중국은 국부의 원천을 농업에 두었기 때문에 전통적으로 농업을 강조하고 무역을 축소해 왔다. 조는 이 상황을 통제할 힘이 없었기 때문에 끊임없이 서구열강의 괴롭힘을 당하고 이를 거부하다가 결국 몰락하고 말았다.
Introduction
Preface
The Ocean Policy in Early Ages of China
The Beginning of Navigation
The Ocean Policy in Qin Dynasty
There was a major turning point in maritime policy when the emperor was caught up in leading a perpetual life. When the emperor asked him in 210 BC why he couldn't find the elixir, he claimed there was a huge fish blocking their way and asked archers to get rid of the creature.
The Ocean Policy in Han Dynasty (BC 206-AD 220)
In fact, we could know little about the great contribution that Guangzhou had made to the Maritime Silk Road in ancient times. It was certainly not only that the Maritime Silk Road was developed, but also the sea routes opened during the Qin Dynasty were consolidated.
The Ocean Policy in the Medieval Ages of China
The Ocean Policy in Tang Dynasty (618 - 907)
The managers named Fanzhang and Dufanzhang were in charge of the settlements and the foreign businessmen. Fanzhang (蕃長) is a minister appointed by the Tang Dynasty government as manager of foreigners' residential area.
The Ocean Policy in Song Dynasty (960-1279)
These two bureaus were responsible for matters such as trade taxes in the south of the Five Ridges and eastern Zhejiang. This part of the goods was delivered to the government treasury, called 抽解, which was an important part of the government's budget.
The Ocean Policy in Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
- the background of the great voyages
- The Seven Voyages of Zhanghe
- The End of the Treasure Fleet
In the early Ming Dynasty, China had the best naval technology in the world. The third emperor of the Ming dynasty, the Yongle Emperor, was particularly aggressive and personally led major campaigns against the Mongol tribes in the north and west. This time, in addition to visiting many of the same places, Zheng He commanded his 63 ships and over 28,000 men at Hormuz in the Persian Gulf.
During this journey, Zheng He ventured even further, first to Aden at the mouth of the Red Sea, and then to the east coast of Africa, stopping at the city-states of Mogadishu and Brawa (in modern-day Somalia) and Malindi (in modern-day Somalia). day Kenya). Finally, during the reigns of the Hongle and Xuande emperors, Ming China faced a growing threat to its land borders in the west. A policy of promoting overseas trade as in the West never occurred even in the last years of the Ming dynasty.
The Ocean Policy in the Modern Ages of China
The Ocean Policy in the Early Qing Dynasty (1644-1842)
- The unstable sea ban in Emperor Kangxi’era
- The sea ban in Emperor Qianlong’s era
- Characteristics of sea ban in early Qing dynasty
In the second half of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, foreign merchant ships were allowed to trade with China in all specified ports, and the overseas activities of Chinese merchants developed rapidly, despite certain restrictions on their going abroad. By the last years of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, Qing overseas politics turned inward again. English trade with China through the East India Company began in the 3rd decade of the Kangxi Emperor's reign and developed gradually from the 1720s.
The Qing was very concerned that the English would change the trading port, as this would reduce the revenue of the Guangdong Customs. If we review the overseas trade policy of the early Qing, we can say that China was closed or partially closed to the outside world for most of these two hundred years, except for a few decades during the reign of Emperor Kangxi. Absolutely, the Qing government was accused of the main responsibility for the humiliation of China in the 18th and 19th centuries.
The Ocean Policy in late Qing Dynasties (1843-1911)
After the 1840s, the government opened the five largest opium trading ports, or major trading ports in Shanghai, which handle more than half of the nation's trade. As other European countries raided China one by one, they noticed the weakness of the government and the backwardness in military equipment and the gigantic interests that Britain had acquired, so the Qing dynasty soon collapsed and led the control of the ports, which the industrial countries encroached on. The Qing dynasty faced new concepts of the international system and relations between states.
To meet the growing Chinese demand for opium, the British East India Company greatly expanded its production in Bengal. The Qing Navy, which consisted entirely of wooden sailing junks, was greatly outmatched by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. The Treaty of Nanjing, the first of the unequal treaties, demanded war reparations, forced China to open the treaty ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchow, Ningpo, and Shanghai to Western trade and missionaries, and ceded the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain.
The Ocean Policy in New China
The Ocean Policy in Mao's era (1949-1976)
In 1961, the Department of Transportation officially established the China Ocean Shipping Corporation, specializing in maritime transportation. Although it started from a humble beginning, a national maritime shipping company could never compare with these private companies. With the nation's support, self-learning and shipbuilding knowledge gained from advanced countries, the future of the shipping industry was bright, leading to rapid development in the 1970s.
From 1949 to 1976, the most important turning point was that the Ministry of Communications officially established the China Shipping Company in 1961, specializing in shipping. So, according to the regulations that Zhou Enlai laid out for the "second five-year plan", China firmly established the national shipping company. After the 1970s, due to the development of inward and outward commercial shipping, the situation of disproportion between seaports and carrying capacity was exposed.
The Ocean Policy in Deng’s era (1978-1992)
Thus, unless a large-scale invasion by the foreign enemy were to occur, the economy would be advanced, not deviating from the centrality of the economic construction. Since the third plenary session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, in order to meet the needs of foreign grocery transportation, the shipping companies in China have paid more attention to the development of international container transportation. An important symbol of the development of ocean container transport in China was that in October 1982 the entire package line from Tianjin, Hong Kong and Shanghai to the United States opened.
The economy and trade developed rapidly due to the policy of reform and opening up, which stimulated a high demand for transportation, including shipping. During the 20 years of reform and opening up, China has achieved the expected goal with high quality, laying a solid economic foundation for the formulation of the ocean strategy in this period. In February 1978, the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted a marine scientific survey in the surrounding waters of Zhongsha and Xisha Islands, which achieved recovery and continuation.
The Ocean Policy in Jiang’ era (1992-2002)
Therefore, in the era of accelerating globalization in the world economy, China must do well in economic development. Third, China must comply with the economic construction and national defense construction and coordinate the development to give full play to the basic guarantee and strong "backup effect" of the military force on the maintenance of national maritime security. On July 1, 1994, China implemented the fundamental charter of foreign trade called Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China, which ensured that Chinese foreign trade could function orderly under the socialist market economic system.
Third, the People's Republic of China has reaffirmed the sovereignty of the archipelagos and islands listed in Article 2 of China's Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone Law promulgated on February 25, 1992. Fourth, China has reaffirmed the provisions regarding harmless passage within the territorial sea listed United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea. Currently, there are more than 70 overseas shipping companies that rely on container liner shipping in Chinese ports.
The Ocean Policy in Hu’era (2002-2012)
The construction of China's entire ocean strategy required the guiding principle with general meaning. 34; Regulation on the Administration of Foreign Investments in International Maritime Transport", as the supporting rules of international maritime regulations. In the ten twenty-five (十二五) plan, the development of maritime transport became an important part of the development of the sea economy.
In recent years, the volume of dry bulk traffic has increased by 8%, accounting for half of the world's maritime traffic in the country. The development of maritime trade contributed to the transformation of the growth pattern of foreign trade. Maritime transport was the most important part of China's trade in transport services, accounting for 70% of the total volume of imports and exports.
The Ocean Policy in Xi’ era (2012- )
During the visit to ASEAN countries, Xi proposed the joint construction of the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road". As the world's third largest trading country and the country with the greatest demand for sea transport, the controlling power of the sea canal was extremely insignificant. With the rapid development of the port, the flow and storage of the dangerous cargoes became.
According to the study of the special meeting of the Ministry of Transport, the 《Provisions on the Safe Handling of Dangerous Goods in Ports（时间设计设计安全管理管理）》 was approved on August 29, 2017. The policies of all ages were in accordance with national conditions, which was the biggest reason for the rapid development of the maritime industry. The government will continue to take care of the safety of goods and ensure a more stable and faster development of the sea.
The Conclusion
After the founding of New China, the Chinese government attached great importance to the shipping industry, and the shipping industry was carefully planned within each of the five-year plans. With the support of the government and the efforts of the Chinese people, China had been able to self-sufficiently build the transportation system without depending on other countries. One of the main elements of the One Belt, One Road initiative that China launched in 2013 is the concept of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
The concept of the Maritime Silk Road of the 21st century - which builds on the successes of the past - tries to emphasize the positive effects of globalization and advocates mutual benefits, peaceful cooperation and sustainable development of the maritime world. 6] Rong xinchun（2012）, “On the Development and Variability of the Shipping Sector of New China（试论新中国海运电影的设计和变迁. 23] http://www.mot.gov.cn/zhengce/ (Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China）.
