➨ 2 ❶ ࠕᾏὒࡢᏳಖ㞀ࠖ
⡿ᅜࡢసᡓᴫᛕࣥࢻὒ㸸ᆅᨻᏛⓗࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ ඵᮌ ┤ே
ࡣࡌࡵ
ᮏሗ࿌᭩ࡢࢸ࣮࣐ࡣࠊ㏆ᖺࠊࣥࢻὒኴᖹὒᆅᇦࢆ୍ࡘࡢࠕᏳಖ㞀」ྜయ㸦security
complex㸧ࠖᤊ࠼ࠊࡇࡢ」ྜయࢆᵓᡂࡍࡿㅖᅜࡀ┤㠃ࡍࡿၥ㢟ࡸㄢ㢟ࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࡇ࡛
࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊࡇࡢၥ㢟ࡸㄢ㢟ࡢศᯒࢆ㏻ࡌ࡚ࠊࢪ࠾ࡅࡿᏳಖ㞀⛛ᗎ̿≉ࠊࣃ࣡
࣮㺃ࢺࣛࣥࢪࢩࣙࣥ௦ࡢࢪࡢᆅᇦᏳಖ㞀⛛ᗎ̿ࡢᵓ⠏⥔ᣢᐤࡍࡿᨻ⟇ࢆᥦ ゝࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋᮏࢭࢡࢩ࡛ࣙࣥࡣࠊ2010 ᖺࡢ⡿ᅜᅜ㜵┬ࡢࠗ4 ᖺẖࡢᅜ㜵ぢ┤ࡋ 㸦Quadrennial Defense Review㸧࡛࠘ゝཬࡉࢀࡓ㝣ㅖᅜࡢ͆A2/AD͇ࢆᴫほࡋࠊࡇࢀᑐᛂ ࡍࡿࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝ㸦AirSea Battle㸧ࠖཬࡧࠕ࢘ࢺࢧࢻ㺃ࣥ㸦Outside In㸧ࠖᵓࢆศ ᯒࡍࡿࠋࡇࡢసᡓᵓࡢ⣽㒊ෆᐜࡣබᘧࡣ᫂ࡽ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ㌷ᡓ␎ࡀኚࡢ 㐣⛬࠶ࡾࠊᑐࢸࣟᡓத௨ᚋࡢᆅᨻᏛⓗ⬣ጾࡢ‽ഛࡀ࡞ࡉࢀࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࡇࡀ᫂ⓑ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽࠊࡇࡢኚࡢ୍⎔ࡋ࡚⡿ᅜࡢࠕࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࠖࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊࢪࡢᆅᇦⓗᏳಖ 㞀ࠊ≉ᾏὒ㒊ศࡢᡓ␎ⓗᯟ⤌ࡳࢆ᫂ࡽࡍࡿࠋ
㸯㸬ࠕࣃ࣮࣡ࢺࣛࣥࢪࢩࣙࣥ௦ࠖࡢసᡓᴫᛕ㸸ᑐA2/ADᡓ␎
A2/AD㸦Anti-Access and Area-Denial㸧ࡢ⣔㆕
෭ᡓᮇ㛫୰ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᏳಖ㞀యไࡣࠊᢚṆ๓᪉ᒎ㛤ࢆ㍈ࡋࡓ㌷ᡓ␎ࢆᒎ㛤ࡋࠊ ᾏእ┦ᙜつᶍࡢᡓຊࢆ㓄ഛࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ⡿ᅜࢩࣥࢡࢱࣥࢡࡢᡓ␎ண⟬ホ౯ ࢭࣥࢱ࣮㸦CSBA㸧ࡢࢡࣞࣆࣀࣅࢵࢳ㸦Andrew Krepinevich㸧ࡣ 2003ᖺࠊࠕ๓᪉ᇶᆅࡢᣢ
⥆ࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠖᣦࡋࠊࡑࡢ⌮⏤ࢆ෭ᡓᚋࡢᡓ␎⎔ቃࡢኚぢฟࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿ1ࠋඛࡎࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ๓᪉ᒎ㛤ࡸᡓຊᢞᑕ⬟ຊࡣࠊసᡓᴫᛕࡢኚ㸦ࠕ㥔␃ࠖែໃ㹼ࠕ㐲ᚁࠖែ
ໃ㸧ࡸᨻⓗไ⣙㸦ྠ┕㹼᭷ᚿ㐃ྜ㸧ࠊᆅ⌮ⓗせᅉ㸦ᇶᆅࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡࡢ⦅㸧➼ࡢㄢ㢟
┤㠃ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ➨ 2 ࠊࡑࡢኚࡼࡗ࡚ࠊἢᓊ㒊ࡸෆ㝣㒊ࡢᩛᑐໃຊࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢసᡓ
ᢠࡍࡿࡇࡀྍ⬟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ㝣㺃ἢᓊㅖᅜࡢA2/AD̿A2㸦Anti-Access;ࠕ
ࢡࢭࢫ㜼Ṇࠖ㸧ࡣࠕྠ┕ᅜᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆ㜼Ṇ㸦㜼ᐖ㸧ࡍࡿࡇࠖࢆ┠ⓗࡋࠊ
AD㸦Area-Denial ࠕ࢚ࣜᣄྰࠖ㸧ࡣࠕ⣮தᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ⡿㌷ࡢ⾜ືࡢ⮬⏤ࢆᢚไࡍࡿࡇ
ࠖࢆ┠ⓗࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ̿⬟ຊࡀᒎ㛤㏵ୖ࠶ࡿࠋ➨3ࠊ㝣㺃ἢᓊㅖᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡀ㣕
㌍ⓗᣑࡉࢀࠊྠ┕ᅜᑐࡍࡿእᅽຊࠊᑐᢠ㒊㝲ࡢෆ㝣㒊㓄ഛࠊ┠ᶆタࡢ㜵ᚚᙉ㺃
⪷ᇦࡢタᐃࠊᙎ㐨㺃ᕠ⯟࣑ࢧࣝࡢᶵື㺃ศᩓࠊ⯟✵ᶵࡢࢫࢸࣝࢫࠊࢿࢵࢺ࣮࣡ࢡᨷᧁ
➼ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࡀቑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ≧ἣࡀࠊCSBA ࡀศᯒࡍࡿA2/AD ࡢ⌧≧ྍ⬟ᛶ࡛
࠶ࡿ2ࠋ
୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊ㸹ࠕࢻࣛࢦࣥࡢ᳇ᐙ㸦RAND, 2007㸧ࠖ
ࣛࣥࢻ◊✲ᡤ㸦RAND㸧ࡣࠊ2007ᖺࠗࢻࣛࢦࣥࡢ᳇ᐙධࡍࡿ㸦Entering the Dragon's Lair㸧࠘ࢆබหࡋࠊ୰ᅜࡢA2/ADᡓ␎ࡢศᯒ⡿ᅜᑐࡍࡿᙳ㡪ࢆ⪃ᐹࡋࡓࠋࡇࡢሗ࿌᭩ࡣࠊ
୰ᅜࡢA2/ADᡓ␎ࡀ⡿ᅜࡢ⣮தࢆᐃࡋࠊࠕ୰ᅜࡀ⡿ᅜࡢ㌷సᡓ᭱ࡢᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍ
᪉ἲࢆ᳨ウࠖࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡢ≉ᚩࡣࠊேẸゎᨺ㌷ࡢࠕࣁࢸࢡ
≧ἣ࠾ࡅࡿᒁᆅᡓࠖࢻࢡࢺࣜࣥ♧ࡉࢀࠊ୰ᅜࡢ㌷ⓗᙅⅬࡢㄆ㆑┦ᑐⓗᙉⅬࡢᴟ
ࠊᩛࡢᙅⅬࡢ⏝ࡀᙉㄪࡉࢀࡓወく㺃ඛไᨷᧁᣦྥ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ୰ᅜࡢ㌷ᡓ␎ࡣࠊࠕࣁࢸ ࢡ≧ἣୗࡢᒁᆅᡓࠖࡸࠕඛไ㺃ወくᨷᧁࠖࠊࠕ┤᥋ⓗᑐᓖࡢᅇ㑊ࠖ➼ࠊ⡿ᅜᑐࡍࡿ㠀ᑐ⛠
ࣉ࣮ࣟࢳ║ࡀ⨨ࢀࠊࡑࡢᨻᡓ␎ࡋ࡚᪥⡿ྠ┕ࡢไ㝈ࡸእⓗᙉไࠊྠ┕ᅜࡢ ᇶᆅࡢ᭷ຠᛶࡢ๐ῶࡸ୰ᅜ㏆㑹ᾏᇦ࡛ࡢ⡿ᾏ㌷సᡓࡢጉᐖࡀᣦࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ3ࠋ୰ᅜࡢ
A2/ADᡓ␎ᑐࡋ࡚ࡣࠊձ⯟✵ᇶᆅࡢ㜵✵⬟ຊࡢᙉ㸭㔜せタ࿘㎶ࡢ࣑ࢧࣝ㜵⾨ࢩࢫࢸ
࣒ࡢ㓄ഛ㸹ղ≉Ṧ㒊㝲ࡢ㜵ᚚࡢᙉ㸭⯟✵ᇶᆅ㜵⾨ࡢከゅ㸹ճ ‴࠾ࡅࡿᾏ㌷Ⰴ⯲
ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡢ๐ῶ㸹մᣦ⟶ไ㺃㏻ಙ㺃ࢥࣥࣆ࣮ࣗࢱ㺃ሗ㺃┘ど㺃ഄᐹࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡢඞ
᭹㸹յ㧗㧗ᗘ᰾⇿Ⓨຠᯝࡢᢚไ㺃⦆㸭ྠ┕ㅖᅜࡢ⬟ຊࡢྥୖ㸹նᙎ㐨࣑ࢧࣝ㜵⾨ࡢᨵⰋࠊ
➼ࡢᥐ⨨ࡀලయⓗᥦゝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ4ࠋ
ࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࠖᵓ㸹ᡓຊᢞᑕࡢㄢ㢟
㝣ㅖᅜ᭱᪂㌷ᢏ⾡ࡀᬑཬࡍࡿࡇࡼࡗ࡚ࠊすኴᖹὒࡸ࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴࠾ࡅࡿ⡿ᅜ ࡢᡓ␎ࡣ᪂ࡓ࡞ᣮᡓࢆཷࡅࠊࡑࡢࣜࢫࢡࢥࢫࢺࢆ㍍ῶࡍࡿᡓ␎ⓗ㑅ᢥ⫥ࡀᚲせ࡞ࡗ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋ᪂ࡓ࡞సᡓᴫᛕࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࠖࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡸࣛࣥࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࢆ᪂ࡓ࡞ᡓ␎ⓗ
ᣮᡓཷࡅṆࡵࠊ⡿㌷ࡢᡓຊᢞᑕ⬟ຊࡢᣮᡓ↔Ⅼࢆᙜ࡚࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୧ᆅᇦࡣ㝣ᾏὒ ࡢᕪ㡿ᇦ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ✵㌷ᾏ㌷ࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃ㝣㌷ࡸᾏර㝲ࢆྵࢇࡔ⤫ྜⓗ࡞సᡓᵓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ
᪤Ꮡࡢ㏆௦ᡓࡢసᡓ⎔ቃࡢ┦㐪
̿
࠼ࡤே㐨ᨭ➼̿
ࢆㄆ㆑ࡋࠊᡓதࡸᡓ㜚ࡢᴫᛕⓗኚࢆど㔝ධࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ๓᪉ᇶᆅࡢ⬤ᙅᛶࡣ⡿ᅜࡢᢚṆⓗ⾜ືࢆ㜼Ṇ࣭㜼ᐖ ࡍࡿせᅉ࡞ࡾࠊࡑࡢ㠀⬤ᙅࡶసᡓᵓࡢ୍㒊ྵࡲࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡢࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺ
ࡢࢡࢭࢫࢥࢫࢺࣜࢫࢡࡀ㈇Ⲵࡉࢀࡿሙྜࠊࡇࢀࢆ㝖ࡍࡿࡇࡀ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ⓗఏ⤫
࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋᡓຊᢞᑕ⬟ຊࡢ☜ಖࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢୡ⏺ᡓ␎ࡢ᰿ᖿࢆᡂࡍࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ
࡚ࠊࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࠖࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ⓗఏ⤫ྜ⮴ࡋࡓᵓ࡛ࡶ࠶ࡿࠋ
ࠕᡓຊᢞᑕࠖࡸࠕࢩ࣮ࣃ࣮࣡ࠖࡀ᪂ࡓ࡞ᴫᛕ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡢྠᵝࠊṔྐⓗࠊᾏὒㅖᅜࡣ
A2/ADࡢ⬣ጾ┤㠃ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓࠋ୧ᡓࡢࢻࢶ₯ỈⰄᡓࡸࢯ㐃ᾏ㌷ࡢࢦࣝࢩࢥࣇᡓ␎ࡣࠊ
᪥ⓗࡣ“A2”࡛࠶ࡿࠋ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ᡓதࡣẸ᪘ゎᨺᡓ⥺ࡢADᡓ␎࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊࡇࢀ
ᑐᢠࡍࡿࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࠖࡣࠊఏ⤫ⓗ࡞ᡓຊᢞᑕసᡓࡢᩥ⬦⨨ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡋࠊ A2/AD⬣ጾࡣẁ㝵ⓗኚࡋ࡚ࡁ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1990ᖺ௦ࡽ2000ᖺึ㢌ࡅ࡚ࠊA2/ADࡣࠕ㠀
ᑐ⛠㸦asymmetric㸧ࠖ⬣ጾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢤࣜࣛࡸࢸࣟࠊ࣮ࣟࢸࢡරჾ➼ࡀ↔Ⅼ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡓࠋ⌧
ᅾࠊ㝣ࡽࡢ⬣ጾࡣᚲࡎࡋࡶࠕ㠀ᑐ⛠࡛ࠖࡣ࡞ࡃࠊᒁᆅⓗࡣ⡿ᾏ㌷ࡸྠ┕ᅜࡢᑐ➼
࡞ᡓ㜚⬟ຊᣑࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮࣭ࣂࢺࣝࠖࡣࠊ㏻ᖖ⣮தഛ࠼ࡿసᡓᵓ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ
ᩛໃຊࡢA2/AD⬣ጾᑐᛂࡍࡿࡇࡀᏳಖ㞀ᡓ␎ࡢ୰ᚰⓗ㑅ᢥ⫥࡞ࡾࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋ᭱⤊ⓗ
ࡣࠊసᡓࡽᏳಖ㞀⯡ࢃࡓࡿᗈ⠊࡞㡿ᇦࢆ⥙⨶ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮࣭
ࣂࢺࣝࠖࡣᴫᛕୖࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᡓຊᢞᑕ⬟ຊࡢࠕࣞࢥࣥ࢟ࢫࢱ㸦ኻᆅᅇ㸧ࠖホ౯ࡍࡿࡇ
ࡀ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡣࠊࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࠖࢆ㏻ࡌࠊ㝣ໃຊࡼࡿ᪂ࡓ࡞㌷ⓗᣮᡓᑐᢠ ࡍࡿᡓຊᢞᑕ⬟ຊࢆホ౯ࡋࠊ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇࢆ☜ㄆࡋࡓࡢ࡛࠶ࡿ5ࠋ
ࠕ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࠖᵓ
ࠕ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࠖᵓࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡢᑐᛂ⟇ࡋ࡚⡿ᅜ㜵Ꮫ 㸦NDU㸧ࡢࠕᡓ␎ࣇ࢛࣮࣒ࣛ㸦Strategic Forum㸧ࠖᥖ㍕ࡉࢀࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᵓࡣࠊ
࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࡢᢈุ
̿
රჾࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢᡓ⾡ⓗゎㄝ⤊ጞ̿
ࡽ㛤ጞࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡢ┠ⓗࡣࠊ㝣࿘㎶ᑐࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢࠕၟᴗⓗࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺࡢࢡࢭ ࢫࠖࠕྠ┕ᅜᑐࡍࡿ㛵ࡢពᛮ㺃⬟ຊࡢಖド࡛ࠖ࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢᡭẁࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᅜࡢ㌷⾜
ືࢆᢚṆࡋࠊ᰾࢚ࢫ࣮࢝ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆᴟ㝈ࡍࡿ➼ࡢᖹࡢࠕಙ㢗ᛶࠖࡢ☜ಖ㔜Ⅼࡀ⨨
ࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊᡓ␎┠ᶆࡀ㝈ᐃࡉࢀࠊ࢚ࢫ࣮࢝ࣞࢩࣙࣥࡢ㜼ṆᏳᐃࡢᅇࢆ┠
ᣦࡋࡓࠕ㜵⾨ⓗ㺃ᢚไⓗࠖᵓᐃ⩏ࡍࡿࡇࡀ࡛ࡁࡿ6ࠋ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࡶࠊ୰ᅜ
ࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࢆ῝้ཷࡅṆࡵ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢᢚṆࡸಖドࢆᣑࡋࠊែࡢᛴ㏿࡞࢚ࢫ࢝
࣮ࣞࢩࣙࣥࢆ㜼Ṇࡋ࡚ࠊ⤒῭ⓗᦆኻࡢᴟ㝈ࡸ㈠᫆ࢩࢫࢸ࣒ࡢ⦅ࠊ⤒῭ⓗ┦౫Ꮡᨻ
ⓗᑐ❧ࡢゎỴࡶど㔝ධࢀࡓ⌧ᐇⓗ࡞ᵓ࡛࠶ࡿࠋỴᐃⓗ࡞ࢆ┠ᣦࡍࡢ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ
⣮தࡢゎỴࢆ‽ഛࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢᡓ␎ⓗࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡀᥦゝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ7ࠋ୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡢ ᑐᢠࢆᶍ⣴ࡍࡿ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࡣࠊࡶࠊᚋࡢ⡿ᅜࡢᑐ
࣮ࣘࣛࢩ㺃ᮾࢪᡓ␎ࢆண ࡍࡿ᭱㐺ࡢ㈨ᩱ࡞ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ୧ᵓࡶ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࿘㎶
ࡢᾏὒ㒊ศࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆලయⓗグ㏙ࡋࡓⅬ࡛ࠊ࿘㎶㒊ศ⨨ࡍࡿ⡿ᅜࡢྠ┕ᅜ
ࡗ࡚ࠊ◊✲ࢆಁ㐍ࡍࡁ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࣂࣛࣥࢩࣥࢢࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ⓗ
ࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺࡀ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࡛ࡢぞᶒᅜࡢྎ㢌㜵Ṇ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ㝣ࡢᅜ㛫ᡓதࡽ⡿ᅜࢆ㝸㞳 ࡋࠊྠ┕ᅜࡢࠕ㈇ᢸศᢸࡽ㈇ᢸ⛣ື㸦from Burden Sharing to Burden Shifting㸧ࠖࢆᶍ⣴
ࡍࡿᆒ⾮ࡢ☜ಖࢆពࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡑࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࡣࠊ༢⊂ぞᶒⓗ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃ⮬ᕫᢚ ไⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࢥࢫࢺ㍍ῶࡸᾏ✵㌷㔜どࠊከᴟୡ⏺ࡢᑐᛂ㐺ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡗࡓࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊ ࠕᆅᨻᏛୖࠊᾏࢆ㝸࡚ࡓ͆Ἀྜ㸦offshore㸧͇ࡽ㝣㛫ࡢᆒ⾮ࢆᅗࡿࠖᡓ␎࡛࠶ࡿࠋᑐࢸࣟ
ᡓத⤊ᚋࠊ㈈ᨻၥ㢟ᑐฎࡍࡿ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠊᅜ㜵ண⟬ࡢ๐ῶࡸ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ࿘㎶ᆅᇦࡢᏳ ᐃ➼ࡢࢪ࣐ࣞࣥᑐᛂࡍࡿࡓࡵࠊࠕ㑅ᢥⓗ㛵ࠖࡸࠕ࢜ࣇࢩࣙࠖ➼ࡢᴫᛕࡀᥦ♧ࡉࢀࡘ ࡘ࠶ࡿ8ࠋ
ࠕ࢘ࢺࢧࢻ࣭ࣥࠖᵓ㸹࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙࡢ༴ᶵ
୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊྠᵝࠊࣛࣥࡣ࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴ࡢ⡿ᅜࡢ㌷సᡓࢆ㜼Ṇࠊጉᐖࡍࡿ⬟ຊࢆ
ಖ᭷ࡋࡘࡘ࠶ࡿࠋCSBAࡢ࢞ࣥࢪࣥࢪ࣮ࣕ㸦Mark Gunzinger㸧ࡣࠊすኴᖹὒ࠾ࡅࡿ୰ᅜࡢ
A2/AD⬣ጾᑐᢠࡍࡿࢥࣥࢭࣉࢺࡀ࢚ࢩ࣮࣭ࣂࢺ࡛ࣝ࠶ࡿࡢᑐࡋ࡚ࠊࣛࣥࡢA2/AD
ᑐᢠࡍࡿᵓࡀࠊࠕ࢘ࢺࢧࢻ࣭ࣥ㸦Outside In㸧࡛ࠖ࠶ࡿ㏙࡚࠸ࡿ9ࠋࣛࣥࡢ
A2/AD⬣ጾࡣ୰ᅜࡢ⢭ᐦㄏᑟරჾࡸᙎ㐨࣑ࢧࣝࡣ␗࡞ࡾࠊࢸࣟ㞟ᅋࡸᾏୖ㝖⬟ຊ
㸦ᶵ㞾ࠊ㧗㏿ᑠᆺⰄ⯲㸧➼ࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠࡞ᡓຊࢆ୰ᚰࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡿࠋ≉ࠊ㏻㔞ࡢከ࠸
⊃㝼࡞ᾏᓙ
̿
࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙ̿
࡛ࡢᶵ㞾ᩜタࡣࠊ⤯࡞ຠᯝᙳ㡪ຊࢆཬࡰࡍࠋ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏ ᓙ࠾ࡅࡿᶵ㞾ࡢ⬣ጾ㆙㚝ࢆ㬆ࡽࡋࡓࡢࡣࠊCSBAࡀ᭱ึ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋ᪤2008ᖺኟࠊࠗࣥࢱ࣮ࢼࢩࣙࢼ࣭ࣝࢭ࢟ࣗࣜࢸ࠘ㄅࡣࠊMITࡢࢱ࣐ࣝࢵࢪ㸦Caitlin Talmadge㸧ࡢㄽᩥࠕࢡ
