- Incoterms 2010 CISG -
.
. Incoterms 2010 1. Incoterms 2010 2.
3.
. CISG 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
. Incoterms 2010 CISG 1.
2.
3.
4.
.
* , , .
: 2012. 10. 30 / : 2012. 11. 22 / : 2012. 11. 30
I.
,
, , , , .
.
.
,
1).
2), ,
.
, ,
(United Nations Commission on International
Trade Law : UNCITRAL) UN
(United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
1) , , , 2012, 175~178 ; John O. Honnold, Uniform law for International Sale Under the 1980 United Nations Convention, Deventer/Netherlands, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1987, p.359.
2) , - - , , 1991, 103 .
1980 : CISG)
3)(International Chamber of Commerce :
ICC) (International Rules for Interpretation
of Trade Terms : Incoterms) , Incoterms
4)1936
1953 , 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1990 2000
, , ,
2010 9 Incoterms 2010
5)2011 1 1 .
6)CISG
, Incoterms
, .
7)CISG Chapter . Incoterms
, Incoterms 2010
, .
3) , 2011 1 31 78
2004 2 17 UN CISG 2005 3 1
. CISG
( , UN ,
, 2011, 11 ).
4) Incoterms
,
, ICC
( , INCOTERMS 2010, , 2011, 10~11 ).
5) ICC 2010 Incoterms 2010 (ICC,
Incoterms 2010, Publication No. 715E, 2010, p.125) 6) ICC, Ibid., p.4.
7) , , 94~96 .
. Incoterms 2010
Incoterms 2010
,
(ship's rail)
(on board the vessel) ,
(string sales) FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF
.
Incoterms
, Incoterms 2010 11
,
8)A4( ), A7( )
, B4( ), B8( ) , A5
B5 ,
.
9)8) Incoterms 2000 13
Incoterms 2010
DAT( ) DAP( ) Incoterms 2000 DAF( ),
DES( ), DEQ( ) DDU( ) 4 11
. D
, DAF DAF, DES, DEQ,
DDU ICC .
9) , “ ”, ,
Incoterms 2010
A4 , A7
, ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
Incoterms 2010
(A9).
Incoterms 2010
(Rules for
Any Mode or Modes of Transport)
10)(Rules for
Sea and Inland Waterway Transport)
11), EXW( ) ,
FCA( ) , CPT( ) , CIP(
) , DAT( ) , DAP( ) , DDP(
) 7 , FAS( )
, FOB( ) , CFR( ) , CIF(
) 4
11 2 , , 2006, 55~56 .
10) (guidance note)
,
,
Incoterms 2010 .
11) (guidance note)
.
,
,
(ship's rail) (on board the vessel)
. Incoterms 2010
.
(EXE) (at the seller's premises)
, ,
(A5, B5).
13)(EXW)
,
,
(A4).
14)12)
(Guidance Note), Loco( ) On spot( )
, Ex...point of origin( ) , FOB factory( )
(Carole Murray et al., Schmitthoff's Export Trade, Sweet & Maxwell, 2007, p.11).
13) Jan Ramberg. ICC Guide to Incoterms 2010, Publication No. 720E, 2011, p.87.
14) A4 Delivery.
The seller must deliver the goods by placing them at the disposal of the buyer at the agreed point, if any, at the named place of delivery, not loaded on any collecting vehicle. and if there are several points available, the seller may select the point that best suits its purpose. The seller must deliver the goods on the agreed date or within the
EXW
(A4, A5, B5).
15)(FCA)
.
16),
(A4 b), B7 d) ).
(FCA) ,
. ,
. FCA
(A4, A5, B5).
FCA
agreed period.
15) A5 Transfer of risk.
The seller bears all risks of loss of damage to the goods until they have been delivered in accordance with A4 with the exception of loss or damage in the circumstances described in B5.
B5 Transfer of risk.
The buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods frome the time they have been delivered as envisaged in A4.
