1
* +, - . /
) * 0 )
2 (
) :
4 / 10 / 91 :
10 / 2 / 92 (
4
* :
6 7 8 8# 89 : # +;
(<
:
=
>
(<
- :
=
>
8# 89 : @ ;
A BC (< D E # / F D G H= : BC
+4 8I 7 D
JK L" 8 04 6
6 6 +M L<
BC 8I N O G +P
= J 7
<>
2 ;
8 # @ 8Q +, +R S7 TE
D # 6C 7 F +# I F GC +#
F UG #
G G # F
= Q>
. G
= +
= : W :
=
>
& + /Q< BC +
=
=
= +0 F X )
= 6 L"
6 +M L<
F * 8Q +, * = .
D # 8#
Y /: @ M: @ ; + = @= +0=
F 7
= D
+"4 D
) BC Z
8# 89 : @ ; :
= = O
L< 6 U L< 6 +M 6 F # BC
=+[ L7 8I 7 D F /Q
= \7 <:
F G]
.+P 8I BC 7 U X + = D
D]
\ +^_ 7 : 86 F+ ,
.+P 8I BC F /Q W : L7 I D
+ = D]
^_ 7
\ + 86 F+ ,
+7 E
L7 #
\
= F+ ,
9 : \# R BC 8
<(:
+ F .
I D ,Z F
:
F G]
/Q , +#
6 BC D 9 6
6 +M L<
1 . : 88094921 Email: [email protected] 021
1 .
!" # $ %
#& '( )* $+
* $, - .% / .% 0 1
2 34 )* $+ 2 * 5 +6 ' 4 7 4 ) " 869
: )0 ; <9 )( (
)* $+
=+ 1
<
-
#> ( : 7 4
? . 9 8A> / 4 ( 1
- ' B0
(Locke,1997)
1
# C 9
* $+ D> ? 1 E F1 #9 )
G + HI =+ 1 )( (
)$B! I J ' I C A9 1 )* $+
K> LI 9 1 % ( 9 + HI =+
% 0 &
M
#> NI
% 0 #9 % J M
)( ( O$*
: P+I Q$F -
R(1 1 )( ( #9
- )( (
#& ' > )> I C Q>
8PI
)$3
, S !C
1 + HI )J
A>/ S !C / M
A& > 3 .
T> I #<4 R -
) TI )( (
O> 1 % 1 #&
- 1660
U HI %
1
' B0 9 #4 (
(Locke, 1967)
V 1 C -
1680
U HI %
4 ( 1 - ' B0
X 1 9 -
)( (
#91 1 . 9 '(
: Z 7C 3 H> 1 ' B0 ' 3 )B>
'( ( 1 [ \ .
Z1 T ] '* ; 1 #P R ' B0 % ' B0 ' 3 9
' B0 9 #4 ( 1 % ]/
&
' $& 0 9 )A+7 )I $4 J 2 NI 1 #;1 T ' B0 #9 1
& 0 O9 P ' 1 P 9 )<$ 1 ^0 )+0 1 2 4 ( 1
- ' B0 (
.
7>
4 4 ( 1 - ' B0
#9
% 1 #& '( #+? 2 * '0 "
U HI
+&
. ? >
#& '( . 9 Q>
» 1 '4 * #9 + HI ' ^T* #& I $3 9 I 3 #9
/ '( 0 9 T+ $0 1 )< 7; ` P0 )4 0 '
74 #&
- 1 )a 9 . HC J ) 7C
T69 S ,I 9
.(Locke, 1997,137)« P
4 ( - - ' B0 21 . ? #+BI Q> #9
? 9 c4 " : 7I #9 > 7I H> #&
#I Hd #& ? 9 / ,+ )+ > 9 #B 9
A& ' B0
(Locke, 1997, p.268)
1 I 9 )A+7 ' B0 A9 e ( Q $ 9
#> J a
& \ .
T> I )I a a O0 #& '( Q?1 -
" )( ( -
% \a 1 # Ad
1 #& )I $4 J 2 NI 9 )A+7 ,C #9 'A(
4 ( 1 - ' B0 O * & % (% 9
/ % #& I 9 O V 9
O * 1 4 7 4 #9 )9 +( 9 ) V S I >
1 ) V + HI $<+( 4 I ( I #9 O I 9 ) V S !C
#4 P Q>
f!9 #9
? V #+? \a .
#& 8 1gJ Q> h #9 # C 9 Q> 9 A9
» 1 S BT 4 #T> I
#+ I . Q> S iC
« RPI - OB? 1 jkI > 1 '$>L*
4 ( 1 a -
' B0 B>1 1 9
l 1 )( 9 # !I Q $ % #I > a . &
'(
.
O * :1 m 7 O V
U HI % O7 1 #& '( )* $+ ` 1 K> A9 1 ) V 1
4 ( - ' B0 )9 +&
9
# I A*
O C 9 9
/ #
#+V J '(
(Locke, 1968)
. + HI #& l 1 ?/ a
nA 1 )7 \
P7; 1 ,C : -
) % 1o 9
1 #& > ' 9 C ? / 9 >
9 A*
»
O C
« -
Q> ) $C #9 9 . & % (% 9 '( ( a
> J .
# BC 9
+ C1 J [ \ O" 1 9 1 #I =4 V S 7* )A<>
' ! U + a 1 '> $0 ^> ; %
A 9 ^T* 1 E
»
p ]
«
? O C #9 Oq Q>
Tully, 1993, pp.48-49) .(
)A<> > I ) $* ,C 21 m 7 4 I ( I A9 1 1 B>
'( $<+(
.
#9 #&
R( 1 -
$<+ a ) ?/ 4 M
.% C A 41 & t (iC B>
)4 $?
9 . ? )
1669 (
#9
#9 j> C '6( ( % )B> A*
'( ( < Q> C
v > I $<+(
? . : ( % 1668 C 1672 2 )$( ] )TA '$y(
[ ,I ' 1 ) ?/ 4 #9 A 41 & B4 / #9 A 41 & ' B4 #& H> . %
. ? R*
& K$& 9 .
l 1 #& 1 / 1 T 1 )TA
: ( Q> : ; 9 NAC )A I
'(1 $<+( : $* 1 B % )& 0 #& &
. 3 A( Q> C Q I ` 1 #9 Z 9
#> J
#& '( A 41 &
/
#9 . ? )<( )* I '(
'( ( C )+ 4 7 4
# (
AA& 1 ! [C M
I ? 2 ] )* $+
.
#9 ' <F1 =+I % <9 z =V
S $<+ 1 S ,C ? )TA '$y( #9 1 )$(
B!+
> a C )
1673 2 (.
: ( C #& '$( Q>
1675 2
#* L I $B0 B4 9 9 7, '? #
1 ,C
#& H> t&
'* ( T69
#9
#( S ,C I a
-
& 1 B? . 9
#I V &
A& #7C B '? 8PI + HI .