࣮ࣟࢪࣥࢢ࣭ࢱ࣒㸦Closing Time㸧ࠖࢆᥖ㍕ࡋࠊࣛࣥࡢ⬣ጾࢆ᳨ウࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ10ࠋ௬ࠊ
ࣛࣥࡀ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙᶵ㞾ࢆᩜタࡍࢀࡤࠊࡑࡢ㝖ཤࡸ↓ຊ㸦ᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ࣭ᤲᾏసᡓ㸧
ࡣ༢⣧ィ⟬࡛1ࣨ᭶௨ୖࡢᮇ㛫ࡀᚲせࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ11ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊ࢞ࣥࢪࣥࢪ࣮ࣕࡣࠊ ᾏᓙ࠾ࡅࡿ⡿ᅜࡸྠ┕ᅜࡢᑐᶵ㞾ᡓⰄ⯲ࡀࣛࣥࡢ⯟✵ᶵࡸ࣑ࢧࣝࠊ㝣ୖⅆ◙ࡢ⬣ጾ
ࡉࢀࡿྍ⬟ᛶࢆᣦࡋࠊᶵ㞾ᤲᾏࡢᐇࡲ࡛⬣ጾࢆ㝖ࡍࡿᚲせᛶࢆᣦࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙࡢᶵ㞾ᤲᾏࡣࠊඛ❧ࡗ࡚ࣛࣥࡢ⯟✵ᇶᆅࡸ࣑ࢧ࣭ࣝⅆ◙ᇶᆅࢆᨷᧁࡋࠊ
㝖ࡍࡿࡇࡀྍḞ࡛࠶ࡾࠊእ㒊ࡽෆ㒊㸦࢘ࢺࢧࢻ࣭ࣥ㸧ࡢᨷᧁࡀᚲせ࡞
ࡿ12ࠋࡇࡢᨷᧁᶵ㞾ᤲᾏࡢ㛫ࢆ຺ࡍࢀࡤࠊ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙࡢၟᴗάືࡣ㛗ᮇ㛫
̿
≧ἣࡼࢀࡤ1ᖺ௨ୖ
̿
ࢃࡓࡗ࡚㛢㙐ࡉࢀࠊୡ⏺⤒῭ࡁ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆ࠼ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᑐ ᶵ㞾ᡓ㺃ᤲᾏ⬟ຊࡣࠊ┦ᑐⓗ⬤ᙅ̿
⪁ᮙ⦰ῶ̿
࡛࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜᾏ㌷Ꮫࡢࢺ࣮ࣝࣂ࣮㸦Scott Truver㸧ࡣࠊྠ┕ᅜࠊ≉᪥ᮏࡸⱥᅜࡢᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ༠ຊࡢᚲせᛶࢆຊㄝࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ13ࠋ
ᶵ㞾ࡑࡢࡶࡢࡣ19ୡ⣖௨᮶ࡢᪧᘧරჾ࡛ࡣ࠶ࡿࡀࠊࡑࡢຠᯝᙳ㡪ຊࡣࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣜࢮ࣮ࢩ
ࣙࣥࡢ㐍ࡋࡓ⌧௦♫῝้ཬࡧࠊࠕ㠀ᑐ⛠ࠖරჾࡋ࡚ඃ⚽࡞ࠕᢞ㈨ຠ⋡ࠖࢆ♧ࡋ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㸰㸬⡿ᅜࡢࣥࢻὒᡓ␎㸹ࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺᣮᡓࡢ✵㛫 ࣥࢻὒࡢᡓ␎ⓗ౯್⡿ᅜࡢᅜ┈
2010ᖺ࢝ࣉࣛࣥ㸦Robert Kaplan㸧ࡀࠗࣔࣥࢫ࣮ࣥ࠘ࢆⴭࡋ࡚௨᮶ࠊࣥࢻὒࡣᡓ␎ᆅᨻ Ꮫⓗࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺࡢせ࡞୰ᯡ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿ14ࠋ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ᅜ㝿ၥ㢟◊✲ᡤ㸦Center for Strategic and International Studies㸧ࡢࢢ࣮ࣜࣥ㸦Michael Green㸧࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢ࣮ࣟ࢘
ᅜ㝿ᨻ⟇◊✲ᡤ㸦Lowy Institute for International Policy㸧ࡢࢩ࣮ࣗࣛ㸦Andrew Shearer㸧ࡣࠊ
ࠗ࣡ࢩࣥࢺࣥ㺃ࢡ࣮࢜ࢱ࣮ࣜ࠘ㄅୖࠕ⡿ᅜࡢࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࠖࢆⓎ⾲ࡋࠊࣥࢻὒࡢᡓ␎ⓗ
౯್ࡘ࠸࡚ໟᣓⓗ࡞ศᯒࢆ⾜ࡗࡓ15ࠋࡇࡢㄽᩥᣐࢀࡤࠊࣥࢻὒࡢᆅᨻᏛⓗ㔜せᛶࡣࠊ
⡿ᅜࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡸ᪥ᮏࡢᏳಖ㞀ࢥ࣑ࣗࢽࢸ࣮࡛ࡶㄆ㆑ࡉࢀࡣࡌࡵ
࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡘࡲࡾࠊࣥࢻὒࡣࢩ࣮࣮ࣞࣥ㜵⾨ୖࡢ㔜せ࡞⨨࠶ࡾࠊࡇࡇࢆ㏻㐣ࡍࡿࢩ࣮
࣮ࣞࣥࡀ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙࡸ࣐ࣛࢵ࢝ᾏᓙ➼ࡢせ⾪㸦ࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺ㸧ࢆᢪ࠼㎸ࢇ࡛࠾ࡾࠊ
ࣛࣥࡸ୰ᅜࡢ㌵㎚ࡀண ࡉࢀࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊ୰㛗ᮇⓗࡣࣥࢻ୰ᅜࡢࣃ࣮࣡ࢤ࣮࣒
ࡢ⯙ྎ࡞ࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿ16ࠋࡇࡢᆅᇦ࠾ࡅࡿ⡿ᅜࡢᅜ┈ࡣࠊඛࡎࠊᅜ㝿㈠᫆ࡢࠕࣁ࢘
࢙ࠖࡋ࡚ࣥࢻὒࢆ⥔ᣢࡍࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢࣁ࢙࢘ࡣᮾࢪࡢ≀㈨㍺㏦ࡢ 75%௨ୖࡀ㏻㐣ࡋࠊୡ⏺⤒῭ࢪࡢᏳᐃከ࡞ᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡣኴᖹὒ࣭
すὒࡢ୧ഃࡽࣥࢻὒࢆ⤒⏤ࡋ࡚ࠊ୰ᮾ᪉㠃ࡢࣉ࣮ࣟࢳࢆྍ⬟ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ㸦1991 ᖺࡢ‴ᓊᡓதࠊ2001ᖺ௨㝆ࡢᑐࢸࣟᡓத㸧ࠋ⌧ᅾࠊࣥࢻὒࣁ࢙࢘ࡣᩛᑐⓗໃຊࡽ┤
᥋ⓗ⬣ጾࢆཷࡅ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊࢸࣟࡸᾏ㈫⾜Ⅽࡣἢᓊᆅᇦᑒࡌ㎸ࡵࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ ࢢ࣮ࣜࣥࢩ࣮ࣗࣛࡣࠊࠕ୰ᅜࡸࣛࣥ➼ࡢᾏୖᡓຊᢞධ⬟ຊ㸦maritime power-projection
capabilities㸧ࡣ㝈ᐃⓗ࡛࠶ࡾࠊࣁ࢙࢘ࡢ⥔ᣢࡸ⯟⾜ࡢ⮬⏤ࡣ㛗ᮇⓗ࣭ᑗ᮶ⓗ࡞ᠱᛕ࡛࠶
ࡿࠖホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ17ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࣥࢻὒࣁ࢙࢘ࡢᡓ␎ⓗࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺ̿࣍
࣒ࣝࢬᾏᓙ࣐ࣛࢵ࢝ᾏᓙ㸦༡ࢩࢼᾏ᥋⥆㸧̿ࡣࠊᩛᑐⓗ࡞ㅖᅜࡽࡢᅽຊࡀቑࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋࣛࣥࡣ≧ἣᛂࡌ࡚࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙࢆᑒ㙐ࡍࡿពᛮ⬟ຊࢆ᭷ࡋࠊ୰ᅜࡣᾏᇦᨭ㓄 ࡢᙇࢆ✚ᴟⓗᒎ㛤̿༡ࢩࢼᾏࠊ᪥ᮏࡸ㡑ᅜ┤⤖ࡍࡿᾏୖ㏻㊰⨨ࡍࡿᓥᕋࡸᒾ
♋ࡢᨭ㓄̿ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜᾏ㌷ࡢ௵ົࡣࠊࣥࢻὒࡢ୧➃ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃ࡛࠶
ࡿࡀࠊ㝣ഃࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡀᣑࢆ⥆ࡅࢀࡤࠊ௵ົࡢ㐩ᡂࡀᅔ㞴࡞ࡿࠋ⌧ᅾࠊࣥࢻὒࣁ
࢙࢘ࡀ⬣ጾࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡀࠊᡓ␎ⓗࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࢆᏳᐃࡉࡏࡿࡓ
ࡵࡢලయⓗᨻ⟇ࡀồࡵࡽࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ᪥ᮏࡣࣥࢻࡢᾏ㌷㺃Ᏻಖ㞀༠ຊ㛵ಀࢆಁ㐍ࡋࠊ2008 ᖺࡣࠕᏳಖ㞀༠ᐃ㸦security agreements㸧ࠖㄪ༳ࡋࠊࣥࢻὒࡢᡓ␎ⓗ㔜せᛶࢆබᘧ
☜ㄆࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋୖグࡢᡓ␎ᆅᨻᏛⓗ࡞せᅉ̿ࣥࢻὒࣁ࢙࢘ࡢ⮬⏤⯟⾜ࡢ⥔ᣢࠊࣥ
ࢻὒ୧➃ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃࠊᅜ㛫ᑐ❧ࡢྍ⬟ᛶ̿ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ᪂ࡓ࡞௦ࢆぢᤣ
࠼ࡓᡓ␎⟇ᐃࡢฟⓎⅬ⨨ࡋࠊྠࠊྠ┕ㅖᅜࡢࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺࢆつᐃࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
ࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࡢㄢ㢟
⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ᆅᨻᏛⓗࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺ̿ࣁ࢙࢘ࡢ⮬⏤ࡢ⥔ᣢࠊᅜ㛫ᑐ❧ࡢゎᾘࠊࢳࣙ
࣮ࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃ̿ࡢ☜ಖࡣࠊ5㡯┠ࡢㄢ㢟ࡢゎỴࡀᚲせ࡛࠶ࡿ18ࠋࡑࡢ5ࡘࡣࠊᢞ ධᡓຊ㔞ࠊᇶᆅ⦅ࡢྍྰࠊໃຊᆒ⾮ࠊᆅᇦᶵᵓࠊྎ‴ၥ㢟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡇࡢ࠺ࡕࠊᢞධᡓຊ
ࡸᇶᆅࠊໃຊᆒ⾮ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࠕ⥭⦰௦ࡢᡓ␎㸦Strategy in Austerity㸧ࠖ㉳ᅉࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶
ࡾࠊ㈈ᨻ๐ῶຠ⋡ࡢ㐣⛬᳨࡛ウࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ19ࠋ࢜ࣂ࣐ᨻᶒࡣࢪࡢಖドኴᖹὒ㌷
ࡢ⥔ᣢࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊ୧ࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢ⥔ᣢࡣ⬟ຊ㊊࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊつᶍ
࡞ண⟬๐ῶࡣࠊኴᖹὒ㌷ྠ┕ㅖᅜࡢࣥࢱ࣮࢜࣌ࣛࣅࣜࢸࡸᢚṆຠᯝࢆపῶࡉࡏࡿ20ࠋ ࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᢞධᡓຊ㔞ࡢ㊊ࡀᡓຊࡢ㉁ⓗྥୖྠ┕ᅜࡢᐤࡼࡗ࡚㝈ᐃࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊ ᇶᆅ⦅ࡣࢹ࢚ࢦ㺃࢞ࣝࢩ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡢᇶᆅࡢάᛶ࡛ゎỴࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋ ࡉࡽࠊࡇࡢࡇࡣ༡ࢩࢼᾏ࠾ࡅࡿᾏୖ㏻㊰ࡢಖㆤ㔜せ࡞Ⅼࢆᥦ౪ࡋࠊᮾ༡ࢪ
ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࢆᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴ࡢࢡࢭࢫࢆྍ⬟ࡍࡿࠋ⡿ᅜྠ┕ᅜ̿
≉᪥ᮏ࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜ̿ࡢ⿵㛵ಀࡀᏳᐃࡍࢀࡤࠊໃຊᆒ⾮ࡢၥ㢟ࡣࣥࢻὒ࠾
ࡅࡿࣥࢻࡢඃࡢᨭᣢཬࡧࣥࢻ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ⓗ༠ຊࡢ⥭ᐦࡼࡗ࡚Ᏻᐃࡍࡿࠋࡘࡲ
ࡾࠊ୰ᅜࡢࠕ᰾ᚰⓗ┈ࠖࡢ┤᥋ⓗᦶ᧿ࢆᅇ㑊ࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊᾏὒẸ⩏ᅜᐙ㸦major maritime
democracies㸧ࡢඹ㏻ࡢ┈ࡀ☜ಖࡉࢀࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࠕ⡿ᅜࡢࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࠖࡣᆅᇦᶵᵓ
ྎ‴ၥ㢟ࡶゝཬࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊႚ⥭ࡢᡓ␎ⓗㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞ࡃࠊ㛗ᮇⓗࡘከゅⓗど㔝ࡽ
ࡢᑐฎゎỴࡀᙇࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿ21ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࡢㄢ㢟ࡣࠊ⦰ῶ௦
࠾ࡅࡿྜ⌮ⓗ࡞ᡓຊ⦅ཬࡧྠ┕ᅜㅖᅜࡢ⿵㛵ಀࡢ᳨ウࡼࡗ࡚ゎỴࡉࢀࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿࠋࣥࢻὒ࠾࠸࡚ࡣࠊࡇࡢഴྥࡀ≉ඛ㗦ࡍࡿ࡛࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
