4. Result
4.5 Effect of luminance level on Color appearance estimation
4.5.3 Effect of luminance level on colorfulness estimation
The brightness appearance according to the luminance levels is investigated. For the colorfulness estimation, the colorfulness of 10 test colors of set E in low luminance lighting, and 10 test colors of set F in high luminance lighting was estimated repeatedly over four sessions.
In Figure 32, each data point indicates the colorfulness response against the predicted colorfulness value, M of CIECAM02. The average response was readjusted based on the M of the reference. The horizontal axis represents the predicted colorfulness, M, of test color patches, and the vertical axis represents the perceived colorfulness value of each test color.
.
Figure 32 CIECAM02 M and Colorfulness Estimation according to Luminance level
Like the brightness estimation according to the luminance level, a trend line was calculated between M and the perceived colorfulness. Since it was assumed that the colorfulness of an achromatic colors could be estimated to be zero, the y-intercept was set to zero. The slope of the trend line at low luminance was 0.82, and the slope of the trend line at high luminance was 0.92. Therefore, the colorfulness at high luminance was perceived to be about 11.76% colorful than at low luminance.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Colorfulness estimation
CIECAM02 M
Low luminance High luminance 45°
CV value was calculated to compare the performance between the M prediction of CIECAM02 and the perceived colorfulness. It had a CV of 13.39% at low luminance and 11.09% at high luminance.
The predictive performance is similar to the brightness estimation performance.
4.5.4 Summary of Effect of luminance level
Changes in perception of hue, brightness, and colorfulness according to the two luminance levels were investigated. First, in hue estimation, a shifting of the test color YG toward green at high luminance was observed. This is consistent with the results of the previous literature survey (Hwang et al, 2019).
In their study, as the luminance increases in the HDR environment, red and green color groups become more bluish, and the yellow and blue groups shift toward green.
In the estimation of the brightness, the luminance of the adapting field increased by about 5 times, but the brightness of the test color at high luminance increased by about 3.73% compared to the low luminance. It can be assumed that this is because people quickly adapted to the brightness of the lighting locally according to their respective luminance.
In the estimation of colorfulness, as the luminance increased, colorfulness increased by about 11.76%.
As the surroundings become brighter, the Hunt effect appears dominantly in colorfulness.
5. Conclusion and Discussion
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
In this study, psychophysical experiments for the investigation of color appearance change according to luminance level and adaptation were conducted under a total of 4 lighting conditions: single adaptation and low luminance, single adaptation and high luminance, mixed adaptation and low luminance, and mixed adaptation and high luminance.
From 8 skilled subjects, hue, brightness, and colorfulness of the color patches were estimated repeatedly. In the four lighting conditions, the performance of the estimation of hue, brightness, and colorfulness was calculated by CV. All the experiment sessions with the four lighting conditions have similar CV values. Also, the difference in CV was not large even between the estimation by memory and the estimation by direct comparison. Therefore, it is considered that the color estimation data of the subjects can be used reliably regardless of the reference presentation method.
Moreover, color appearance was investigated according to the difference in adaptation for a single light and mixed light. In the estimation of hue, brightness, and colorfulness, for a few colors, the change with adaptation was observed significantly but they did not change in a consistent direction. For this reason, it cannot be said that the appearance changes of color according to the adaptation is significant.
In this study, observers have adapted to lightings with two luminance levels. The two lights are set so that the difference in illuminance can be sufficiently recognized. High luminance lighting was about 5 times higher compared to the luminance in the adapting field. The color appearance change according to the luminance was compared with the predicted value of CIECAM02, one of the color appearance models.
The estimates of hue, brightness, and colorfulness were compared with a linear trend line, from the average responses of observers. For all colors, colors under high luminance lighting were estimated to be about 3.73% brighter than in low luminance lighting. Colorfulness under high luminance was estimated to be about 11.76% more colorful in low luminance lighting. This reflects the results of the previous studies, where color appearance changes with luminance (Hunt, 1952).
However, in terms of predicted brightness, Q, it did not match the cognitive scale of the estimation.