If the buyer fails to give notice in accordance with B7, then the buyer bears all risks of loss of or damage to the goods frome the agreed date or the expiry date of the agreed period for delivery, provided that the goods have been clearly identified as the contract goods.
16) Jan Ramberg. op. cit., p.97.
FOB
, Incoterms 1980 FRC
FOR/FOT FOA Incoterms
1990
.
17)(CPT)
18),
, (CIP)
CPT .
CPT, CIP, CFR CIF
, CPT CIP
, CFR CIF
.
CPT CIP
. ,
(A4, A5, B5).
19)17) Carole Murray et al., op. cit., p.13.
18) CPT Incoterms 1953 Freight or Carriage paid to
Incoterms 1980 Freight or Carriage Paid
to (DCP) Incoterms 1990 CIP
. 19)
. door to
door
.
(string sales)
, .
20)(DAT)
21)22)
DEQ
.
23)DAT
(A4, A5, B5).
(Guidance Note),
, (B2, B4, B7).
(DAP)
24)
DAT . , DAT DAP
,
(DAF : Delivered at Frontier), (DES : Delivered Ex Ship), (DDU : Delivered Duty Unpaid)
20) , , 93 .
21) (Terminal) , ,
, . DAT
(A3 a) ).
22) Jan Ramberg. op. cit., p.127.
23) , , 132~133 .
24) Jan Ramberg. op. cit,, p.137.
.
25)DAP
(A4, A5, B5).
, (Guidance
Note ), ,
DAT (B2, B4, B7).
(DDP)
26)
DAP .
DDP Franco
FOB(named inland point in country of importation)
Montreal Rules 1967 .
27)DDP
(A4, A5, B5).
(A3 a) ).
25) , , 150 .
26) Jan Ramberg. op. cit,, p.149.
27) , , 168 .
(FAS)
( )
28) 29)FAS FAS
.
30)FAS
(alongside the vessel), (A4, A5, B5).
,
.
,
(A4).
28) (winch), (tackle),
, .
, . 29) Jan Ramberg. op. cit., p.161.
30) FAS
(dock receipt)
, (demurrage) (storage),
( (1990)
Chapter (1952) §2-319 (2) ).
(FOB)
, FAS, CFR, CIF
31)
,
(Guidance Note).
FOB
(A4, A5, B5).
Incoterms 2000 FOB (ship's rail)
, Incoterms 2010
FOB (on board the vessel)
.
32)Incoterms 2010 .
(CFR)
,
(CIF) CFR ,
FAS, FOB .
CFR CIF FOB
31) roll on-roll off FOB
FCA .
32) ICC
.
(A4, A5, B5).
Incoterms CIF (bill of lading),
(marine insurance policy), (invoice) (shipping documents)
,
, (symbolic
delivery) .
33)CIF
.
34). CISG
CISG §66
,
35)
,
.
36)33) , , 102~103 .
34) A. G. Guest, Benjamin's Sale of Goods, 2rd ed., Sweet & Maxweel, 1981, p.903 . 35) CISG §e 66
Loss of or damage to the goods after the risk has passed to the buyer does not discharge him from his obligation to pay the price, unless the loss or damage is due to an act or omission of the seller.
36) 1978 CISG §78 , ULIS §96
(John O. Honnold , ,
UN , , 2004, 501 ).
.
37)38)
,
.
39),
, ,
. Incoterms
EXW .
CISG §67
.
40)CISG §67 (1) 1 ,
37) , “ ”, , , 1995, 82 .
38) Ulrich Huber
, Karl H. Neumayer
, CISG §66 .
39) , , 436 .
40) CISG §67
(1) If the contract of sale involves carriage of the goods and the seller is not bound to hand them over at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer in accordance with the contract of sale. If the seller is bound to hand the goods over to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place. The fact that the seller is authorized to retain documents controlling the disposition of the goods does not affect the passage of the risk.