9 O 4 Q $ # )a I% 9 #& S $<+ 1 S ,C ?
+ HI 1L %1 '> PC [ #& / '& 0 #9 9 . V I J Q> 1 > a 9 S $<+ ? S > )H$
.
#& : ( 3d : ; ?
V )4 * [=A
#9 . 1/ '(
#9 9 4 < 0 '
'?
7> PC #&
|
#9
Q HI ;
1 #+ 9 -
) O BTC )$(
. : ( Q>
: ( ? c !" '> >
#9 : P+I 1 F PC
#> J ' I C S 1 1 S " l + HI $<+( =+
A& B!
.
Q Ad }/ %
'? 9 )
#9 #& ? U + a
S $<+
B>
` ) 39 . <4 .
. > C )I !9 #d #9 ~( J V & 1 I • ; #& '( ,A> 8( J T> I 1 € 9 -
) #I Hd
| & ) 1 >/ € & C C
> €'( . 9 ) V
BA>
# 1 )
` V PI '( V
V R =+ 1 )( ( #9
9 > '(
€
2 ,I ( O0 ( #9 )+T& '> 1 )a 9 ,I% % I )> 9 U C >/ #BA>
/ #9 S ,I )+T& 7& S 01 ,> Q$F '? = > '( . 9 S ,I 9 #I Hd #& U% / 1 1 )> $A
< • 0 9
. A> L V 1 K> AI +
. $
S =! 1 Q % 9 . 1L V S 1 S1 } 9
V Q> € A? 9
* $, -
8( J
#& '( )>
? #+V J 3I/ #9 #4 P Q> > 9 .
2 . . ? % ]/ ,I/ % ) " S T A
% )<$ #& '(
#& I 9 1 9 Q> 9 )+A( ( A?
T> I -
> NI }iC '!C )( ( -
'( ( 1 O C
%/
* 9 ) V
+
#T> I
'( . 9 I %/ 1 : '4 "
. 9
# Q>
O 4 ' 4 < % h $] 9
. 9 )+0 1 S $<+
9 9 Q>
#& 1 4 ( 1
- ' B0
"
|
}iC '!C
#T> I
%/
I V
- . / > !C #+? #9
#T> I )( 9 1 f!9 #9 1 )( (
B$ L I 1 ) V '( ( ,C
' 1 7 % 7 + ? 9 1 #I 1
+ HI T> I #& . P* Q> : 7 9 1 A+V J
- . 9 #;1 T ' B0 O BTC 9
'(
I % 1 #T> I O !C #9 -
I ? : ‚T
.
) S T A Q> % ]/
#T A +& #9 C ' B? ƒ> L /
'( ( 1 )9 PI
' B0 #4 ( 1 '7 I
. : ( #& +& Q> ' B?
1986 2
? T+A
TI
" #&
|
>
#T> I #B 9 7I )* L+I K }iC '!C 1 )( (
%/ S % 7 1 ,C
#I V
OB? : 0 7 + ? 7 #9
1 9 a
#T> I V )( (
+(
#9 #P R ' B0 1 7+( < 9 .% 7
#+?
9 . 1/ > !C
(Ashcraft, 1986)
.
% ) 1 a O9 P
,C 1 > I ,C 9 V U C ( A?
T> I #& I ? )* e ( / 9 1 I & L& $+ S $<+ )( ( -
)( (
4 ( 1 - ' B0 '( ( ,C }iC '!C #BI/ % 8 J
? 9 ) V \a
% }i+
,C . 1 1 & % I
. 9
$<+( 1
> I/
# C 1
/ ) V '( . 9
.
> NI #& ' Q> HT 1gJ Q 41 -
' B? 9 O9 PC V
9 tB>1 74 Q & • R .
Ad tB>1 74 ' #& Ad
% ( &
PP! TI
#+BI Q> 9 #& & A?/
» )( ( #T> I 4 ( 1
- ' B0 ,C }iC '!C
'( . 9 )9 ] A + HI S $<+ )A<> > I
«.
f!9 tB>1 74
#9 > I #9 B>1 9 V =+
3 A*
=A* Q> C -
I )( (
( (
|
#> NI
2 34 % J
a S $<+ % #+
B>
#+ I ) c> =C
#I #& A&
3AC
> NI -
#> NI +?
| & 1 ) f!9 #B 9 ' I . %
'( ^ 1 NA
(Lebovics, 1986)
.
^ . HI X #9 ( a C
- . 9 '& T / % h $] #9 tB>1 74 #&
)( ( ` V 9 #+?\a
OB? #9 L / > C
. . 4 P ( a Q>1 -
V )P P!C
» . 9 '& T # C B>1 #(
« 9 M )4 l9 A
# C V ) iC
.
) TI 1
. 9 ,C '& ? 1 #&
#> ( 9 . & \a
„ '& ? )B>
)+AR ( )> P>
=T? / O BTC % <9 )$& #&
#> ( I J
& \a 1
#> ( Q ( #& ) ?/ 4 I J L 1 9 # > P '& ? \a
) !
7I )$& ? .
#> ( '& ? H> 1 . % > % )B> #& 9 \a
2 3(
<9 #& 9 /
|
L 1 & ? % )B> 2 3( > V 9 1 0 )‚ 7 #9 V 3( 8>
K> I J ' >1 ' a +V '& ? 3I
.
#> ( Q> #9 3AC #+74
\a +&
V : < k0 % #B 9 BI M
( L I . 9 S ,C ) $* '& ? 1 S $<+
) 9 .
• R Q I l 1 M ?
#& A 41 & 1 / +T 9
9 [> =C #9 O> <C 1 • 1
) O3d 9 1 ( 1
Q % [> L 'T A 41 &
Q % % )B> #9 O> 7C … L9
9 . &
. (Glausser, 1990)
( a ^ P!C #& 9 Q?1 8( J
1 8 J ?
'A(
1 J H> 1 ( a GO9 PC Q> v 9 . > a 21 B>1
9 ' P
. $
>% 1 J 1 7I '? I
.
$<+( ,C }iC % f!9
#4 ( 1 1 #9 O I / 9 9 )T> I a 9
' + > ? NI -
)a I% ~> C 1 #T> I 1
? C .
#* $, O I /
~> C #9 #< 9 C ? / 9 V S 4iC
#9 8PI 1 + HI $<+( ~> C z =V
'( (
\a
| 1 #& TI $<+(
T> I - }iC '!C )( (
S $<+ )A<> > I OB? + HI )> B>
I } 1 #+ a
|
#& H9 #, +I
) V ] #9 ~( J ( A?
T> I 9 -
> 1 )( (
'A( % 1 !I
%/
V ) V 8( J 1 !9 9
? 1 1
#9 1 A+
.
% -<4 R '
Q Ad O I / '? 9
) 1 . HI #& ? U HI % #+ a 9
#& '( > $<+( F
#A % /
0 A< <+ 3 1 % )( ( 1 )* $+
` P
. 9 1 $<+( T9 '( . ? #+ a . > I
. ) $C O I / f!9 8 1gJ
9 V
L I )( ( S A7 9 1 7<C #9 #& '( +( =+ S [ & !