⌧ᅾࡢᏳಖ㞀⎔ቃࡶᣊࢃࡽࡎࠊࣥࢻὒ࠾ࡅࡿᏳಖ㞀ᛴ㏕ࡢ༴ᶵࡀ㏕ࡗ࡚࠸
ࡿࢃࡅ࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏙࡚ࡁࡓࡼ࠺ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢ㔜せ࡞ࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺࠊ ࡍ࡞ࢃࡕࠊᾏୖࡢ㔜せ㈠᫆ࣁ࢙࢘ࡢ⥔ᣢࠊ㔜せ࡞ࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺᑐࡍࡿ⦲῝㜵ᚚ ࡢ⥔ᣢࠊࢪ࠾ࡅࡿᗈ⠊࡞ᡓ␎ᆅᨻᏛⓗ➇ྜࡸᑐ❧ᑐࡍࡿᆅᇦⓗᏳᐃࡢ☜ಖࡀྍ
Ḟ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡣࠊࡇࢀࡽࡢၥ㢟ᑐฎࡋࠊᆅᇦⓗ༴ᶵࢆᅇ㑊ࡋ࡚ࡁࡓṔྐࡀᏑ ᅾࡋࠊࡑࡢ㒔ᗘࠊྠ┕ᅜࡸዲᅜㄪᩚࡋࠊ㈨※ࢆࡾᙜ࡚࡚ࡁࡓᐇ⦼ࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࡇࢀࡽࡢ
ࣥࢱࣞࢫࢺࡢ☜ಖࡣࠊ᪂ࡓ࡞ᆅᇦࢽࢩࢸࣈࡸ⛛ᗎࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊࡘ࡚ࡢྠ┕ᵓ 㐀ࡸᾏ㌷ຊࡢ⥔ᣢ㸦≉࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࠊࡉࡽࣁ࢙࢘̿ࢹ࢚ࢦ㺃࢞ࣝࢩ
࣮࢜ࢫࢺࣛࣜࡽᨭࡍࡿ㸧ࠊᮾࢪ࠾ࡅࡿᙉຊ࡞ྠ┕㛵ಀ➼ࡀ㔜せ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ
ྠࠊྎ‴ᑐࡍࡿࢥ࣑ࢵࢺ࣓ࣥࢺࢆ☜ㄆࡋࠊࣥࢻࡢᡓ␎ⓗࣃ࣮ࢺࢼ࣮ࢩࢵࣉࢆ⫱
ᡂࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿ22ࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺࡞ᨻⓗ㺃ᡓ␎ⓗ⫼ᬒࡽࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃࡣࠊ⥭ᛴ ࡢㄢ㢟࡛ࡣ࡞࠸ࡶࡢࡢࠊ₯ᅾⓗ࡞༴ᶵⓗ≧ἣࢆ♧၀ࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ⬣ጾࡢ㢧ᅾࢆᢚṆ ࡍࡿࡓࡵࡢㅖ᪉⟇ࡀᚲせ࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
㸱㸬᪥ᮏࡢㄢ㢟㸸᪥⡿ྠ┕ࠕබඹ㈈ࠖࡢどⅬࡽ
ࡇࢀࡲ࡛㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࣥࢻὒࢆぢᤣ࠼ࡓ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎ࡣࠊ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙ༡ࢩࢼᾏࢆ
ࠕࣥࢻὒࣁ࢙࢘ࠖࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺつᐃࡋࠊࡇࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃࢆィ
ࡿࡇ࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊලయⓗ࡞ᨻ⟇ᡓ␎ࡋ࡚ࡣࠊ⡿ᅜྠ┕ᅜࡀࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏
ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃࡢࡼ࠺࡞ࠕබඹ㈈ࠖࢆᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿྰࡀ↔Ⅼ࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ࣮ࣘࣛࢩ
ࡢ࿘㎶㒊ศ⨨ࡋࠊ⡿ᅜࡢྠ┕ࢆሀᣢࡋ࡚ࡁࡓ᪥ᮏࡗ࡚ࠊ⡿ᅜࡢᡓ␎సᡓࢥࣥ
ࢭࣉࢺ࢚̿ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࡸ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࢥࣥࢺ࣮ࣟࣝࠊ࢘ࢺࢧࢻ㺃ࣥ̿ࡢᩚྜᛶࡸ
⿵㛵ಀࢆ᳨ウࡋࠊࡶᆅᇦⓗබඹ㈈ࢆᥦ౪࡛ࡁࡿయไࢆᵓ⠏ࡍࡿࡇࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋ ᮏ✏ࡢ๓ẁ࡛ศᯒࡋࡓ᪂ࡓ࡞௦ࡢసᡓࢥࣥࢭࣉࢺࡣࠊ࠸ࡎࢀࡶ㝣ㅖᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊᑐ ᛂࡍࡿࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ≉ࠊ୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡢᙳ㡪ࢆ┤᥋⿕ࡿࡢࡣ᪥ᮏ⮬㌟࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡑࡢᅜ ᅵࡢ㒊ศࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡢ㏻ᖖරჾࡢᑕ⛬ෆ࠶ࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊ㝣ㅖᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡣྠ┕ᅜࡸ㥔
␃⡿㌷ᇶᆅᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡍࡔࡅ࡛࡞ࡃࠊᨻⓗ㺃⤒῭ⓗ㡿ᇦࢆྵࡴࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ㺃ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢ Ᏻᐃࡶᙳ㡪ࢆཬࡰࡋጞࡵࠊᢚṆ⌮ㄽࡸᡓ␎ⓗၥ㢟ࡣᾏὒࡸ㡿ᅵࢆ㉺࠼࡚ࠊᏱᐂ✵㛫ࡸࢧ
ࣂ࣮✵㛫ཬࢇ࡛࠸ࡿ23ࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᏳಖ㞀ᨻ⟇ࡣࠕᡃࡀᅜࡢ⏕Ꮡ⦾ᰤࠖࡢ
ࡳ࡞ࡽࡎࠕᆅᇦࡢᖹᏳᐃࠖࠊࠕᏳಖ㞀⎔ቃࡢᨵၿࠖࡢどⅬࡽࠕබඹ㈈ࠖࡢ౪⤥␃
ពࡍࡿᚲせࡀ࠶ࢁ࠺ࠋ
⡿ᅜࡸASEANㅖᅜࠊ᪥ᮏࢆྵࡴᮾࢪㅖᅜࡗ࡚ࠊ༡ࢩࢼᾏࡀ⮬⏤⯟⾜ࡢಖドࡉࢀ
ࡓᏳ࡞ᾏᇦ࡛࠶ࡿࡇࡣࠊࡑࡢᨻⓗ㺃⤒῭ⓗ⦾ᰤࡢṚάⓗ᮲௳࡛࠶ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ༡ ࢩࢼᾏࡢᏳ⯟⾜ࡢࡓࡵࡢㅖᨻ⟇ࡣࠊ┤᥋ⓗࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ㺃ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᏳᐃ㈉⊩ࡍࡿࡇ
