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In Chapter 4, we manufactured a cilia actuator array under established self-assembly conditions. The assembled nanocilia and microcilia showed that magnetic particles ranging from nanometers to micrometers in size are applicable to the process. Moreover, this chapter shows that our self-assembly process has overcome the previous limitations of manufacturing nanoscale cilia actuators or high aspect ratio (>20) microcilia. Importantly, the cilia exhibited field-responsive actuation motions in a reversible and repeatable manner via rolling and sliding between assembled particles with the aid of oleic-acid bearings tethered to each particle. Additionally, each particle attracted each other through interparticle interactions;
thus, the assembled cilia structure was maintained without an additional binding agent. The cilia exhibited structural integrity even after being actuated more than 1800 times. In addition, the torque that the cilia exerted could be adjusted up to several thousands of times, depending on the number and size of the assembled particles. Therefore, customized cilia could be utilized for different applications, depending on the required torque.
This study is meaningful because a programmable nanocilia array was fabricated using the self-assembly approach for the first time. However, further research is needed on areas such as optimization, unknown phenomena, and applications. More specifically, under the developed system conditions, the height deviation of the self-assembled cilia is large. Further research is needed to reduce this, and one of the ways to solve this problem is an approach using an ultrasonic spray. We expect to use the ultrasonic spray to reduce the height deviation of self-assembled cilia by allowing particles to be well dispersed in the gas phase. In addition, regarding the rolling/sliding phenomena, it is unclear whether the actuating phenomenon of cilia is exactly rolling or sliding, and further research is required to clarify this. In addition, additional research is needed to investigate how rolling/sliding phenomena vary depending on the particle's shape element and the friction coefficient of the material coated on the particle. Lastly, additional research is required to apply the developed actuator to other fields.
More specifically, micro-robots or microfluidics, which have been actively researched in recent years, are suitable for applying the developed actuator. The developed cilia actuator has excellent driving performance, so it is advantageous to micro-robot and microfluidic control platforms. Such an application requires research to lift off the actuator with the desired shape and increase stability through a binder of particles to actuate in various harsh environments.
Cilia are observed on the surfaces of various living organisms; therefore, nano/micro actuators play a major role in various fields, such as laboratories on a chip, microfluids,
56
microrobots, microgrippers, cell activation, and sensing. Hence, we believe that the self- assembly approach and cilia actuator that we have developed can serve as the basis for next- generation research in the aforementioned fields and a new self-assembly system that can build desired shapes.
57
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Acknowledgment
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to everyone who supported me during my Ph.D. course.
I would like to express my infinite gratitude and love to my family, Namsin Kang, Mira Kim, and Kyungtae Kang, who have given me support and deep trust in everything I do and have always helped and supported me in every way.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advisor, Prof Hoon Eui Jeong, who guided me during the degree course. He guided me to develop various skills and mindset of researcher. In particular, the professor taught me how to describe the results effectively and how to approach the goals effectively, and this guidance greatly affected my life. Once again, I would like to express my deep gratitude to the professor for providing valuable research opportunities and providing guidance during the degree process.
I am deeply grateful to the rest of the committee members: Prof. Young-Bin Park, Prof.
Joonbum Bae, Prof. Im Doo Jung, and Prof. Jiyun Kim. Committees gave valuable comments from various perspectives, that makes my research enriched and more organized.
I sincerely thank the MBM graduates who spent a lot of time together. Hoon Yi, Hyun-Ha Park, Hangil Ko, Minho Seong, Insol Hwang, and Sang-Hyeon Lee were good seniors, and they helped throughout the research, including the methodology for efficiently and accurately conducting experiments and their experimental know-how. In particular, I special thanks to Sang-Hyeon Lee, who is thoughtful and meticulous. He supported me as a reliable colleague who shared most of my laboratory life and worked together. Also, I would like to thank the laboratory members. Hyunwook Ko, Joosung Lee, Kahyun Sun, Geonjun Choi, Jaeil Kim, Seongin Park, Hyejin Jang, Donghyuk Lee, Chaebin Park, Somi Kim, Hyeonseok Song, Hyukjoo Kwon, Stalin Kondaveeti, Dong-Kawn Kang for having unforgettable years together. We dealt with a variety of tasks and shared constructive exchanges of opinions and knowledge in each field. These collaborations helped me expand my research field.
I special thanks to all my friends who have always believed in and supported me.