) ! )9 #& ?
> C 8( J
1 8 J ?
:1 .1 a )+A( ( A?
. 1 9 '( O iC V 1
.1
3 . !" "
O= }/ O !C 1 1 1 9
†V ? 1 < 5T& 1 ( A?
/ f!9 Q 7C 1
% 0 M 1 #T> I S *% A
)H$ #& V # Ad O" 0
% #+ a 9 1 )( ( f0 7
=+
K d )I ( A?
(Macpherson, 1962) ( 1
e1 +?
(Strauss, 1953)
'(
) C
& PC L> $+ #+( 1 #9 ( A?
: +(
- #& A+ )I :1
#> NI ) )+ k 1 % 1o 9 ` V 7 J 1 % J 9 #& AI
#4 ( 1
1 D 9 / 1
U + a
? . .
> a % (% 9 1 '( .
. +(
- ) 1 a 21 TI I )<( #& A+
| 1 #& A / 'k3I Q>
#9 #& Ad (1
-
‡ 7C / 1 J . ?
. 7I ) V '(
„
I }
|
"
|
#> NI I 'k3I Q> % J '
=6? 1 #B 9
|
… L9 % )B>
1 > , Q> C
d J
$C ) V ,C 'k3I A9 L I 1 % (
>1 'k3I \a L I A& C #& . 9 )H
'( #+ > >
.
#9 Q>
% #B 9 % 1o 9 ` V 7 J #I 21 .1 a [ C C
# *
#+ I S1 } 1 S #9 A
| & B C „ I )H>1 B C 9 #& % > * 1 #A 9
'( a% ( L I .
)41 I NI ,A>
- H>
#& 1
%/ 7 J #I
" #B 9 S 7 J #I 1
|
) )a L9 I % 1 + HI #& I
- V
)
#T> I 3ˆ( … L9 1 +( #9 ' I C OP<C 1 )a A? & 9 3 Q> ^> ; % 1 &
" * 1 - Oq I O$*
? .
#+? I / )I V% 9 1 C 9 \4
<
"
'q #(
% 9 O9 ' #( 9 )A+7 % 5 +6
| >‰ #& '( )I V 9
A*
»
) '
«
» )6> C ' «
1
» )6> C Š ) ' «
V )( 9
? .
q 9
- 2 ( '
#I H> 9 . I HI L> $C # 1 3AC 8 1gJ
) Q?1 #9 Z 9
J #B 9 ? 8(
TI 9 #4 P Q> ) "
I % =+ 1 )( ( )* $+ ' <F1 Z 7C -
9
T> I - ) Q 7C L I )a 9 1 %/ lF1 )A<> 1 )( ( a
.
4 .
$
% & !'
() ( + , -, :
/ 0 ! /1 2
3 !4
| & # !I Q> C Q 7C
AA&
M 1 + HI
'(
. y ,A>
1o 9 -
? % ]/ )7 \ S 0 " 9 #& '( )+k3I .
2 * A7 9 #& 'k3I Q>
1. See: (Arneil, 1992, 1994, 1996A, 1996B).
. 5T& 9 1 >
#9 ' a OB? )> >
: 7I 8> L S1 } S ,C . % 9
„
>%
S ,C 1 9
; 1 + HI -
) 7C 1 P )
+ . Q?1
#9 #& '(
Q>
[ C C
) > 3C 'AR ( 1 + HI
„ ? Q> % ) V • " Q$F ' B0 1 Q I ' > 9
#9 %/
#I a
• ; ) L>
. 39 2% %/ % #T J C T #& &
I ? A .
#9 Q>
[ C C #&
#4 ( 1 '( ( #9 # C 1 9
\a V
1 )
"
|
C 1 ) V '( ( NA % . &
3 I
2 NI ' 5T& ' Q> C
q 1 >
-
> 9 4 ( )
- 21
#+ I I .
#9
$ Q O 4 +T 9 )( % " < ( A?
.
)9 . K ' 4 + J C #+ a A B( Q +A q & 1 e1 +? 4 ( 1 )4 C L$
' B? ƒ>
l$ 9 )H$
I 'P 9 A9
L \4 11
‹
) ) 1 a
#& I a
,A>
»
) '
« '( . ? . I V .
Q?1 9
E F ?
U1 )( A?
#+ > ? O I #&
K PI 11
) '( . A B( 1 (
A& K$& f!9 Q> #9 I C .
O I 1 } 1 )T 1gJ
T> I S 01 % f!9 Q$F V -
#& '( . TI
K '
/ 1 J 1 A B( 1 ( 9
1 )6> C 9 #& )> *
V C 9
. &
| & I '( )6> C ]
(Wood, 1984,7-12)
.
> NI #9 #<
- )> a )( (
A9 1 #I 7 ; =!I T> I
-
#9 )( (
3 l7A 1 A*
Q> L I " < )( A?
O I PI
K % 11
A B( 1 ( ) >iC
A&
. Q> 9
O I ' ' 5"1
Q> 11
O I )+0 #& . . I HI 1 8 J O !C 9 L I 11
1 . HI V )6> C *
% #9
!9 1 + HI ~> C ) " ΠAd
C 9 C 1 )3 1
'( . & ' ] / .
% Q>
# C L I 1 =+ % )+ & ] Q 7C 9 1 U C 1
T> I )I1 2 , I -
` V 1 # 1 #& Ad
) a
> $I )41 Q>
# C
l 1 ] P+I 1 #I A 9
#> ( % )<F C
1 O ! 0
K>
KC O !C 1 <9
1 O I >La I #& ) !C „'( #+( & 1 % #>
) :1 .1 a L I 11 .
( 56 -, :
6 7 89: 1
21 .1 a 4 ? Q+ B? 9 I = #& A+ )I ( A?
M T> I - A(
)+
Q$F
T> I % )> %L -
)( ( / % 4 7 4 [+B #& )> A9 #9
#+( V 9 '(
L I
A9 > '(
. ) '( I :1 .1 a U1 .1 a Q> l 1 #& I P+< 1 I AJ
T> I :1 .1 a )( ( -
" )( (
|
L I 1 1 }/ Q+ 9 # BC 9 '( ( S I >
1. (Macpherson, 1962), (Strauss, 1953), (Skinner, 1978), (Dunn,1967,1968, 1969), (Laslett, in Locke, 1997), (Tully, 1980,1993), (Ashcraft, 1986).
C + HI ) V . &
#9 Q>
[ C C
» L I 1 + HI ) V '( ( ' $ '( (
1 #I a $<+(
#+ a . > I B>
I
(Arneil, 1994, p 591) « .
Q> B + H> 9 #9
#& A TI C AI/ 9 .1 a HT 1gJ
1 1 #& 2 P+
'" 5 ; 1 [ ;
AA& ,$C M
3<+ )9 PI C PI . & Q 7C
I
% 9 V S N0 +T 9 #& ,I/
#T> I A+? R< #< 1 %/ 1 0 8> L B
#9
,?
M 87A
%/
R ( O9 P ' 6I #& #I 7 ; -
9 P tˆ( 1 & )7 \ R ( O
-
T> I O" 1 . & O=+ 'Ta > J # & V 2 B0 )( ( -
)I1 ^RA 1 )( (
Q>1 C A$C1 } + HI t (iC 9 #& / . ?
#+? HI . > I 9 I
. Q$F .1 a Q>
q - 1 ,C #9 # C 9 % > > =C C I )<( )6> C 1 ?
+
#> J C 1 Q 7C #9 1 A #q S $<
% C
#4 ( 1 A>/ Oq I
.
.1 a Q> ( A?
) Q>1 L I 1 t> > > 9 > > 5& 4 J X4 d )I & % C
9 2 I ( a .1
)9 ) O I / 9 9 > C
3 C
#+ 9 1 Q> C
#> NI Q> C Q> % J
.1 a
#9 1/ $?
.
$ O I / f0 7 % #& ; '? 9
)
?
> J 9 1 ) " f!9 -
1 =+ S
/ A$C a1 I 1 I ˆ( A d )> T& I > S 9 '9 . ? A9
'(
.
#9 l 1
$a O I / 1 9 Q> 9
" * #9 1 1 9 + HI #& 9 -
'9
V % A$C T& 9 =+
' 6I
) L d % O7 1
'<A" ' > 9
A& '> PC > 9 #R ( 9 V I >
.
1 e C V 5 ( ƒ$
d > (
2 >
#9 J > 9 S1 } #9 ( 9 + HI #& 9 P+<
1 A& '& 0 A J
#&
* -
'( A
#> ( l (1 e P
\a
> $I A AI 1 P
S $<+
% ˆ9 E % 1 'T& #9 .
I > C 9 7, + HI NA Q> 9 QB4
9 1 A& '> PC V
& Q>
#+? )C $<+ L I + HI #& 9 2% L I
? 9 9 1
9 1 S ,C I > C 9
c " OB? #9 L /
A& 8? &
.(Arneil, 1994,p.598)
O I /
# I
#+? I A 41 & 3? #9 ) ?/ 4 ; % #&
. & c> =C
#& '(
»
%1 ,C #I
) 1 S ] 1 2 9 ( #& > P+< #I 1 >
.
$? '< A Q> 9 A9
T& 1 S ,C '( ( Q> 9 I +9 $? a 1 '( #+ 3I 9 1 % 1
) '( (
c "
L / ( )> I ˆ( S1 } 2 $C #9 )9 +( 9 . ( 9 C " P #9 T& O&
. & $
>
(Arneil, 1994, p.605)« .
1. See: (Glausser, 1990), (Poliakov, 1971), (Davis, 1975).
2. See: (Child, 1740), (Mun, 1930,1949).
}iC V Q 7C S 9 O I /
#4 ( 1 HI ) V '( ( %
c F C +
) 9 #T> I Q> #&
#4 ( 1 • ; Q $ LI ? O= >% #+? }iC L I
J 1 C 9 V
#4 ( 1
| & )<F 1 #+ 9
#I <;
c> " 1 '( #+ a :
» )I & O9 P cC . 1 9 nA ' <F1 V #&
#P R S I
[ &
)
: =C ^0 H9 V +V nA 9 ‚ )+0 '( #& A&
/ I
(Locke, 1997, p.388)« .
. P* Q Ad 9% % 1 ' H? 1 : $< V 9
L HI )
#& '( P+< 1 I
•
#& ' I Q ‰ #9 Q> % C A?/ L d )a d
] 1 ) OP+A cC #9 ' B4 ^0 #7 A&
.
| &
nA 1 #7 ] #9 S ,C 1 I > #9 O( C #& '( ?
#9
K> LI + HI l A
)PRA 1 '( C
T> I ' 9 C -
)( (
) U
a .
#9 Q>
[ C C 1 9 #9 O I /
# C
#9 % I #& '( a #7 ] 1 3 #9 K $C 1 T$?
I . l 1 . O Ž$C %
) . +( Z 9 Q % ( > 7I #& '( )* 1 A&
+V / #& '( )+ <$ % +T 9 Q % ( #& )> \4 „ I ? 5 C )9 ] A
. ƒ$ I
Q % ( / =C 9 = 9 % Z 9
#& E% A 9
5 C : 0
1 %/ L I A+ ?
.
> NI #& '( ) &
- ' 1 & U%
R ( - a . 1L / #9 L I : P< 1 . A? & I % ,
„
#9 Q>
[ C C 1 . A? & I
+9 1 79 'T& >% #9 1 B9 \9 IL9 6? #& )A % % #=0 : P<
% I
#9 8C =!
#I a V ' B4 1 $ #=0 / A& . +( I TI ( #&
)
„ I 2 $C +T ' $& 0 % Q % % #=0 / V & 9 >%
#+V (
'(
.
#9 Q>
'( ˆV ( #BA> #9 # C 9 [ C C 1 1 9 )T? & 1 OP* Q Ad )> B>
9
< # -
) HI %/
. ? >
#9 I
$a O I / '( ( )I 7 1 e ( L I $<+(
#9 (1 - '( . > a )0 ;
(Arneil, 1994, pp.608-609)
.
. & & / 9 #& #ƒI/ ^0 )I I '(
z =+V V #9
„
>%
)>
) H> #&
+( A+ I C . * a I BI 1 AA& .
AA& . +( 1 A> 9
• I 1 ) & #9 )C V #I a )$
I% (
#9 „ ) 9 '" Q> H> 9 #& z =V
(Locke, 1997,p.294)'(
.
)F PC 9 S NI 1 '> > S $<+ : <C ,> 1 NI 9 9
NAC Q I 1
? A+ 1 1 F . ) >\J I
' I .
\4 . ? 1/ >
| 1 #& 9
Q % I } 1 I ? PC [( AC #9 > 9
|
) ‚? ' A 1 %/ > 9 )C $<+ Q I
'> * O 4 #9 I ˆ( 1 A > d % OPI #9 #& )+ <F1 „ A& Q $kC L I I1 3?
BI
3HI C / I 9 : 1 '$>L #9 1 TC $<+ %
(Arneil, 1994, p.607)
.
V f!9 ^RA A7 9 1 #& '( )( 9 )B+ O I / f!9 ) $C <9 #9 ,A> % '( . & % (% 9 .
OPI #9 #< 9 :
1 > d % O I /
| &
Q?1 #& '(
( l 1 1 > d
'(
) ! $<+(
I ? . Q> O I / )( 9
7> PC 1 ^ 9 †! C
|
)9 '( †PI .
> d #& ' I > C
% O7 1
#+ 9 % )B>
#> NI Q> C '( . 9 $<+( % J
.
#9 #& 9 / > d 3 • ;
/ l A #& I $3 9 S $<+ A& (
T& 9 ? V )H+ 9 1 #& '( Q>
AA& • 0
„
#9 Q>
#& [ C C ' 6I
" % 1 T& 1 I > 3 2% 4 'V (
|
„ a 2 ,I + HI 21
+ HI S ,C #& AA& 'T& )4 =! % 1 T&
/ #9
A % I 1 „ ? 9
#BI/ 2 ( S =! O$0 )A<> )I +T& ' 4 <
9 S $<+ %
)+T&
) HI
a 2 ,I .
) 3AT J + HI )> > a1 I '> PC 9 > d #& &
)+T& Q>
' 6I
#9 ,I/ % ,C & 1 I ? 1 + HI #9 H>
J1 Z PI
O$0 a .
# X Q Ad ) [
| 1 #& ? P+( 9 #& )+6( D> ? 9
:
#9 S $<+
) 1
/ '( ( 4 6 'T01 % I } 1 „ ? #+( & $<+(
|
T&
#9 + HI =+ S #& / )> > a1 I 1
$a 9 #+ 9 1 / #9
%1
#9
S %1
? C A .
<7;
|
) C A$C + HI a
S $<+ ' <F1 ?
%1
#9 39 %1
) 7
' >
. + a % 9 Q> #BA> Q$F M
'> A 1 2 1L %1 I1 % &
) L I + HI '( &
(Arneil, 1994, p.600)
.
'q O I / 1 ? %
4 ( 1 - ' B0
»
# * A* #9
9
'( ( + HI $<+(
(Arneil, 1994, p.2) «
> 1
» '!C ) V '( ( }iC
S $<+ 1 + HI + HI )> B>
(Arneil, 1994, p.591)« 1 #& '( Q?1 #+BI Q>
T> I LI ' B4 e P 2 P 8> $I 9 = -
2 NI =+ 1 S ,C A9 1
Q> I $<+(
PI <9 #& )+ <F1 „ A& ) < B>
1776 B>
# I
' 4
• ; 1 )9 PI
#> NI 1
… L9 % J OP " ( e C d B>
. V
)( ( I J 1 C
? k B>
'( .
(Arneil,1996,p.166&pp.8,17,100-
101,104,132,158-159)
.
<4 R 9 1 -
B>
/ ' 1
| &
Q?1 )
#& ?
9 +& 3+I #& ) = 9 C . & )<( V <9 B>1 O I / )
9 A*
»
+( ˆV ( 1 ( «
V . HI Q> '( . #q . 91
. ? #9
#I ; +!
9 C
A&
(Arneil,1996, pp.168-200)
.
; (
56 < + , -,
: /1 2
89: 3 !4
7
Q?1 9
PC ? A9
. ? >
% .1 a 1 8> a Q+ #9 K $C 9 ) 1 a ( A?
~> C #9 # C 9 ) 1 a 1
^P! 1 8( J Q>
) e A?
9 d #& a
#+? I ^ P!C € TI . +( . ? 1 % C
) TI )( A?
#&
C
|
# C B>1 Q Ad ( A?
. & [ V #9 #BI/ % O7 )+0 „ 9
. a >
' I 2% U + a La 2 < I O> #9 a ^I1 1 • ; 21 .1 a .
4 P tB>1 74 -
)T 1gJ
: ( V
1986 2
' 9 # 9 P > '
'A(
> )+A( 1 > )> a
& #q 1 • ; .
" f!9 tB>1 74
|
3 A* #9 > I #9 B>1 9 V =+
Q> C
=A*
- ( ( I )( (
|
#> NI S $<+ % #+ a 2 34 % J B>
) ) c> =C 1 I
#I #& A&
> NI 3AC -
> NI K>
- +?
f!9 #B 9 . 7I . % )
| & 1 4 P tB>1 74 #& % )+q „'( ^ 1 N+A -
B % H+ a Q$F V
$+ a • ;
#9 )6> C ? 1 ) f!9 1 9 )9 V
/ #
'( #+V J
(Lebovics, 1986,p.568)
.
. #q V ^ P!C tB>1 74 #ƒI/
| & 1 ^ $* 1 ! 9 a% (
9
'( > '
#&
'A( % Q+ B? Q$F ŠŠ 1
Q 7C * ŠŠ > )( A?
'( . & /
(Lebovics, 1986,p.567)
. 1 ,C % 1 c F C 9 tB>1 74 f!9
1 )a I% % m C 'q -
> J . ? $ 9 1 . ? % ]/ 1 )( (
#+ >
'(
. 1
4 P - I V I #9 A 1 I $ > #( 9 ) Q ‰ L I 1 )a I% #& '( . T
)A<> >
9 . V I J B>
:
=6? S > $C 1 S =C :1 )
9 . $ #&
# I ( I V
<4 R 1 -
#9 V . C '? )<( S T+& ~> C 1 ‚ I/
>
21 „ A& % 9 ' I C 1 % 7 + ? '> $0 #9 # C 9 #& 9 1 =+ )a I%
#> ( #9
\a '& ? V <+
#> ( Q> 1 > L 9 5 +6
\a 9
S $<+ ' <F1 1 „ 9 . V . a L I )> B>
2 ( A* #9 #& <+ O] T
#9 A 41 & 7 + ? +(
1 '? . 3*
L I M . 9 '& ? Ad
| $* 1
' 4 < L&
1 9
9 . + HI %
(Lebovics, 1986,p.567)
. 1
> 8A& A&
# > #9 ,C O <C
#> NI A7 % 1 ' B4 1 ' $& 0 9 1 % J
) )" =V I
.
#9
$a tB>1 74
"
|
#I 1 O 4 Q> #9 9
e C1 a % PC
I #9 # C 9 ,I/ % 1 . & % ]/ )< 7; lF1 % I/ AI $ L I L9 1 1 A J )A<> >
T> I A 9 A9 B>
- 9 . > C V .1
> NI % (% 9 1 ) B? 74 &
- ) TI tB> 74 U1 #&
1
#4 ( 9
e ( ' I P*
+ '0 ( L $C 1 OP* 1 $>
(Locke, 1975,pp.685-693)
1
#9 ,C
#I #& 9 #I % D> ? % #+( V 9 )6> C )> a . 1 #>L,C O9 3AC
1 )> a 1
) #B 9 '( )6> C )> H$
. 1 9 / J 1 C )6> C D> ? V #9 C
# X $ Q> 1 & % (% 9 1 NAC z V )I1 ^RA #9 B>1 #& '(
'V A? 9
» '&
« 1
»
> NI - ) V 4 ( 1 «
- ' B0 Ad
- V E F # C
'( . . ' < % ) % ]/ )( A?
> NI 9 )A+7 7 9 1 A&
- K> #9 O C
T ' B0
#;1 ' B0 #4 ( 1
) ( . K>
. > (
>
) V )
1 #&
1 > )+0 1 R( 1 ; d )$ B0
M R(1
) 1 #9
1/
( 1
!C H>
O
• A+
1 '41 '! = 1 ' B0 / 1 9 #& '( )+ 41 & $I
| • '( QB$ ] / P9 .
O=
19 OP* 1 $> % < Q <C 9 2 3d +& % Q 41
2 a ŠV
9
»
* )I 9 I '
… L9 ‘ 80 S 7+? > ? 1 N* S T A ' * O
3
« '( #+? 9
. (Locke, 1975,p.685)
. LŠa 'ŠP P0 #Š9 Q+V J 9 ,A> 1 Š
C Q$F )I $>
)I $> S 39 T+ 1 S $B! K B La E I #(
M OŠP* L +Š( OP*
L> $C )I $> 1 1 9 q
) O . La \V 9 1 ? OP*
% 0 1 9 M
S 1 ŠF Š9 '( (
Ci
#7A Q '! =
I 7 ; -
) J ' B0
'4 Š" Š9 1 TŠ
#Š9 OŠP* #Š9 ŠA*
' $ Q$F I1 V '7
9 . La #9 )ŠA<> " )I $>
»
# kŠ
’Š01 #Š& ‘
’< 7; S =C 1 y #9 Q ‰ 1 ? 9 . ? U
Š9 ŠI +I M
ŠA& ‘ 1 / ` Š"
«
)A> 1 )( (
#9 '( #& ,I/ .g>1 ) )P C
Š a S Š" Q 9 Š LŠ $C
q ) O
(Locke, 1975,p.691) ?
.
1 . )< 7; lF1 . 9 ) = c F C ,A> tB>1 74 Š % OŠ7 =Š / D> ? ' B4 )HI Hd )< 7; OP*
1 : J E +V H>
O = C #9 #& )Ž0 7 4 ( 1
- ' B0 ) f!9 3I/ %
• . & #q A&
# > P #I a
%
+( 1 )< 7; lF1
>% 0 C 1 #& )+ <F1 „'( . 1 I O$* #9 1 > 1
^Š $* Š3 % 21 Š! ŠC
'( . &
(Lebovics, 1986,pp.568-579) .
5 .
>
? @
T> I )I1 ^RA c F C 9 -
$ % C ( 1 C ? )! F C • )( (
$
# I 1 #d 7> Q>% ]/
(Locke, 1997,p.137)
Q> . 869
( 'TJ # $ Ad '( . & • ; <+ Oq
: ' 6I
> J 1 % ]/ f!9
'( ' B0
21 „ . ( ' B0 #9 2 '> F 9 #& '( ) ? ( ' B0 #9
„'(
'( ) 7C 1 )a 9 % )> 2 ( 1
#&
+BI - 2 3 ,A> &
» '> F « '(
.
)$I B & 0 % O7 C B> 9 e % O7 #& &
- .% 2 % > 9 S
2 V )+0 1 H9
Q Ad : ; 2 $C v [ 0 9 1 A+? I 1 I % )< C
#9 0 Q> C L I % O7 A$T> I 1 9 . ? ˆ( S " Q $ #9 ~> C '0 "
. O0 . d 1 )>
#6 I V 9
A*
» 2 % '> F \V «
I 9 . BI L> ,C .
/ I 9 c4 " : 7I #9 3AC )$I d )41
) #, +I Q> #9 A+ >
I (
»
> 9 #&
H> . > 1 9 9 H> )( ( S iTA > 1 ? 9 H> ' B0 B A& J c4 " z 6? Q+ > 9
.(Locke, 1997,p.268) « 4 (
- :1 S 9 (
#9 ( J 3 l Q> $
' B0 PI Q$F #I A A 1 . T& A9
#P R
#& '( . & c> =C
»
^0 Q % 1 > 1 I 1 2 B0 '( : ! .%1
. 39 A? 9 #+? + / #> ( 41 + / % a
(Locke, 1997,p.267)« .
#9 1 '0 "
#4 ( 1 9 ,C %
- 9 )>1 >1 V
'$N* 1 +
C ' B0 ) : Ž )I $Ž* $
1/
. 41 ) f!9 Q$F M 9
' B0
$ PI 1 #P R
#91 $C
1 A$C1 } ' #& 9 J $C O9 P ) HI : 1%
#9 )I $Ž* ' B0 4 '!C C A$C <(
. 1/ '(
8I% ( I . &
1 : 1% Q> ' *
7C ) 1 '( #+ I $ ) ? J ' B0 % )? I . B> )
> a :
1 9 #P R & 0 > 9 #& '( P+< 1 T J V f!9 9 % A . A > I A& ' B0 Q % +BI #9
e P +& - )$I # C
#+? 1 )+ <$ > 9 #& A&
)$I ' B0 E I Q> 9 1 ? 9
3 C
& ' <$ J
„ ) ? J ' B0 #& d
)$I I1 V Q> #9 I C
… L9 ) #& A& K$&
>
:
» 41 1 % 1 > a . 39
1 * A 4 C )A<> 3 ' T J O ? Q> #& >% ( ' <$ J . 91 Q % 1 A&
) L I )a I% . ,>
? : .%1 #ƒI/ AI $ ' B0 '!C #& A$C1 } T&
C
<(
C
) . T A+ A$
)> „ A&
P9 ( #&
|
)( K> #B 9 1 2 ( K> % +$&
2
I 9 P+ / %1 ' <$ 2 " K> )+0 >
. Q> 1 ] ' <$ S Ž&
[ 9
e . AA&
„'( Q?1
/ ' <F1 Q> #& Ad +( 9 1
+?
«
(Locke, 1997,pp.164-165)
.
E F 21 R ( 1 + % f!9 Q$F 1 #& '( )I I ] =C ) I f!9 M
& C
)I $Ž*
)
> a :
» )I I > I%
R ( '!C #& )!
-
> T& !C
#+ a 1 9 )> I C #& )< C I ^0 Q> I
> % / C •
S #&
/ 9 '( >
I & J I #R ( R ( %
- / I ? ΠV
(Locke, 1997, «
p.394) .
$
% #& ; 869
#4 P Q T J ) 9
)I $Ž* C ˆ % V O Ž$C >/
#> J 1 +( 1 #9 ) . ? S <( #9 ( 9 3 1
A&
:
» S1 } « 1
» S
« / 1
' <F1 #& V 9 H> lF1 L> $C # 1
» )a 9 1 ) 7C «
) '(
A 9 .
#I
H> #I 1 ,A>
#4 ( 1 L> $C # 1 [ \
' I Oq .
#9 1 ) & ;
)9 S 6 9 ^4 V Z 7C ) )A % 1 #R( 1
Q> # X 1 AJ a
) O !C #I
#& A&
#9 ) #& )+ 1 V : 0 A& '7!" V a A9 9 V
) Q % #9 $(/ % ' > 9
? :% I .
) & 1 :% I )$3 9 1 H9 . > I V 3 '$N* '( 7, 1 l 1
? #+V A? )I 9% * 1 S < 1 0 1 ! M
A& H+ a 1 9 T9 .