(2) Nevertheless, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are clearly identified to the contract, whether by markings on the goods, by shipping documents, by notice given to the buyer or otherwise.
1 , .
41)
, .
,
42)CISG §67 (1) .
43)44)1
, .
CISG §67 (1) 2
, CISG §67 (1) 1 ,
. 1
41) 125 ,
.
42) Günter Hager, “Gefahrtragung nach UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zu EKG und BGB”, in ; Schlechtliem, Einheitliches Kaufrecht und nationals Obligationenrecht, 1987, S.391.
43) , “UN ”, , 12 , ,
1993, 72 ; John O. Honnold,, op. cit., pp.8~10 . 44) CISG §67
,
.
2
.
45)FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF
, . , FAS
, FOB, CFR, CIF .
CISG CISG §67 (1) 2
,
.
CISG §67 (2) (1)
(markings on the goods), ,
, Incoterms B5
.
,
(UCC §2-509)
46)45) John O. Honnold,, op. cit., p.376.
46) UCC §2-509 Risk of Loss in the Absence of Breach
(1) Where the contract requires or authorizes the seller to ship the goods by carrier (a) if it does not require him to deliver them at a particular destination, the risk of
.
47)CISG §68 1
,
48).
49),
.
50).
51). CISG §68 2
loss passes to the buyer when the goods are duly delivered to the carrier even though the shipment is under reservation(Section 2-505) ; but
(b) if it does require him to deliver them at a particular destination and the goods are there duly tendered while in the possession of the carrier, the risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are there duly so tendered as to enable the buyer to take delivery.
47) P. M. Roth, “The Passing of Risk”, Am. J. Com. L. Vol.27. No. 2&3, 1979, pp.
291~296 . 48) CISG §68
The risk in respect of goods sold in transit passes to the buyer from the time of the conclusion of the contract. ...
49)
, 1980
.
50) , , 74 .
51) , , 109 .
,
52). (documents embodying the contract of carriage)
, ,
.
53),
.
54), CISG §68 2
,
.
55),
. CISG §68 3
52) CISG §68
... However, if the circumstances so indicate, the risk is assumed by the buyer from the time the goods were handed over to rhe carrier who issued the documents embodying the contract of carriage. ....
53) , , 1997, 158 .
54) C. M. Bianca M. J. Bonell, “Commentary on the International Sales Law”, The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention, Mailand, 1987, p.498; , , 1993, 75 .
55) , , 105 .
,
56).
(§25 ).
.
57).
58). ,
,
.
59)CISG §69 (1) §67 §68 ,
,
60)61)(2)
56) CISG §68
...Nevertheless, if at the time of the conclusion of the contract of sale the seller knew or ought to have known that the goods had been lost or damaged and did not disclose this to the buyer, the loss or damage is at the risk of the seller.
57) , , 106 .
58) , , , 2010, 249 .
59) John O. Honnold , , , 414~145 .
60) CISG §69
(1) In cases not within articles 67 and 68, the risk passes to the buyer when he takes over the goods or, if he does not do so in due time, from the time when the goods
,
,
62).
, .
63), .
.
64),
, .
. CISG §69 (2)
. ,
. Incoterms D ,
3 3
.
65)are placed at his disposal and he commits a breach of contract by failing to take delivery.
61)
,
Incoterms EXW .
62) CISG §69
(2) However, if the buyer is bound to take over the goods at a place other than a place of business of the seller, the risk passes when delivery is due and the buyer is aware of the fact that the goods are placed at his disposal at that place.
63) , , 78 .
64) Bianca Bonell, op. cit., p.503.
65) , Art.81 para.5; S/M, Art.69 Rn.18. 3
CISG §69 (1) (2)
.
. ,
, .
.
CISG §70
§67, §68 §69
.
66)(fundamental breach of contract)
67)§67, §68 §69
§46 (2) §49 (1) (a)
.
68)Fernkauf . , , 175
’ ‘ .