Therefore, it would be considered that the brightness prediction model of CIECAM02 needs to be improved.
Further study
Through this study, the appearance of colors under two lightings with a luminance difference of 5 times within the photopic vision was investigated. However, in our daily life, we encounter situations with big difference in luminance. For example, we observe an object under shadows and simultaneously under bright sunlight. It is necessary to study further for high dynamic range estimated in these various situations. Besides, in this experiment, limited number of test colors were evaluated for as many iterations as possible and it is necessary to cover a wider range of colors. Moreover, it is necessary to conduct various lighting combinations and additional color appearance estimation studies.
REFERENCES
1. Fairchild, M. D. (2013). Color appearance models. John Wiley & Sons.
2. CIE. (1987). International Lighting Vocabulary.
3. Lu, Z. L., & Dosher, B. (2013). Visual psychophysics: From laboratory to theory. MIT Press.
4. Prins, N. (2016). Psychophysics: a practical introduction. Academic Press.
5. Luo, M. R., Clarke, A. A., Rhodes, P. A., Schappo, A., Scrivener, S. A., & Tait, C. J. (1991).
Quantifying colour appearance. Part I. LUTCHI colour appearance data. Color Research &
Application, 16(3), 166-180.
6. Hunt, R. W. G., & Luo, M. R. (1994). Evaluation of a model of colour vision by magnitude scalings: Discussion of collected results. Color Research & Application, 19(1), 27-33.
7. Psychophysics, Frederick Kingdom Nicolaas Prins
8. Stevens, S. S. (1975). Psychophysics-Introduction to its Perceptual. Neural and Social Prospects. John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York.
9. Hunt, R. W. G. (1950). The effects of daylight and tungsten light-adaptation on color perception. JOSA, 40(6), 362-371.
10. TAKAHASHI, H., YAGUCHI, H., & SHIOIRI, S. (1998). Estimation of Brightness and Lightness in All Adaptation Levels. Journal of light and visual environment, 22(2), 48.
11. Hwang, J., Hong, Y., Lee, D. H., Kwak, Y., Park, S., Yoo, J. K., & Chae, Y. (2019).
Experimental method for measuring color appearance shifts in high-dynamic-range luminance conditions. JOSA A, 36(11), 1940-1948.
12. Hong, Y. (2020). Color Appearance Study under Two Lightings Having Different Illuminance Levels.
13. Moroney, N., Fairchild, M. D., Hunt, R. W., Li, C., Luo, M. R., & Newman, T. (2002, January).
The CIECAM02 color appearance model. In Color and Imaging Conference (Vol. 2002, No.
1, pp. 23-27). Society for Imaging Science and Technology.
14. Luo, M. R., & Hunt, R. W. G. (1998). The structure of the CIE 1997 colour appearance model
15. NCS Navigator, NCS Colour AB, 46.16.232.131/freemium.html.
16. Luke, J. T. (1994). The New Munsell Student Color Set. The Munsell Color System: A Language for Color. Fairchild.
17. Everitt, Brian (1998). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics. Cambridge, UK New York:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521593465.)
18. Goldstein, E. B. (2011). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.
.
APPENDIX
Table 19 Tristimulus value of Reference white color patch
Label NCS X Y Z
Low Luminance White S-0300-N 110.57 118.36 120.13 High Luminance White S-0300-N 536.03 573.98 574.26
Table 20 Reference and Test color measurement by Spectroradiometer (CS2000)
Label NCS X Y Z L* a* b* C* h*
Single Reference 3040-G 26.03 36.95 29.91 62.69 -30.46 9.85 32.01 62.69 Mixed Reference 3040-R 36.24 29.71 23.75 57.17 29.33 9.65 30.88 57.17
A
2570-R 18.49 12.21 7.30 0.49 0.32 0.55 0.47 0.39
1070-Y50R 57.64 45.55 13.23 0.50 0.39 0.80 0.73 0.48
2050-Y 55.04 58.80 20.25 0.41 0.44 0.79 0.79 0.55
2565-G 14.56 27.52 18.23 0.24 0.46 0.51 0.61 0.53
3020-R50B 46.26 45.54 57.26 0.31 0.31 0.75 0.73 0.78
0560-R 59.18 44.03 32.13 0.44 0.33 0.81 0.72 0.64
0580-Y 83.50 88.91 11.78 0.45 0.48 0.91 0.91 0.46
1050-G50Y 58.95 73.70 30.08 0.36 0.45 0.81 0.85 0.63 3040-B50G 25.88 35.68 43.10 0.25 0.34 0.62 0.67 0.71 0540-B 56.72 68.05 97.70 0.25 0.31 0.80 0.83 0.93 2070-R 129.62 83.35 49.06 0.49 0.32 0.62 0.53 0.44 2050-Y50R 250.30 214.29 91.27 0.45 0.39 0.78 0.72 0.54 0530-Y 460.54 501.36 255.91 0.38 0.41 0.95 0.96 0.76
1050-Y 376.86 407.91 135.25 0.41 0.44 0.89 0.89 0.62 1075-G50Y 214.82 284.02 60.54 0.38 0.51 0.74 0.79 0.47 2060-B50G 105.55 170.13 216.04 0.21 0.35 0.58 0.67 0.72 0540-B 275.06 329.68 469.84 0.26 0.31 0.80 0.83 0.94
C
0510-Y 97.49 105.94 82.83 95.79 -2.41 16.06 16.24 95.79 0550-R 67.01 53.75 41.98 73.16 38.81 12.86 40.88 73.16 1005-B50G 85.9 94.23 99.27 91.51 -3.76 -2.32 4.42 91.51 1070-G50Y 47.05 61.05 15.08 77.03 -24.91 60.25 65.20 77.03 2010-R50B 65.73 67.89 76.84 80.38 4.98 -6.15 7.91 80.38 3005-G50Y 52.16 57.31 52.78 75.09 -3.40 5.01 6.05 75.09 4040-G 17.5 25.69 20.73 53.71 -30.02 8.85 31.30 53.71 6030-Y 16.39 17.01 8.32 44.76 2.72 22.63 22.79 44.76 7020-B 7.99 9.17 13.48 33.45 -4.89 -11.21 12.23 33.45 8005-Y50R 10.98 11.3 9.82 37.02 3.02 4.61 5.51 37.02
D
0520-G50Y 460.52 528.99 371.00 0.34 0.39 0.95 0.97 0.86 0540-G 298.81 399.88 330.62 0.29 0.39 0.82 0.89 0.83 1040-B 239.16 286.94 428.84 0.25 0.30 0.76 0.79 0.91 2040-Y 293.05 314.29 126.21 0.40 0.43 0.82 0.82 0.60 3030-R50B 195.35 180.78 253.54 0.31 0.29 0.71 0.68 0.76 4050-R 91.65 66.75 45.20 0.45 0.33 0.56 0.49 0.43 5040-Y50R 105.16 89.76 41.72 0.44 0.38 0.58 0.54 0.42 6020-G 66.99 85.52 75.52 0.29 0.38 0.50 0.53 0.51 7005-R50B 76.68 79.93 88.72 0.31 0.33 0.52 0.52 0.54 8005-Y50R 54.24 55.84 48.44 0.34 0.35 0.47 0.46 0.44
E
6005-R50B 23.41 24.38 27.43 0.31 0.32 0.60 0.59 0.61
1020-B 69.24 78.48 96.42 0.28 0.32 0.86 0.87 0.93
3055-B50G 16.23 25.96 32.90 0.22 0.35 0.53 0.60 0.65
0585-Y50R 61.80 46.08 8.37 0.53 0.40 0.82 0.73 0.41
6005-R50B 23.08 24.02 27.06 0.31 0.32 0.59 0.59 0.61
0510-B50G 95.15 106.20 112.42 0.30 0.34 0.95 0.96 0.98
2020-R 59.90 57.20 53.10 0.35 0.34 0.82 0.78 0.76
0550-Y50R 75.13 65.07 28.71 0.44 0.39 0.88 0.82 0.62
2070-G50Y 32.82 42.57 10.70 0.38 0.49 0.67 0.71 0.45
F
2010-Y50R 324.88 332.12 265.18 0.35 0.36 0.85 0.83 0.77 2030-G 211.50 274.22 233.74 0.29 0.38 0.73 0.78 0.74 1040-R50B 311.60 283.58 420.92 0.31 0.28 0.83 0.79 0.90
4050-B 69.06 86.26 171.53 0.21 0.26 0.51 0.53 0.67
1565-G 107.93 192.95 127.65 0.25 0.45 0.59 0.70 0.61 0520-Y 473.17 514.09 328.08 0.36 0.39 0.96 0.96 0.83 3030-R50B 195.41 180.94 253.40 0.31 0.29 0.71 0.68 0.76
5040-G 49.69 75.09 59.11 0.27 0.41 0.45 0.51 0.47
1050-G 203.99 301.32 234.89 0.28 0.41 0.72 0.81 0.74 0565-R 267.73 189.00 126.16 0.46 0.32 0.79 0.69 0.60
Table 21 Number of repetitions of Hue test color
Condition Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8
Condition 1 (Single adaptation,
Low luminance)
A
S2570-R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S1070-Y50R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2050-Y 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2565-G 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S3020-R50B 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S0560-R 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S0580-Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S1050-G50Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S3040-B50G 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S0540-B 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
Condition 2 (Single adaptation,
High luminance)
B
S2070-R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2050-Y50R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S0530-Y 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2040-G 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S3020-R50B 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2070-R 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S1050-Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S1075-G50Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S2060-B50G 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S0540-B 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
Condition 3 (Mixed adaptation,
Low luminance)
A
S2570-R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S1070-Y50R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2050-Y 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2565-G 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S3020-R50B 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S0560-R 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S0580-Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S1050-G50Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S3040-B50G 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S0540-B 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
Condition 3 (Mixed adaptation,
High luminance)
B
S2070-R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2050-Y50R 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S0530-Y 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2040-G 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S3020-R50B 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
S2070-R 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S1050-Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
S1075-G50Y 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1
Table 22 Number of repetitions of brightness test color
Condition Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8
Condition 1 (Single adaptation,
Low luminance)
C
S0510-Y 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S0550-R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S1005-B50G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S1070-G50R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S2010-R50B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S3008-G50Y 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S4040-G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S6030-Y 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S7020-B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S8005-Y50R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
Condition 2 (Single adaptation,
High luminance)
D
S0520-G50Y 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S0540-G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S1040-B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S2040-Y 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S3030-R50B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S4050-R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S5040-Y50R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S6020-G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S7005-R50B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S8005-Y50R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
Condition 3 (Mixed adaptation,
Low luminance)
C
S0510-Y 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
S0550-R 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S1005-B50G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S1070-G50R 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
S2010-R50B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S3008-G50Y 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
S4040-G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S6030-Y 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
S7020-B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S8005-Y50R 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
Condition 3 (Mixed
adaptation, D
S0520-G50Y 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
S0540-G 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S1040-B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S2040-Y 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
S3030-R50B 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
S4050-R 6 6 4 4 5 5 4 4
Table 23 Number of repetitions of colorfulness test color
Condition Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8
Condition 1 (Single adaptation,
Low luminance)
E
S6005-R50B 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S1020-B 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S3040-Y 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S3055-B50G 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S0585-Y50R 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S6005-R50B 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S0510-B50G 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S2020-R 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S0550-Y50R 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S2070-G50Y 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
Condition 2 (Single adaptation,
High luminance)
F
S2010-Y50R 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S2030-G 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S1040-R50B 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S4050-B 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S1565-G 5 5 3 4 4 4 4 4
S0520-Y 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S3030-R50B 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S5040-G 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S1050-G 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
S0565-R 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4
Condition 3 (Mixed adaptation,
Low luminance)
E
S6005-R50B 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S1020-B 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S3040-Y 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S3055-B50G 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S0585-Y50R 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S6005-R50B 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
S0510-B50G 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
S2020-R 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
S0550-Y50R 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
S2070-G50Y 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
Condition 3 (Mixed adaptation,
High luminance)
F
S2010-Y50R 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S2030-G 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S1040-R50B 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S4050-B 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S1565-G 5 6 4 3 5 5 4 4
S0520-Y 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
S3030-R50B 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
S5040-G 4 4 3 4 5 4 4 4
Table 24 Hue perception under Single adaptation.
Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8 Average SD
A
NCS S
2570-R 400 400 400 400 400 410 390 390 398.75 6.41
NCS S
1070-Y50R 50 22.5 40 40 50 50 60 60 46.56 12.32
NCS S
2050-Y 90 100 105 110 95 110 90 110 101.25 8.76
NCS S
2565-G 190 200 200 190 200 205 240 190 201.88 16.46 NCS S
3020-R50B 340 335 350 350 340 355 330 360 345.00 10.35 NCS S
0560-R 385 390 410 395 370 420 380 392.86 17.29
NCS S
0580-Y 95 100 104 92.5 100 90 90 95.93 5.50
NCS S
1050-G50Y 160 160 125 172.5 160 130 140 149.64 17.94
NCS S
3040-B50G 240 225 225 242.5 240 240 260 238.93 11.89
NCS S
0540-B 290 300 280 300 300 280 290 291.43 9.00
B
NCS S
2070-R 395 397.5 400 400 400 390 410 380 396.56 8.76 NCS S
2050-Y50R 65 27.5 60 55 40 40 70 60 52.19 14.73
NCS S
0530-Y 100 110 100 110 100 100 90 90 100.00 7.56
NCS S
2040-G 185 175 205 185 220 180 270 170 198.75 33.14 NCS S
3020-R50B 325 335 350 350 340 350 350 360 345.00 11.02 NCS S
2070-R 395 395 400 397.5 400 400 390 396.79 3.74
NCS S
1050-Y 95 100 100 100 100 90 90 96.43 4.76
NCS S
1075-G50Y 170 180 160 170 160 160 160 165.71 7.87
NCS S
2060-B50G 230 230 260 252.5 245 260 240 245.36 12.78
NCS S
0540-B 290 295 292.5 300 300 290 290 293.93 4.53
Table 25 Hue perception under Mixed adaptation.
Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8 Average SD
A
NCS S
2570-R 395 400 395 400 400 400 390 390 396.25 4.43
NCS S
1070-Y50R 60 20 45 40 35 40 40 30 38.75 11.57
NCS S
2050-Y 106 100 110 90 100 90 80 110 98.25 10.77
NCS S
2565-G 190 200 205 200 200 200 210 210 201.88 6.51
NCS S
3020-R50B 330 335 345 350 330 350 340 360 342.50 10.69 NCS S
0560-R 380 390 410 382.5 415 430 380 398.21 20.04
NCS S
0580-Y 90 100 95 90 90 90 80 90.71 6.07
NCS S
1050-G50Y 170 180 145 185 130 160 140 158.57 20.96
NCS S
3040-B50G 285 240 242.5 260 270 260 230 255.36 19.06
NCS S
0540-B 290 300 292.5 300 290 270 290 290.36 10.04
B
NCS S
2070-R 390 394 395 400 400 400 380 390 393.63 6.93
NCS S
2050-Y50R 20 22.5 55 40 40 40 40 70 40.94 16.14
NCS S
0530-Y 100 102.5 100 110 100 110 90 90 100.31 7.61
NCS S
2040-G 230 180 210 185 215 185 240 230 209.38 23.52 NCS S
3020-R50B 330 332.5 345 350 335 350 350 360 344.06 10.52 NCS S
2070-R 390 395 400 400 400 380 380 392.14 9.06
NCS S
1050-Y 105 100 107.5 102.5 110 120 100 106.43 7.05
NCS S
1075-G50Y 190 185 167.5 190 170 150 170 174.64 14.61
NCS S
2060-B50G 260 235 260 265 240 270 260 255.71 13.05
NCS S
0540-B 300 300 292.5 300 290 290 290 294.64 5.09
Table 26 brightness perception under Single adaptation
Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8 Average SD
C
NCS S
0510-Y 95 90 89 78 86 85 93 86 88 5
NCS S
0550-R 66 66 64 59 64 60 65 63 63 3
NCS S
1005-B50G 95 95 93 86 90 88 101 85 91 5
NCS S
1070-G50Y 64 76 64 60 56 73 63 63 65 7
NCS S
2010-R50B 83 81 85 79 71 83 69 78 78 6
NCS S
3005-G50Y 62 73 70 74 56 78 64 69 68 7
NCS S
4040-G 37 38 36 41 42 45 38 36 39 3
NCS S
6030-Y 37 26 28 35 36 35 35 35 33 4
NCS S
7020-B 20 11 16 26 26 25 25 24 22 5
NCS S
8005-Y50R 22 10 14 19 26 18 19 21 19 5
D
NCS S
0520-G50Y 109 103 84 81 95 85 96 90 93 10
NCS S
0540-G 90 86 73 69 76 73 76 78 77 7
NCS S
1040-B 86 79 61 64 60 65 63 68 68 9
NCS S
2040-Y 80 66 63 66 63 60 65 70 67 6
NCS S
3030-R50B 73 68 56 60 55 55 55 60 60 7
NCS S
4050-R 55 46 31 38 36 35 36 32 39 8
NCS S
5040-Y50R 59 46 39 43 45 44 40 39 44 7
NCS S
6020-G 48 39 28 38 38 43 33 31 37 6
NCS S
7005-R50B 28 17 29 35 33 33 28 31 29 5
NCS S
8005-Y50R 37 14 16 26 30 20 26 21 24 8
Table 27 brightness perception under Mixed adaptation
Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8 Average SD
C
NCS S
0510-Y 86 87 78 77 75 78 88 81 81 5
NCS S
0550-R 68 66 70 61 58 63 70 64 65 4
NCS S
1005-B50G 82 88 83 80 78 88 91 78 83 5
NCS S
1070-G50Y 67 74 66 64 63 70 74 66 68 4
NCS S
2010-R50B 79 76 80 79 65 73 79 71 75 5
NCS S
3005-G50Y 53 69 60 71 48 70 70 70 64 9
NCS S
4040-G 42 36 41 43 45 45 36 38 41 4
NCS S
6030-Y 36 21 30 37 39 28 33 33 32 6
NCS S
7020-B 26 13 14 28 23 20 23 25 21 5
NCS S
8005-Y50R 25 10 13 19 20 18 18 21 18 5
D
NCS S
0520-G50Y 103 104 83 79 90 90 105 88 93 10
NCS S
0540-G 89 88 79 71 83 80 80 76 81 6
NCS S
1040-B 83 81 75 66 70 68 68 71 73 6
NCS S
2040-Y 82 71 64 63 63 60 61 68 66 7
NCS S
3030-R50B 73 66 66 63 59 60 56 61 63 5
NCS S
4050-R 59 47 44 44 43 48 40 44 46 6
NCS S
5040-Y50R 63 58 50 49 48 48 39 46 50 7
NCS S
6020-G 46 42 34 40 44 35 31 40 39 5
NCS S
7005-R50B 39 25 35 35 41 30 31 38 34 5
NCS S
8005-Y50R 38 22 21 21 34 18 21 26 25 7
Table 28 colorfulness perception under Single adaptation
Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8 Average SD
E
NCS S
6005-R50B 4 4 11 4 17 16 14 14 10 6
NCS S
1020-B 24 19 20 20 30 26 24 30 24 4
NCS S
3040-Y 55 39 53 42 55 45 40 46 47 7
NCS S
3055-B50G 65 65 64 72 66 75 71 68 68 4
NCS S
0585-Y50R 80 82 80 85 74 78 83 81 80 3
NCS S
6005-R50B 6 4 9 4 15 10 14 15 10 5
NCS S
0510-B50G 10 8 10 15 10 9 14 24 12 5
NCS S