* Q
` I 9 V + a #& 2 P+
+T 9 'P P0 1 A $; 9 1 >%
) '7!"
A&
. ) : 7 #& )+ 1 )$I B A& '7!" I 9 #& A&
) H> #& A&
#9 9% * > 9 1 #& d „ ? 9 #+? 1 I 9 ^> ; / % 1 a &
Q6(
> H9 . ) lF C )+ 1 V #& ' I Q> NA #+74 / ' v 0 C U V A&
) Q > J 9 #B 9 1/
# ) A& + a V • ; 1 #& '( )A< Q>
L d 1 \a
/ #&
)$I )$I A$3
> a
(Locke, 1997,p.173)
.
) #I
) #I 1 V
> NI % V I C
# A& \0 U .
4 ( #d 1 - :1
#d 1
4 ( - 21 9 -
1 I 1 V 9 9
) ',0 2 $C A&
.
# X Q> #& ) &
I V '( ) & K?
#4 ( 1 V : 7 :1 S ! " $ „ A& E1 ?
'( )7 \ ) #& &
. 9 '( 7, Q> 9 A9
#> NI H$ E A
I a 9 #& )P „ #q [ \ #9 A – ^ % C M
I 2 $C / )+0
? 9 )>
. TI 4 + % A #&
I . 'P P0
#& '( Q>
nA 1 1 %
[ \ [7( #9 #& )>
H9 . > I [ \ I +I #& > a [ 9 >
„
$F
#& '? &iC #BA> Q
)7 \
) 1 • ; % 1 9 & 1 ,!+
1 I a . ( ( \4
|
— !4 #9
1. See: (Upton,1993), (Khushf,1994).
)$I )6> C ' < 1 )+ B0 2 NI 9 I +9 ) #& & * Q> % ] C
<
- a 1 'I TV Œ1 #& V Q> )0 ; '( )7 \
Q Ad
#q a
Q * 1
? 9 #+? I )> [ \ • ; / : 0 .
[ ,* 9 '( QB$ * Q>
#9 ) #I Hd #& ( 9 NI 'I TV #9 [ \ K$& #9 C
> J )7 \
#BI/ : 0 1
'( . 9 [ \ Q $ 'I TV O * % )B>
.
Q?1 9 '( +39
? f!9
# X . 91
? 1 .
#ƒI/ #& ? . ? 9
[P* A& B lF1 #9 C '? / 9 )a I
)I C I 1 =+
+ HI )( ( 9
.
#9 C 9 / : 7I #9 1 -$Td (
!9 Q>
'(
9 >
. K? 1 9 4 (
- :1 ) 1 1 3 5T& Q> O" 0 C ' I
.
#+ > ,I/ 1
!9 Q> 2 $C ) " ' * #& 9 ' B0 =+ 1 )( ( )* $+ 2 NI S ‰
'( #P R .
# ( 2 NI Q> A9 1 % %/ S ,I . 3AC 1 ) )7C
' I . tJ
'( . ? †6T 9 . d 1 ,A> C
. ,I )HI Hd <9 2 2
% &
0 - C 2 NI Q> % I 9 )( ( 1 =+ C I +9 #& ) NI „ 9 > NI 9
41 l 1 #& + HI
#4 ( 1 - ) !
79 9 ? .
#9 Π+0 1 \4
f!9 NI 9 Q$F I +9 #& '? )I I 'I TV #9
)7 \
> J .
) :% I Q % #9 $(/ % V #& '( ,A>
„ A&
'V A? -T> I \4
)+ % :% I '< 7;
) 7& 3 'V A? M 9 3 C Q TI a
#&
1 A7 9 1
)A<> V $a
» O & %/ lF1 «
1
» S 1 «
% 0 A* #9 M
I I1 3? )P C
) NI >
$ % 1 a ) % ]/
A&
1997,p.269) (Locke,
.
| &
#& '( †6T
NI S 1 1 %/ ) A D> ? ,A>
.
'( #ƒI/
1
C '? =
> J / )< 7; OP* 9 I J Q$F 1 H9 )< 7; lF1 % S 1 1 %/
- ' B0
L> ,C E F
< ' <F1 V f!9 -
)I .
OP*
I A* #9
) #9 )< 7;
1 1 9 #$ #& $3 9 1 A& . +( 8 P* % > 9 T9 E I #& > a
#+ 9 1 ] #9 '7 I A+
.
• 1 %/ % * H> t& )a I% #9 > 7I t&
I ( 9 [ (/ 1 ' B4
1997,p.271) .(Locke,
#q OP* % )A?1 5> <C ,A>
)$I )I1 e 0 K> #9 OP* & % OPI #9 1 #& '( 3 O9 & )41
'( . & O> !C
1997,p.271) (Locke,
.
9 1 Q>
'( 9 J % A )I $Ž* S 1 S1 } ( 9 '9 )41
. ( L9
lF1 ' I 1 % I H9 )< 7;
. ) 1 % 9 )( ( — !4 #9 H>% 9 * V
A&
.
=+ #& ,I/ % + HI 1 ! )F l9 A #9 # C 9 Q> 9 A9
#9 S ?
. d 9 Q % 9 )B+
? % 9 L I )> ‚ cR( % 9 #BA> L 7I .
tJ ) C
+! %
#4 ( 1 Q>
9 3AC )< 7; lF1 H>% 9 NI % #& & '? 9 ;
• 1 9 #& 9 • I 1 2 / d )I &
a )
#& AA& 1 9 A+ I C
» I1 V
#I A$C1 6( 3 2 $C ]
/ #9 [ I 79 S\4 / % C .
1997,pp.169,290) «
(Locke,
.
H> 0
> NI ) V )I 7 -
9 . ? . / )( ( .
'< 7; % Q> A9 O" 1 1
#+ a A* #9
#9 > 3 A9 nA(
) &
A9 . O" 1 Q>
%/ #9 2 +0 )B>
'( : 1 % * )> #9 2 +0 H> 1 .
S #9 ( C # 0 Q> %
E% A 9 +9 #&
) A& ( J : " Q> % I ) . $ J >% . ' > 9
? . '( Q?1
R9 % #&
-
) a/ '( ( 1 =+ [ \ nAC HAC
. . $ 1
#4 ( 1
%
'( . 9 2 I S 1 S1 } V :
» / #9 V 1 / #9 1 '$<I
A& 41 1 % 1 9/ Q % #& ' a / . 91 1
#& )> L d 2 $C 1 . I J > ) 9 1 „ > 1/ #R ( '!C / 1 >% ( ' <$ J ) '& 0 Q % 9
> ? D AA&
1997,p.156)«
(Locke,
.