66) CISG §70
If the seller has committed a fundamental breach of contract, articles 67, 68 and 69 do not impair the remedies available to the buyer on account of the breach.
67) Honnold
Honnold (John O. Honnold. op.
cit., pp.379~388 .).
68) The Secretariat Commentary on Article 82 of the 1978 Draft, 2 ; Henry Gabriel, Practitioner's Guide To The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) & The Uniform Commercial Code(UCC), New York : Oceana Publications, 1994, p.216 .
, .
69), ,
,
.
,
, , CISG §51 (1)
, ,
.
70), CISG . §69 (1) §31 (b) (c)
, Incoterms B4
.
,
.
71)69) , , 115 .
70) John O. Honnold , , , 440 . 71) Günter Hager Schlechtliem, op. cit., p.2 .
. Incoterms 2010 CISG
Incoterms 2010 (ICC)
, CISG UN (UNCITRAL)
. Incoterms 2010
, CISG
Incoterms 2010 CISG (CISG §6, §9
).
72)Incoterms 2010 11
10
,
73)CISG
.
74)72) Incoterms ( , , 94
) Incoterms
CISG §6 Incoterms CISG
73) Incoterms 2010 (A1,B1),
(A2, B2), (A3, B3),
(A4, B4), (A5, B5), (A6, B6),
(A7, B7), (A8, B8),
(A9, B9), (A10, B10) .
74) CISG Part , Part ,
, Part , Part
, Part Chapter
Incoterms 2010 (Forword) Incoterms (ICC)
. CISG §1 (1) ...
Incoterms 2010 .
Incoterms 2010 9
75)
.
CISG (§67),
(§68), (§69),
4
Incoterms 2010 ,
.
Incoterms 2010 (Delivery)
, Incoterms 2010
,
76)11 A4
.
75) Incoterms 2010 11
CPT CIP , CEF CFR
9 .
76) Delivery : This concept has multiple meanings in trade law and practice, but in the
CISG .
CISG §31 §32 (handing over)
(placing the goods at the buyer's disposal)
. CISG
.
77)CSIG Incoterms 2010
, CSIG §31 , §33 , §35
§69
deliver , §67 §68 hand
over ,
78)§31, §33, §35 deliver
, §67, §68 hand over
.
79)Incoterms 2010 CISG
. Incoterms 2010 CISG
(delivery) ,
. Incoterms 2010
CISG ,
CISG Incoterms 2010
CISG .
Incoterms 2010 rules, It is used to indicate where the risk of loss of or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer.
77) , “ ( ) ”, , 31
2 , , 2009, 302 .
78) John O. Honnold , , , 507~521 ; , , 438~441 .
79) John O. Honnold, “Unifrom Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention”, 3rd ed., Kluwer Law International, 1998, p.393.
Incoterms 2010 , , ,
CISG
, CISG
, Incoterms 2010 B4
CISG
. Incoterms 2010
CISG §66 , Incoterms 2010
CISG
, ,
.
. Incoterms 2010
CISG Incoterms 2010
CISG .
CISG Incoterms 2010
.
.
CISG Incoterms 2010
.
, . Incoterms 2010
ICC (ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms) ,
Incoterms ,
. Incoterms
,
80)Incoterms .
81)Incoterms 2010 (string
sales) FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF
,
, CISG
§68
Incoterms 2010 CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF A3 a)
,
.
80) 2004
Incoterms , Incoterms 2010
Incoterms ( , “2010 Incoterms
”, , 25 4 , , 2010, 61~62 , ICC,
Incoterms 2010 3rd. draft, Introduction, Main difference between Incoterms 2000 and 2010, 3 ).
81) , “Incoterms 2010 ”, , 25
4 , , 2010, 105 , , “Incoterms 2010 3
”, , 43 2 , , 28 .
. FAS, FOB, CFR, CIF
, Incoterms 2010 CPT, CIP, CFR, CIF
CISG §68 .