2020-R 39 26 25 33 39 34 28 35 32 6
NCS S
0550-Y50R 59 63 52 56 56 51 54 55 56 4
NCS S
2070-G50Y 63 74 65 63 63 59 55 60 63 5
F
NCS S
2010-Y50R 21 25 16 27 38 16 21 30 24 7
NCS S
2030-G 43 38 23 38 47 28 28 38 35 8
NCS S
1040-R50B 49 42 44 43 56 35 39 45 44 6
NCS S
4050-B 70 66 63 63 78 63 64 60 66 6
NCS S
1565-G 73 76 68 73 73 68 69 74 71 3
NCS S
0520-Y 28 26 27 33 38 21 25 28 28 5
NCS S
3030-R50B 48 48 53 48 55 41 43 53 48 5
NCS S
5040-G 67 64 62 58 82 65 56 64 65 8
NCS S
1050-G 61 64 53 55 56 41 43 56 54 8
NCS S
0565-R 78 78 62 69 64 66 69 75 70 6
Table 29 colorfulness perception under Mixed adaptation
Set NCS Sub1 Sub2 Sub3 Sub4 Sub5 Sub6 Sub7 Sub8 Average SD
E
NCS S
6005-R50B 7 5 5 5 18 14 18 16 11 6
NCS S
1020-B 22 20 15 18 34 19 21 31 23 7
NCS S
3040-Y 53 42 50 41 52 48 43 58 48 6
NCS S
3055-B50G 62 64 63 63 59 68 69 64 64 3
NCS S
0585-Y50R 80 78 85 82 74 73 95 83 81 7
NCS S
6005-R50B 5 5 4 4 14 11 16 15 9 5
NCS S
0510-B50G 13 7 10 14 11 10 14 23 13 5
NCS S
2020-R 31 27 18 29 39 30 28 38 30 6
NCS S
0550-Y50R 58 61 48 58 46 50 40 46 51 7
NCS S
2070-G50Y 65 75 67 60 67 64 51 59 63 7
F
NCS S
2010-Y50R 15 19 16 23 38 15 21 41 24 10
NCS S
2030-G 39 32 25 36 40 30 34 46 35 7
NCS S
1040-R50B 47 33 36 38 45 35 36 53 40 7
NCS S
4050-B 65 64 60 63 61 68 73 59 64 4
NCS S
1565-G 69 70 59 75 62 80 76 73 70 7
NCS S
0520-Y 26 21 15 20 29 20 18 33 23 6
NCS S
3030-R50B 49 46 50 46 49 45 46 53 48 2
NCS S
5040-G 64 65 62 61 72 73 79 64 67 6
NCS S
1050-G 53 50 33 51 48 43 38 59 47 8
NCS S
0565-R 69 80 60 68 55 75 61 70 67 8
Table 30 Brightness Reproducibility for 4 condition Brightness
Reproductivity Single adaptation &
Low Luminance Mixed adaptation &
Low Luminance Single adaptation &
High Luminance Mixed adaptation &
High Luminance
Sub1 7.08 9.16 25.20 19.10
Sub2 11.40 11.51 15.01 11.68
Sub3 6.60 7.36 11.98 7.13
Sub4 8.42 8.13 9.73 10.61
Sub5 10.89 13.77 7.80 8.07
Sub6 9.01 6.27 9.09 7.33
Sub7 8.77 8.92 6.45 12.46
Sub8 4.84 6.32 7.00 5.31
Average 8.38 8.93 11.53 10.21
SD 2.18 2.59 6.19 4.36
Table 31 Colorfulness Reproducibility for 4 condition Colorfulness
Reproductivity Single adaptation &
Low Luminance Mixed adaptation &
Low Luminance Single adaptation &
High Luminance Mixed adaptation &
High Luminance
Sub1 10.89 8.63 9.52 9.14
Sub2 15.99 15.84 8.95 10.71
Sub3 9.71 14.14 11.48 16.83
Sub4 9.83 11.52 6.15 6.48
Sub5 12.83 16.36 20.60 15.23
Sub6 9.29 8.70 14.16 12.27
Sub7 10.46 20.01 11.43 13.21
Sub8 11.74 16.84 7.10 19.63