International Exchange
C. Japan-China Friendship Project of Chinese Medicine Safety Evaluation Management Center
▶Granting of machine parts
The rehabilitation education machine parts and the prac- tice machine parts are granted.
C. Japan-China Friendship Project of Chinese Medicine
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– Maintenance of equipment and tools and materials neces- sary for safety test.
4. Future Possibility of Japan’s Cooperation in Northeast Asia
Northeast Asia is a sub-region, which consists of Japan, China (three provinces of northeast, and Inner Mongolia), South Korea and North Korea, Russia (Far East and east Siberia), and Mongolia.
This area is divided into the country where all the areas belong to Northeast Asia, and the country where only that part belongs to Northeast Asia.
One of the features of Northeast Asia is that it has a large varia- tion in the economic development of regions in each country and each area. When Japan sees an object of international cooperation in the medical care field, the relation between South Korea and Russia turns into a relation as a partner who performs mutual international cooperation to the other developmental-stage coun- try. The relation with China is that which undertakes the coopera- tion program, which employed the experience of the past of Japan efficiently; it turns into a relation, which performs international cooperation to other developmental-stage countries. Unlike South- east Asia, South Asia, and African countries, Mongolia and the DPRK cannot be said to be very inferior in the situation of medical care, but they are an object that undertakes the cooperation pro- gram which employed experience of the past of Japan efficiently.
For example, according to Table 1, the infant death rate for every 1000 births in the DPRK in 1999 is 22.5 (in 1993, it was 14).
This figure is a numerical value of the middle stage of the 1960s in Japan.3 The DPRK begins a gratis medical treatment system, and
although the social system about medical care is a good one, the latest severe economic conditions show that some numerical val- ues about medical care are getting worse when compared to the first half of the 1990s. For this reason, it can be said that there is room for Japan to perform international cooperation in a medical care sector of the DPRK.
One of the important fields of the international cooperation in the medical care field of Japan is infection. The first patient’s dis- covery place of SARS, avian flu, etc. is China. The DPRK is located between China and Japan. It profits the DPRK people to strength- en the social measure to the infection in the DPRK. Moreover, it contributes to reducing Japan’s exposure to such infection, and the threat to other countries in Northeast Asia. In order to take the local measure for preventing international propagation of such infection, Japan giving a technical cooperation project and grants-
3 _ The infant death rate over the birth 1000 of Japan was 14.2 in 22.3 or 69 in 26.4 or 63 in 1962.
<Table IV-1> Some Indexes on the Health and Medical Sectors of the DPRK
Source: ERINA (2001).
Indicator 1993 1999 Increase/
Decrease Total population 21,213,000 22,575,000 1,541,000
Total fertility rate 2.2 2.0 -0.2
Average lifespan 73.2 66.8 -6.4
Infant mortality rate 14/1000 22.5/1000 8.4/1000 Under-five mortality rate 27/1000 48/1000 21/1000
GNP per capita US$991 US$457 (1998) US$ -534
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in-aid to the DPRK or Mongolian is a selection that can fully be considered.
Though the social system in a medical care sector is ready in the DPRK about maternal and child health and reproductive health, the economic conditions of the DPRK are poor. Therefore, with the index of the physique of an infant death rate or infant’s part, the numerical value, which requires an improvement, appears here and there like Table 2. The international cooperation or assistance to the DPRK of Japan in this field should be promptly offered, if the bilateral relation was normalized. It is because this problem is not a problem of a regime but a problem of “human security” of the residents of the DPRK.
<Figure IV-1> Infant Morality Rate and Under-five Morality Rate in the DPRK
Source: ERINA (2001).
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1993 27 14
28 15
32
15 19
40 43
21 24
50 48
23
1994 1995 1996
IMR U5MR
1997 1998 1999
<Table IV-2> World Summit for Children Indicators of the DPRK (as of 2001)
World Summit for Children Indicators
Under-five mortality rate 48/1,000
Infant mortality rate 23/1,000
Proportion of under-fives who are too thin for their age
(underweight prevalence) 27.9%
Proportion of under-fives who are too short for their age
(stunting prevalence) 45.2%
Proportion of under-fives who are too thin for their height
(wasting prevalence) 10.4%
Use of safe drinking water (in disregard of its quality) 100.0%
Use of sanitary means of excreta disposal
(in disregard of its quality) 100.0%
Children reaching grade four, primary school 100.0%
Net primary school attendance rate 99.6%
Literacy rate 100.0%
Antenatal care 97.1%
Childbirth care 96.7%
Low birth weight (below 2.5 kg) 6.4%
Iodized salt consumption 1.7%
Under five children receiving Vitamin A supplementation 97.0%
Mothers receiving Vitamin A supplementation after
childbirth 20.2%
Exclusive breastfeeding rate among infants aged less than
4 months 90.7%
Proportion of infants aged 6-9 months who are receiving
breast milk and complementary food 18.4%
Continued breastfeeding rate children aged 12-15 months 86.3%
20-23 months 36.5%
Coverage of 1st dose of DPT immunization for children
by age one 91.0%
Coverage of measles immunization for children by age one 96.3%