CISG Incoterms 2010
,
. CISG Incoterms 2010
.
CISG ,
, 1
CISG §67 (1) 1
, §68
, §68 2
. Incoterms 2010
CISG UN
.
, “ ”,
, 11 2 , , 2006.
, , , 2011.
, , , 2006.
, INCOTERMS 2010, , 2011.
, , , 2010.
, - - , , 1991.
, UN , , 2011.
, “ ( ) ”,
, 31 2 , , 2009.
, , , 2004.
______, Incoterms 2000 , , 2010.
______, “CISG Incoterms ”, , 23 ,
, 2004.
, UN , , 1998.
______, , , 2012.
, “ ”, , ,
1995.
Jojn O. Honnold , UN , , 2004.
, “UN ”, , 12 ,
, 1993.
______, , , 2012.
, , , 1997.
, (CISG) UN , , 2011.
Bianca, C. M. Bonell, M. J., “Commentary on the International Sales Law”, The 1980 Vienna Sales Convention, Mailand, 1987.
Carole Murray et al., Schmitthoff's Export Trade, Sweet & Maxwell, 2007.
Guest, A. G., “Benjamin's Sale of Goods”, 2rd ed., Sweet & Maxwel, 1981.
Günter Hager, Gefahrtragung nach UN-Kaufrecht im Vergleich zu EKG und
BGB, in ; Schlechtliem, Einheitliches Kaufrecht und nationals
Obligationen-recht, Baden-Baden, 1987.
Gütersloh, B. P., “Review of CISG, Incoterms and CISG”, Kluwer Law Int'l, 1998.
Henry Gabriel, Practitioner's Guide To The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) & The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), New York : Oceana Publications, 1994.
Honnold, John O., “Unifrom Law for International Sales under the 1980 United Nations Convention”, 3rd ed., Kluwer Law International, 1998.
Jan Ramberg, “ICC Guide to Incoterms 2000”, ICC Publishing SA, 1999.
___________, ICC Guide to Incoterms 2010, Publication No. 720E, 2011.
Roth P. M., “The Passing of Risk”, Am. J. Com. L. Vol.27. No. 2&3, 1979.
< >
,
, , , ,
.
.
.
, .
,
, UNCITRAL
CISG ICC Incoterms ,
, ,
.
CISG Chapter . Incoterms
, Incoterms 2010
.
Journal of Legislation Research / 43th Issue
A Study on the Passing of Risk on Contracts of International Sale of Goods in the viewpoint of comparative laws
- Focused on the Incoterms 2010 and CISG -
Cho, Sung-Jong
*82)In terms of international sale of goods, which takes most of international commerce, shipping generally takes a long time and is exposed to the risk of unexpected theft, fire, collision of vessels, leak, and corrosion during transportation.
Therefore, business parties always take risks when doing business. These risks are directly related to financial loss in a scale that may affect the success of business, so a reasonable standard on the risk of loss is every important to resolve the risk of loss or risk transfer.
The issue of risk of loss in regards to the contracts for international sale of goods is about who should be responsible for the loss or damage while performing the sales contract when neither seller nor buyer is responsible for such loss or damage. Risk transfer is the issue of changing the entity responsible for the risk of loss.
One of the most important issues when it comes to the contracts for international sale of goods is the responsibility and transfer or risks and efforts have been made around the world for a long time to resolve this issue. The major examples of legislation would be CISG enacted by UNCITRAL and Incoterms enacted by ICC.
They have been enacted based on different customs and have consistencies and discrepancies in contents. They are mutually supplementary, but they have caused many confusions and errors in terms of application.
This study examined CISG, Chapter . Risk Transfer Regulations and Incoterms' terms on risk of loss and risk transfer, especially the new Incoterms 2010 to discuss their relationships, problems, and solutions.
* Professor/Dept. of Law & Public Administration, Kyungbuk College, phD in Law
:
