 + "9. 0, . J #) < LJ N8C |"90 9L7 J /O *J E$" E >"; . #Rr J

#) .

, < . >";

.1

! "

#$% % " #$% &$' %

<8C o 9) #AU Z8 #, %, 2 !" N %+ I 0 J . ^ < LJ -/ #$%&' , %, ,

Hague & Harro,2007:69)

.(

#$%&' nJ I 0 J . ^ < LJ N +I0 #, 9. G)+ - .

B ] + , 28%A # .

F%* . 9%/" J # 1#/T%* S S 2 _ e _ N ^" F&O j= &+

#) . J #) 2 _ e F y #q0 #) . J #) . ^+ 2 9 9. 8%

/, 8"8C 28G.

. LJ . -

I 0 #G) nJ - J LJ 8G #+ s : #$%&' nJ 1

N %+

- #$%&' #, GC " R 9%R 9O L + 3 4 F@C . I%" #, %, 2 !" - G)+ #, %, 2 !"

C .

#G) #$%&' ( )* '+ J LJ 9. L - * $+ F%* -%0 .

_ e I 0 < LJ # < = ? _ e - , #+ mD^+ 1<8C I 90/+ .I+ 2

8" C #+ I 0/+ _ .

1 -

!" # $ %

!" & &

! ' () $ () .

+

, - . ' /$ % &0 )' + 1 %

2 2 /3 $ 4 5 6

/ ) .

% 7 8 ' /$ % &0

9&# ' : ;! ' 2 ) ( & < 7 =!+ > : !" ? # $

. ,9 % 7 @

%

& &A) + 3 B& C D

E F +

& G! & H 2 =

E %

+ > : % &=

& <+ : 0 + % . - .

I , J

;K ) /8 L

%! $ ;K M %

% % 7 ;K )/8 L N '

' ( #+ 2

O & ' ' P @

& ! + !Q

!" % % R )/7 ) T&L 2 LC U :

= @ % ) /7 ( V 1386

(

(14)

"

-%/TD , # 8 J <I%q" 1I 0 LJ - 9 . J _ e -

( + 8O :"

8GG #+ 6 &" #) . .

. :";

*J C #+ 678/, W + 0B 1 C #+ u .9+ # 2

- #AU Z8

*J J J @" q"; #) . ( + 8O :"

#+ N 9q 8G R

_ 9 N; d% 9 + %BJ9^+ T 2 9. < 2 ,

" R 2 9. #+ 8O J . 6 C +

, 28"J9>C { $= 2 'B 8G ;9 F%0@

. +

*J ` 9a *J HO J #/T%* S S 2

N %+ n #B 0/L < q S 8G #+ nX #) . ( + 8O J f, /+ J -% S ( $&a

9O )+ L -% S . M

0= ( $&a - #, %, h%T. 1< 9 c• 2 /O j%=

F%>T n 4 9

#+ = !" #B " 1<

- 9$/T+ J9%S G

8 . , N;

1 nX I%" 9%/" *J

H F@C 9/^%. #) . ( + 8O ` 9a 8G #+

#B " 18 #+ N ^" 4 "

2 ] $ " 2 #B 0/L 4 , N; V , 9. , 9O9. N /T. J <8. !"

8>" G 4 #, %, .

%BJ9^+ #B " d% 9 + %BJ9^+ T 2 L . *J L -

8G #+ S J , 4 2 9. #/"

. W & 9$ a -%0 0

1 + -

*J 2 9. .I+ 2

8" < 9 2 @/, # $&a B G+ N R " R 2 < %C . 4 #, %, Z 8 `$k .

*J

#B " , < 9 nX # $&a Z @C E 9L7 J #) . ( + 8O ` 9a # , `$k+ #B 0/L 4 , # $&a n , .

L - 1

# *J

4 @"; 2 L .

, /4 , 6 k/+ # $&a B G+ n , U9B . 4 18 N ^" # $&a B G+ I.

. +

*J ED. 0= , < 9 nX #) . ( + 8O ` 9a *J #/T%* S S 2

T )+ L -% S J -% S f, /+ 2 ED. )+ L 2 <

8G . 8.

L - N , -

I. . G)+ d . J < . <8C o 9) # $&a <9/TR # $&a 0= T #S 9/^%. *J , <8C F 8& N; <8C o%)] F@C , J9 $&a B G+

. +

*J 9/^%. 8A% k 2

< 9 6 &" # $&a 6X$/, Z8 1#/" %BJ9^+ T J " H ` 9a 8"

. :G

8U 9q # , J , ( $&a F$/T+ 4 , /C nX , d *J 8G /T. J 4 . ( $&a #/= , <8+;9.

. 2 28= 1_ G < C + I 0 J

- N %+ 28). I 0 9.

*J < F@C N; 28= J < 9 F0B 9l + ,

. I 0 -

8" < 9 F0B N; .I+ #) . 2 _ e , < . #, %, 9/T.

.

#* = j%= -

*J _ 9 4 2 9. d% 9 + 29/T. < *J J 9R 8/O 29/T. 9%/" 2 9

<

8"

M

, <8 IR9. 9/T. J - N /+ " 8G? 9 #&% 9 _T%* S S < LJ # U .

F 8) 9%/" *J . &T" n " 9R 8/O 9

, <

.

J #) 2 9 :" 2 9. #* + H. G+ -%+ (J i/+ 2 < %C . u .9+ 28). (J i

2 , #) .

*J , < . .I+ 2 .

J 9 9%/" J # 2 *J #* =

(15)

/, ( %* + ` 9a

#+ -%+ 4 #) . ( + 8O 2 G I #"

8GG M

@B9.

*J 2

#+ -%+ #/i" 2 8+; ` 9a G I - 9%/"

8GG . 4 28+; H. G+ (J i -%0

9/T. (J i #G) 1 _ e /, - N %+ (J i - 94; F+ B _ J 8G 9. _ 28=

< . 2 /O

,

*J

< 9 F0B N; .I+ #) . 2 8"

. WXY+

*J

# 2

" &Aa 2J T < LJ #49. 12 +9, !" #AU 2 s ? ? zi= -0] 8" < 9 nX 9L _T%* %, , " 4 29. 9. J 8GG

. N , - 8.

*J # >" F%Ak # 2

+9, !" s ? ? 94 /+ " R N G). F%Ak #49. F%* -%0 . J 8" < 9 F0B 2

8" <8C /4 GC I%" 2 +9, .

2 /O , < [ %B ?9R I%" _T%* S S M

+

, < . 2 +9, < LJ #49. J # 9R *J #$%iA F0B .

I%" 9%/" *J a -%0

? ? 1#L 4 " 9. %@ F%* . 4 Q " 8G #+ F0B #/" 2 /O !" s

#/" n9q" { i J /O #AU < G N8C # +84 1 " C F+ B Hi" . # n , #A&O " R J 9 2I 0/+ F 4 8L J .

_%G UX4

1 J #) ( + 8O 9. 8% ?9R

) .

i%a #+ 0B C9, 1#

#

< 9/TR

*J

>"; 2 /O J #, %, !" % + w 1

, < . M

J #, %, 2 !" % + . #) . J #) ( + 8O - . X+ { 9/ < LJ +

, < . u & >"; 2 /O .

( . J #) 2 _ e + * $+ 2 #, 9.

, <80B /@" , 2J = #) M

/@"

6J 1 1#) . J #) 2 _ e 3 4 a . J #, %, 2 !" #A a . , -

< %C J Z 8 . @A. 1N T@ WX+ ( U . " 4 2 9 2 9/T. 9Y@/+ 2

8GG #+ 6 &" (J i/+ #, %, J 2 /O .

. 9‡ " %)]J - 29@

, * $+ 28%A :

# 9/C 9 - . X+ 8" # LJ { 9/ + 1 9 b 9/C #, %, 2 !"

, .

#B9 J #AU #, GC " R 8G #+ d0 , { 9/ J b 9/C < LJ -%0 HO J !"

2 9 9!G+ #, %, 2

/O % * O J

#, %, 9 cS N @+

C . J /@"

1

J Q " 6 k . #, %, 2 !" 2 9 Q " 6 k N %+ N #+ , #a &

9 9O9. !" N; % + .

#) . |" 9S 2 9 0, . 9= WXY+

*J 2

- , <8C jB . #, 9 + 6 9&%*

*J , " R . N 0 #, 9 + 6 %,

*J 2

8G. 6 k # .

6 k + #49. , <8 - <8" 9. 1 * $+ jk. L -

. 8" #+ 18% + 2 9 / 9R 9!" #, %, !" % + J ( y 6 k F+ B N GB

C . , /@"

1 . J #) 2 _ e 2 8 S "

, #) .

#) 2 _ e _ 8 @" G?

(16)

8" <8C o%)t #) . J M

!" . 4 2 L 8" < %O 2

M

#* + 2 >" 9k. .

.J <80B 8G/T J

. _ e 9. _ = (7 k N , - 8.

mD^+ #) . J #) 2

#+

#. J 2 8 S " , A 4 # &l

2 - #+ 0B

*J

#/%)]J M , < .

# J J 9/T.

#. b9/^+ 2 2 J9] # ; 2 E JrS _ e , - # &l

#+

, . E JrS - N %+ % 8GC . /C ^ #, %, #, GC )+ L @"; E%.

#+ 9O #, %, /O 2 /C 8"9%R

.

#/ % ( )* '+ N %+ 8" %S N; 8G ;9.

#, %, 2 !"

. 8 4 2 /C N %+ AB ( )* '+ . .

)*+ ,"

:

. . :

1 - N 9q J F 9. R 18" 0*;

.) 1377 ( 1 N 9> 1

: I 9+

2 - ', .) 1337 ( N 9> 1 GB 8%0= 0L9 1 :

( ^/"

F%"

.

3 - d 9 S1F%"J .) 1385 ( 1 N 9> 1#. 9 9%+ 8%), 0L9 1

: + O .

4 - FS 1( R .) 1381 ( 1 N 9> 12 t 9+ -T= 0L9 1 :

N %C;

.

5 -

#. 7 1#$ 8U .)

1380 ( 1s9B N >L 6 9&%* + @= 2 , . 1

!

; 9R J 0L9 2 J

N 9> 1 J9i* #$ 80k+

: X, .

6 - + %L 1#" %, * .)

1380 ( 1 " %+ J 4 #, 9 + J #* + N 9k. 1#/i" " 1

!

1

N 9> 1 J9i* #$ 80k+ 2 J; 9R J 0L9 :

X, .

7 - 8" 0 1n . #G .)

1383 ( 1 2 /O 2 , ; , %, T $+

1 , J 9 + ^ J

" # $ /, 9 J 1

N 9> 1#0 = V &B 0L9 1 J ^+ & J -T= 1N %0%@=

: 9 .

8 - + 19.J . ) 1374 ( 1 %&' N 9> 1N 9q J 29>? G+ V &B 0L9 1

:

#* + .

9 - 8 18A .) 1369 ( 1

! "

N 9> 19&D+ V &B 0L9 1 :

GCJ N 9q .

0 . 1 * :

1- Almond, G. (1956), Comparative Political Systems, The Journal of Politics. Vol 18, N.3.

2- Ayubi, N. (1992), Wither Socialism or Whether Socialism, Third World Quarterly.

Vol.13.N1.

3- Beblavi, H. (1990), The Rentier State in Arab World, in The Arab State. edited by Luciani, G, California: University of California Press.

4-Beblavi & Luciani.(1987),Rentier State.NewYork:CroomHelm Press.

5-Bell, Daniel . (1978), The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism. New York: Basic Press.

6-Beveridge, W .(1948), Voluntary Action. London: allen & unwin press.

7-Blok, F. (1981), The fiscal Crisis of the Capital State, Ann.Rev. Social.Vol 7:1.

8-Boas. (2001), Welfare state. in Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought, edited by P. B. Clark

&et.al , London and New York: Rout ledge Press.

9-Canovan, M. (2001), Populism, in Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought, edited by Clark, P.B

& et al. New York: Rutledge Press.

10-Chatelus,M(1990)Policies for Development in The Arab State. edited by Luciani, G, California: University of California Press.

11-Dix, R.H. (1985), Populism: Authoritarian and Democratic, Latin American research Review, Vol. 20.N.2.