࡞ࡿࠋࡋࡋ࡞ࡀࡽࠊࡇࡢᾏᇦࡣ୰ᅜ࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࠊᡈ࠸ࡣASEANㅖᅜࡢ㡿᭷ᶒၥ㢟
ࡀᏑᅾࡋࠊࡲࡓࠊ୰ᅜᾏ㌷ࡢቑᙉࡸἲᇳ⾜ᶵ㛵㸦࠸ࢃࡺࡿࠊࣇࣈ㺃ࢻࣛࢦࣥࢬ㸧ࡢ⾜ື
ࡀၥ㢟࡞ࡗ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡑࡢព࡛ࡣࠊࣥࢻὒᮾ➃ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡣࠊ₯ᅾⓗ࡞
Ᏻᐃせ⣲ࡀ₯ࢇ࡛࠸ࡿࠋḟࠊࣥࢻὒす➃⨨ࡍࡿ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙࡣࠊࣛࣥࡼࡿ
ᶵ㞾ᩜタࡢ⬣ጾࡀᏑᅾࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ᪤㏙ࡓࡼ࠺ࠊࣛࣥࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡣࠕ㠀ᑐ⛠ࠖ࡞⬣
ጾ࡛࠶ࡾࠊ࠼ࡤࠊᪧᘧࡢࡶࡢࡶྵࡵࢀࡤ2000ಶ௨ୖࡢᶵ㞾ࢆ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᑠᆺⰄ⯲ࡸ࣎
࣮ࢺࡽࡢᶵ㞾ᩜタࡀྍ⬟࡛࠶ࡾࠊᙜヱᾏᓙࡢᑒ㙐ࡣᐜ᫆㐩ᡂ࡛ࡁࠊᑐࠊᶵ㞾ᤲᾏ
⯟㊰ၨ㛤ࡣ┦ᙜࡢ㛫ᡭ㛫ࢆᚲせࡍࡿࠋࡲࡓࠊᑐᶵ㞾ᡓⰄ⯲ࡢᏳ☜ಖࡢࡓࡵ
ࡣࠊࣛࣥ㝣ୖᇶᆅࡢඛไᨷᧁࡀᚲせ࡞ࡿࠋྍ⬟ᛶࡢၥ㢟ࡋ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᤲᾏ㒊㝲ࡀࠊ
ࡘ࡚1991ᖺࡢ‴ᓊᡓத⤊ᚋࡢᤲᾏసᡓྠᵝࠊ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙὴ㐵ࡉࢀࢀࡤࠊࢳ࣮ࣙ
ࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃࡢᅇ̿ࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝ㺃ࢥࣔࣥࢬࡢᏳᐃ̿ࡢࡓࡵࡢࠕබඹ㈈ࠖࡢᥦ౪࡞ࢁ
࠺ࠋ2012ᖺ9᭶ࡣ⡿ᅜᾏ㌷ࡀ࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴࿘㎶ᾏᇦ࡛ࡢᅜ㝿ᤲᾏカ⦎㸦International Mine Counter Measure Exercise 2012: IMCMEX2012㸧ࢆദࡋࠊ᪥ᮏࡽࡣᤲᾏẕⰄࠕ࠺ࡽࡀࠖᤲ
ᾏⰄࠕࡣࡕࡌࡻ࠺ࠖࡀཧຍࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡇࡢࡼ࠺ࠊ⡿ᅜ࡛ࡣࠕ࢘ࢺࢧࢻ㺃ࣥࠖࡢⓎ⾲
⥆ࡁࠊᶵ㞾ᡓ㛵ࡍࡿ㛵ᚰࡀ㧗ࡲࡾࠊྠࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ⬟ຊࡢᮇᚅࡶᣑࡋ࡚
࠸ࡿࠋඛ♧ࡋࡓ⡿ᅜᾏ㌷Ꮫࡢࢺ࣮ࣝࣂ࣮ࡣࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᤲᾏ⬟ຊࡀࠕ㏆௦ⓗࡘ᭷⬟࡛ࠖ
࠶ࡾࠊࡑࡢഛࡀ᪥ࠎ᭱᪂ᘧࡢࡶࡢ᭦᪂ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿホ౯ࡋ࡚࠸ࡿ24ࠋࢺ࣮ࣝࣂ࣮ࡣࠊ୰
ᅜࡢᶵ㞾̿≉༡ࢩࢼᾏỈᇦᩜタ̿ᑐࡋ࡚⡿ᅜཬࡧ᪥ᮏࡢᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ⬟ຊࡀ᭷ຠ࡛࠶ࡿ
ࡇࢆᙉㄪࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࡀࠊྠࠊ࢞ࣥࢪࣥࢪ࣮ࣕࡢࠕ࢘ࢺࢧࢻ㺃࡛ࣥࠖࡣࠊႚ⥭ࡢㄢ 㢟ࡋ࡚࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙ࡛ࡢᶵ㞾ᩜタࡢ⬣ጾࡀᢅࢃࢀࠊ᪉࡛ࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ⬟ຊࡢ᭷⏝
ᛶࡀホ౯ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋࡋࡓࡀࡗ࡚ࠊ᪥ᮏࡀࠊࣥࢻὒ୧➃ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢᏳᐃ
ྍḞ࡞ࠕ㏆௦ⓗࡘ᭷⬟ࠖ࡞ᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ⬟ຊࢆಖᣢࡋࠊὴ㐵ࡢྍ⬟ᛶࢆ᫂♧ࡋ࡚࠾ࡃࡇࡣࠊ
➨1ࠊ㝣ㅖᅜࡢA2/AD⬣ጾᑐࡍࡿᢚṆຊ࡞ࡾࠊ➨2ࠊᐇ㝿ࡢᑐฎ⬟ຊࢆಖ᭷ࡋ࡚࠸
ࡿࡇ࡞ࡿࠋࡉࡽࠊࡇࡢ⬟ຊ⾜ືࡣᅜ㝿♫ࡢᏳᐃᑐࡍࡿࠕබඹ㈈ࠖࡢᥦ౪ホ ౯ࡉࢀࡼ࠺ࠋ࠾ࡑࡽࡃࠊ᪥ᮏࡢᑐᶵ㞾ᡓ⬟ຊࡣࠊᨷᧁⓗ࡞ពྜ࠸ࢆᣢࡓࡎࠊᏳ⯟⾜ࢆ
ྵࡴࢢ࣮ࣟࣂࣝࢥࣔࣥࢬᑐࡍࡿබඹ㈈ホ౯ࡉࢀࠊᅜ㝿㛵ಀࢆᏳᐃࡉࡏࡿᰂ㌾࡞ᡭẁ
ࡋ࡚ά⏝࡛ࡁࡿ㈗㔜࡞㈨⏘࡞ࢁ࠺ࠋ
࠾ࢃࡾ
NHKࡢሗ㐨ࡼࢀࡤࠊࠕ2013ᖺ5᭶࣌ࣝࢩࣕ‴࡛ࡢつᶍᅜ㝿ᤲᾏカ⦎ࡀィ⏬ࡉࢀࠊᡃ ࡀᅜࡢཧຍࡀணᐃࠖࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ୍㒊ࡢண ᣐࢀࡤࠊ2013ᖺࡢࡽኟࡅ࡚ࣛࣥ
ࡢ᰾㛤Ⓨࡀ᭱⤊ẁ㝵ධࡿࠋᚲ↛ⓗࠊໃࡣ⥭㏕ࡍࡿྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋࣥࢻὒす➃ࡢࢳ
࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࡢ≧ἣࡀ♧ࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋᮾ➃ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺ࡛ࡣࠊ୰ᅜࡀ༡ࢩࢼᾏ
࠾ࡅࡿᾏ㌷ࡢάື̿≉࣋ࢺࢼ࣒ࣇࣜࣆࣥᑐࡋ࡚̿ࢆ㏻ࡌࡓせồࢆᙉࡵࠊᆅᇦᨭ㓄
ⓗ࡞ᾏ㌷ᅜᐙࢆ┠ᣦࡍྍ⬟ᛶࡀ࠶ࡿࠋ⡿ᅜࡣ▷ᮇⓗࡣࠊ࣒࣍ࣝࢬᾏᓙᑐࡍࡿࣛࣥࡢ ᅽຊᑐฎࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽࡎࠊ㛗ᮇⓗࡣࣥࢻὒᮾ➃ࡢࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺᑐࡍࡿ༡ࢩ ࢼᾏࢆ㏻ࡌࡓ୰ᅜࡢᅽຊᑐᢠࡋ࡚࠸ࡃᚲせࡀ࠶ࡿࠋྠ┕ᅜࡋ࡚ࡢ᪥ᮏࡣࠊࡇ࠺ࡋࡓ⡿
ᅜࡢᡓ␎ࢆ⿵ࡋࠊྠࠊᆅᇦⓗᏳᐃࢆ┠ⓗࡋࡓබඹ㈈ࢆᥦ౪ࡋ࡞ࡅࢀࡤ࡞ࡽ࡞࠸ࠋ ᮏ◊✲ࡢ┠ⓗ࡛࠶ࡿࠕࣥࢻኴᖹὒࠖࡢᴫᛕ༡ࢩࢼᾏၥ㢟ࡢ㛵㐃ࢆ᳨ウࡍࢀࡤࠊྂ
ⓗᆅᨻᏛࡢᴫᛕ࡛࠶ࡿࠕࢳ࣮ࣙࢡ࣏ࣥࢺࠖࡢどⅬࡽࠊࣥࢻὒ୧➃ࡢᡓ␎ⓗ≧ἣ᪥
⡿ྠ┕ࡢᑐᛂ⟇ࠊࡲࡓࡣྍ⬟ᛶࡘ࠸࡚⪃ᐹࡋᚓࡓࡶࡢ⤖ㄽ࡛ࡁࡿࠋ
― ὀ ―
1 Andrew Krepinevich, Barry Watts, Robert Work, Meeting the Anti-Access and Area-Denial Challenge, 㸦Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessment: CSBA, 2003㸧㸪pp.15-23.
2 Ibid.,
3 ᡓ␎ࡸసᡓࡢ㠀ᑐ⛠ᛶࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋ
▼ཎᩗᾈࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮࣭ࣂࢺࣝᑐ୰ᢚṆࡢ⌮ㄽⓗศᯒࠖࠗᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲࠘➨2ᕳ➨2ྕ㸦2010 ᖺ12᭶㸧ࠋ
4 Roger Cliff, Mark Burles, others, Entering the Dragon's Lair: Chinese Anti-access Strategies and Their Implications for the United States,㸦RAND Corporation, 2007㸧㸬
5 ࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࠖࡸ୰ᅜࡢA2/AD⬟ຊࡢヲ⣽ࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋ
ඵᮌ┤ேࠕ࢚ࢩ࣮㺃ࣂࢺࣝࡢ⫼ᬒࠖࠗᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲࠘➨1ᕳ➨1ྕ㸦2011ᖺ5᭶㸧pp.4-22.
6T.X.Hammas, “Offshore Control,”㸦Strategic Forum 278,June 2012㸧㸬
7 Ibid.,p.4.
8 ࠕ࢜ࣇࢩࣙ㺃ࣂࣛࣥࢫࠖ㛵ࡍࡿ᭱㏆ࡢᩥ⊩࡛ࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋ
Christopher Layne, “The (Almost) Triumph of Offshore Balancing,”The National Interest 㸦January, 2012㸧㸬
ࡲࡓࠊࠕ㑅ᢥⓗ㛵ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࢆཧ↷ࡢࡇࠋ
Robert J. Art, “Selective Engagement in the Era of Austerity,” in America’s Path: Grand Strategy for the Next Administration (ed. Richard Fontaine), 㸦Center for a New American Security:CNAS㸧㸦May, 2012㸧㸬
9 Mark Gunzinger, Backgrounder Outside In: Operating from Range to Defeat Iran’s Anti-Access and Area-Denial Threats㸦CSBA, 2012㸧㸪p.2.
10Caitlin Talmadge, “Closing Time: Assessing the Iranian Threat to the Strait of Hormuz,” International Security, vol.33, no.1 (summer 2008), pp.82-117.
11 ࡇࡢண ࡣィ⟬ୖࠊ᭱ࡶ▷ᮇ㛫࡛⟬ᐃࡋࡓࡶࡢ࡛࠶ࡾࠊᶵ㞾ᩜタᩘࡸᩜタ⎔ቃࡼࡗ࡚ࡣࠊ༙
ᖺࡽ1ᖺࡢᮇ㛫ࡀぢ✚ࡶࡽࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ1991ᖺࡢ‴ᓊᡓத࡛ࡣ‴ෆࡢᶵ㞾ࡢ㝖ཤ㸦ᙜヱ 㒊ᒁࡼࡿ⯟⾜Ᏻᐉゝ㸧ࡲ࡛⣙8ࣨ᭶ࢆせࡋ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
12 Backgrounder Outside In, pp.47-48.
13 Scott C. Truver, “Taking Mines Seriously: Mine Warfare in China’s Near Seas,” US Naval War College Review㸦Spring 2012㸧㸪p.47.
㸦㑥ヂ㸸ࠕᶵ㞾ࡢ⬣ጾࢆ᳨ウࡍࡿ̿୰ᅜࠕ㏆ᾏࠖ࠾ࡅࡿᶵ㞾ᡓࠖ㸦Ώ㑓ᾈ㸭ඵᮌ┤ேඹヂ㸧ࠗᾏ ᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲࠘➨2ᕳ➨1ྕቑห㸦2012ᖺ8᭶㸧68-111㡫㸧
14 Robert Kaplan, Monsoon: The Indian Ocean and the Future of American Power, (Random House, 2010).
㸦㑥ヂࠗࣥࢻὒᅪࡀࠊୡ⏺ࢆືࡍ࠘㸦ࣥࢱ࣮ࢩࣇࢺࠊ2012ᖺ㸧㸧
15 Michael J. Green and Andrew Shearer, “Defining US Indian Ocean Strategy,” The Washington Quarterly 35-2, (spring 2012), pp.175-189.
16 ࠕ⡿ᅜࡢࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࠖࡘ࠸࡚ࡣࠊ௨ୗࡢ㈨ᩱ࡛ࡶゎㄝࡉࢀ࡚࠸ࡿࠋ
㛗ᑿ㈼ࠕゎ㢟࣓ࠗࣜ࢝ࡢࣥࢻὒᡓ␎ࡣ࠘ࠖࠗᾏὒᏳಖ㞀ሗ᭶ሗ࠘2012ᖺ4᭶ྕࠊ 27-31㡫ࠋ
17 Green and Shearer, “Defining US Indian Ocean Strategy,” p.177.
18 Ibid.
19 Andrew Krepinevich, Simon Chin and Todd Harrison, Strategy in Austerity㸦CSBA, 2012㸧㸬
20 Michael Mazza, ''Two Wars and the 38th Parallel,'' The American㸦January 31, 2012㸧㸬 㸺http://www.american.com/archive/2012/january/two-wars-and-the-38th-parallel㸼
21Green and Shearer, “Defining US Indian Ocean Strategy,” p.177.
22 Ibid.,
23 ඵᮌ┤ேࠕᢚṆᴫᛕࡢ⪃㸸᪂ࡓ࡞⬣ጾᵝ┦ࠕࢸ࣮࣮ࣛࢻࠖᢚṆࠖࠗᾏᖿᰯᡓ␎◊✲࠘➨ 2 ᕳ➨2ྕ㸦2010ᖺ12᭶㸧ࠋ
24Scott C. Truver, “Taking Mines Seriously” p.53.