#9 Q>
) Q?1 [ C C
#& ? .% /
# * #BA> % O7
? 9 $<+( 9
#9 )+> ] #9 C
#9 #& NI + HI )I 3 S )A<> / % C [
$a
9 L 1
? 6I a% ( ) V NI )I 7
. Q> %
~> C C tB* 9 $<+( 1 a
'
)I 3 S 1 S1 } 9 . $ ) V 2 NI ,> 9 '( L9 9 21
. Q>
) )? I ,I/ % ^RA
? #&
I 9
!9 2 $C %
> 1
% )6> C
> J 9 V M
L I '41 '! = A* #9 H>
1
#9 1 9 '( . .
" * \4 -
'9
) V ] ) V '( ( ^RA 9 #& ' I % , )> J1 T& H> 9 '(
„ S " Q> ] >%
+ HI
$<+ #9 V M
) O> 7C H>
? .
• ; % +
> $I ) V QB$ 0 C L I $<+( ' <F1 )+0 '? )<( #& 9 / .
% + Q>
9 L I
# R( 1 - O=
19 +& % + 2 3d
#9 #&
$a . I HI 3
+ O= Q> C
X - RPI 1 )( ( -
)( ( ' I P* 5R*
4 ( 1 z =V - ' B0
!
)
'( O !C O9 ?
.
A :B
#9 Q>
[ C C
? O !C 1 #>L,C HT 1gJ
#( 9 e A?
#91 1 '(
: :1
| & ) NI #& G)&
1 , A
>
#d ˆB
„
S ) V ] )& 21
1 . 3d1 [ ;
• A+
#I 1 ) " #&
'( S [ & #B 9 %/
. 9 ) B?
+T 9 2 <
)
| & / % )V 9 * tB* 9 :1 .1 a y #& ? y 1 '( )6> C ]
. ? C ~> C '> 1 9 #d a 21 .1 a )41
T> I )( ( Oq #9 -
1 )( (
#7A / )I $C '( . BI # C 1
.
$}
M Ad ) B?/ ,I/ L> $C Q
#& ?
1 4 7 4 1 S <4 R HT 1gJ S > NI \V 2 HA
'4LA > 9 :1 .1 a ( A?
#9 S > NI / 1 >\ˆ9 O & ;
#9 d d 1 )I 7 $ 9 > 1 I A9 &
V 9
%/ ` V > 9 21 .1 a S > NI 9 ) V
S 9 L9 0 C
O PC
. ) ! H> #9 .1 a l; PI l 1 #& L> $C # 1 Q>
? RPI #T>
-
T> I O !C #> NI 1 Q> % K> '$>L*
-
'( )( (
.
" :1 .1 a
|
9
.L HI 1 ' *1 T !9 #9 # C 'V A? 9 1 L> ,C
#q 1 > 2 NI '
#+ > ? 1 V ) > 9 )9 >%
) A&
#B 9 OV cR( #I 21 .1 a < #BI/ : 0 1
| ( ( 1 ΠV '( . 9 )I1 9 cR( )( ( S OBT O0
. 1 #& '( ,A> %
+(
/ > * 5 +6 1 )
a : . ( %/ #9 . & % ]/ 1 % :1 .1 a a 1
.1
S #9 1 . & % ]/ 1 9 % 21
#+ > '(
'(
. B>1 2 ] 9 #4 P Q>
. TI
'( 1 9 1 1 #9 # C m C 'q / 1 „ 1 ) ( . #& '(
.
'( • AC % )4 V #I 1 , A ] #I #& '( )* 8 1gJ Q> H> S 7* #9 .
#9
9
A+ I % #d a 1 9 1 1 H>
K B C )41
>\J B>1 9 1 „ I
1 1 C # C O9 )6> C Š ) )
A? 9 .
C4D E F
:
1. Arneil, Barbara (1992), “Natural Law and Colonialism”, History of Political Thought, vol.13, No.4, pp.587-603.
2. Arneil, Barbara (1994), “Trade, Plantation and Property; John Locke And the Economic Defence of Colonialism”, Journal of History of Idea, V0l.55, pp591-609.
3. Arneil, Barbara (1996(A), “The wild Indian Venison: Locke’s Theory of Property and English Colonialism in America”, Political Studies, Vol.44, No.1,pp.60-74.
4. Arneil, Barbara (1996(B), John Locke And America; The Defence of English Colonialism,Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Ashcraft, C. f. Richard (1986), Revolutionary Politics and Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6. Child, Sir Josiah (1740), A New Discourse of Trade.Forth Edition. London: Hodges.
7. Dunn, John (1967), “Concent in the Political Theory of John Locke”, Historical Journal, Vol. 10, pp153-182.
8. Dunn, John (1968), “Justice and The interpretation of Locke’s Political Theory”, political Studies, vol.16, pp68-87.
9. Dunn, John (1969), The Political Thought of John Locke; An Historical Account of The Argument of the Two Treatises of Government, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. Glausser, Wyne (1990), “Three Approaches to locke and the Slave Trade”. Journal of History of Ideas.V0l.51, pp.199-216.
11. Khushf, George (1994), “Intolerant Tolerance”, The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy,Vol.19, pp.161-181.
12. Lebovics, Herman (1986), “The uses of America in Locke’s Second Treatise on Government”, Journal History of Ideas, Vol. 47, No.4, pp567-574.
13. Locke, John (1967), Two Tracts On Government, Edited with an introduction, notes and Translation, by Philip Abrams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Locke, John (1968), A letter On Toleration, Latin Text Edited with a Preface by Raymond Klibansky. Translated with and Introduction and notes by J. W. Cough. Oxford:
Clarendon Press.
15. Locke, John (1975), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Edited with an introduction, critical apparatus and glossary by Peter H. Niddittch, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
16. Locke, John (1997), Two Treatises of Government, Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Petter Laslett, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Mun, Thomas (1930), A Discourse of Trade from England unto the East-Indies:
Answering to diverse objections which are usually made against the same, first published (1621), New York: The Facsimile Text Society.
18. Mun, Thomas (1949), England’s Treasure by foreign Trade or the Balance of our Foreign Trade Is the Rule of our Treasure, first published (1628), Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
19. Skinner, Quentin (1978), The Foundation of Modern Political Thought, 2 vol. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press,
20. Sreenivasan, Gopal (1995), The Limits of Lockean Rights in Property, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
21. Strauss, Leo (1953), Natural Law and History, Chicago: Chicago University press.
22. Tully, James (1980), A Dicourse on Property: John locke and His Adversaries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. Tully, James (1993), An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Upton, Hugh (1993), “A Letter Concerning Toleration in Focus”, The Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.43, No.173, pp.539-540.
25. Vallentyne, Peter (1998), “Review of John Locke and the Origins of Private Property’
Philosophical Exploration of Idividualism, Community and Equality”. by Matthew H.
Kramer, Ethics, Vol. 109. No. 1. pp.200-202.
26. Velasques, Eduardo A. (1998), “Review of John Locke and the Origins of Private Property; Philosophical Exploration of Individualism, Community and Equality”. By Matthew H. Kramer. American Political Science Review. Vol. 92. No. 3. pp685-686.
27. Wood, Neal (1984), John Locke and Agrarian Capitalism. London and Berkley:
University of California Press.