(17)

12-Dorraj, M. (1990), From Zarathustra to Khomeini: Populism Dissent in Iran. London: L.

Rienner Press, 1990.

13-Downing, B. (1992) The Military Revolution and Political change, Princeton:

Princeton University Press.

14-Ertman, T. (1997), Birth of the leviathan. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

15-Esping- Andersen, Gosta. (1990) the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Princeton:

Princeton University Press.

16- Fadil, M. (1987), The Macro- behavior of Oil Rentier state, in Rentier State. edited by Beblavi & Luciani,NewYork:CroomHelm Press.

17-Goodin, R & et.al (1999), The Real Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge, MA:

Cambridge University Press.

18-Gough, Ian & et. al (2004) Insecurity and welfare Regimes in Asia, Cambridge:

19-Hicks ,A & Esping-Andersen ,G. (2005), Comparative and Historical Studies of Public Policy, in The Handbook of political sociology edited by Janoski, Thomas and et.al, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

20-Hague, R& et. al (2007) ,Comparative Government. Palgrave

21-Kerr, Clark, & et.al (1960), Industrialism and Industrial Man. New York: Oxford University

22-Kesselman, Mark. & at. al (2009), Introduction to Comparative Politics. Boston: Wads Worth.

23-Laclau, E. (1982), Politics & Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism and populism, London: Verso Press.

24-Linz, j & A. Stephan.(1996), Problems of Democratic Transition and Cosidalation.

Baltimore: Johns. Hopkins university press.

25-Luciani, G. (1990), Production V Allocation State in The Arab State. edited by Luciani, G, California: University of California Press.

26-Marx, K.(1962), Wage, Labor and Capital. Selected Works.Vol.1. Moscow

27-Morre, M. (2004) "Revenue, State Formation and the Quality of Governance", International Political Science Review. vol.25.N3.pp297-319

28-Myles John and Quadagn Jill. (2002), Political Theories of the Welfare State, The Social Service Review, Vol. 76, No.

29-Mahdavi, H. (1970), the patterns & problems of Economic Development in Rentier State: The Case of Iran in The Economic History of Middle East. edited by M. A.Cook, Oxford Press.

30-Marshal, T.H. (1950) citizenship and Social Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

31-Newton, K & J.W. Deth .(2005), Foundation of Comparative Politics. Cambridge:

32-O’Donnell, G. A. (1979), Modernization & Bureaucratic Authoritarianism. Berkeley:

University of California Press.

33-Offe, C. (1984), The Contradiction of Welfare State. London: Hutchinson Press.

34-O’conner, J. (1973), The Fiscal Crisis of State. New York: Martin.

35-Page, J.A (1983),Peron: A Biography. New York: Random House.

36-Rose, R. (1993), Bringing Freedom Back in, in New Perspective on the Welfare State in Europe. edited by Jones, New York: Rutledge press.

37-Sartori, G. (1991) ,"Comparing and Miscomparing", Journal of Theoretical politics.

N3.pp.243-257.

38-Tilly, Ch. (1985) War making and state making as organized crime, in Bringing the state back in. Ed. P. Evans, d. Rueschmeyer and T. Skocpol, Cambridge:

39-Therborn, G. (1983), When, How and Why Does a Welfare State Become a Welfare State.paper Presented at ECPR Workshop, Frieburg.

40-Wilensky, Harold .(1975), The Welfare state and Equality. Berkeley: University of California Press.

41-Wiles, P. (1969), A Syndrome, Not a Doctrine in Populism. Edited by Chito, & et al. London:

Nicolson Press.

42-Wilson.T& Wilson, D. (1982), the Political Economy of the Welfare State. London:

British Library.

(18)

&lt; C : SJ ; # F&lt L0M A0 F0 &#34;C P .&amp; 3 .&lt; &lt; &amp; C A0 .&amp; 4 &lt; 8 &amp;F 3 8 L0M &amp; .&lt; &lt; A &#34;8 &amp; :T P .1 : &amp; .&lt; &lt; U .1# LV

< C : SJ ; # F&lt L0M A0 F0 "C P .& 3 .< < & C A0 .& 4 < 8 &F 3 8 L0M & .< < A "8 & :T P .1 : & .< < U .1# LV