This paper presents an initial study on the adoption of indoor PMVs through the design and development of a new PMVs (Personal Mobility Vehicles). Hug2Go is the indoor personal mobility, find passenger through self-driving and go to place through a new way of steering. In this research, we hypothesize a new model of indoor mobility and investigate its possible to build on the market through the usability test.
Experimental results with fifteen participants regarding the acceptance of PMVs indoors validated the proposed latent needs. The purpose of this study and development of PMVs is to provide a comprehensive background for the initial research on indoor PMVs.
INTRODUCTION
1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background
Research Aim and Scope
The main goal is to develop the appropriate concept of personal mobility indoors through design-led research. The main research question was formulated as follows: What can be done in the interior space to facilitate the penetration of outdoor PMVs?. Through literature review and user observation with PMV users, we developed an indoor PMV that provides comfortable and safe indoor driving.
Second, the design and development of a new form of indoor mobility. Third, focused experiments and user surveys. Finally, we discussed the results issues related to the usability test and were able to understand the limitations and challenges of the Hug2Go design.
Thesis Structure
PRELIMINARY STUDY
2 PRELIMINARY STUDY 2.1. Related Works
Observation to insights
First, the experimenter gave each participant an explanation of the driving course and how to manipulate PMVs. It follows from that said that we should consider insights from commercial PMVs and we found out the possibilities of indoor mobility. It includes building which has a huge indoor area such as shopping malls, station, museums, convention center and airport (Figure 9).
It is a modern conference center in which one or more buildings consist of a shopping complex with interconnecting walkways. Others, such as stations, museums, convention centers and airports, also have enormous indoor space with walking paths.
Design features
Second, a self-driving mode is to find the passenger who wants to move. If the passenger wants to control the mobility, he can use the back of the opposite seat as a guide. Sensors are mounted on the seat and front cover where they detect the passenger's leg or a body part.
In self-driving, the mobility reaches the passenger and stops in front of the user. If the user does not want to control mobility, the user can sit leaning back. For mobility control, the user must sit in a chair facing the opposite side.
Then 2 ToF sensors, which are mounted on the front cover, detect the passenger's legs or part of the body. If ToF sensors detect the user's body part, Hug2Go's control mode is only activated. The most basic ideas about the criterion is to sit on a chair that faces in the opposite direction.
A hug' is to hold someone tightly in the arms, or to hold something carefully or tightly around or against a body part. To turn in a circle, the user rotates the seat to the left or right without pulling and pushing. If the user pulls or pushes and turns the steering wheel at the same time, the mobility moves the direction in which the user turns while driving.
Implementation
The mobility has an internal 36V, 10Ah lithium polymer battery that is used to power the main motor and accompanying primary circuit. Manual mobility controls can only be achieved with output signals with two installed measuring cells. In addition, the stop button is also used to stop when the vehicle is broken down from the intended route.
The vehicles' longitudinal speed control is achieved by an analog voltage input to the motor driver to imitate the output of two independent load cells connected to the main body. The speed input value for the control can also take a negative value, indicating backward movement. To drive manually, the vehicle requires two load cell beam types.
A weldment consists of a metal element that is introduced to a change by tension (pulling apart) or compression (compression) forces and internal strain gauges that observe this change. We used two load cells to make four signals from the independent position of the load cell. Finally, we chose the position (Figure 22, c, d) because of the independent relationship between each load cell.
These layers of resin are intended to improve the appearance of the part, not strength or functionality. An STM32L432KC microcontroller is used to publish a control signal to the BLDC motor, read the load cells and communicate with the hugger. In manual mode, only commands from the driver will be executed; in char mode, mobility will stay stationary.
USABILITY EVALUATION
Method
In particular, we performed MVP (minimum viable product), which is to provide feedback for product development. The seat and backrest were only designed and developed with the car system to be verified by initial users. According to (Nielson, 1993), at least 15 users are needed to discover all the usability problems in the design.
The demographics of the 15 participants are presented in Table 7. Overall, 53.3% of the participants were male and 46.6% were female. Finally, participants take a survey about their acceptance of Hug2Go and discuss it through interview. Therefore, the 1F lobby, which is located in UNIST (approximately the area of 3600 m2) is considered as sufficient internal space (Figure 9).
The user rating measured participants' perception of Hug2Go in terms of safety, convenience, and ease of use. Comfort was defined as ride quality and seated well-being: Safety was defined as the user's level of control of the Hug's steering and his/her sense of stability when driving the Hug2Go. We referred to a driving assessment tool to perform user assessment of personal indoor mobility.
The PMCDA tool was used by a physician who rated the participant's driving skills on a scale of 1 to 3 in terms of adequacy-effectiveness (AE) and safety. The questionnaire (Appendix C) was adapted to the tasks of the indoor areas (Appendix B) via PMCDA. Each measurement used a Likert scale of 1-5, with a score of 1 – strongly disagree, 2 – disagree, 3 – neutral, 4 – agree, 5 – strongly agree (Table 8).
Results
The lack of a satisfactory answer may be due to the operating system not being optimized. The interviews started by asking a number of questions in terms of usability of the hug control and acceptance of the concept. We constructed the significant findings based on classification; the process of transcribing and translating resulted in the identification of five entities (Table 10).
P08 "It's easy to learn, but it's hard to recognize how much power to turn."
Findings
For acceptance of the indoor PMVs, factor analysis was used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potential. A Kaiser normalization was performed to define the components in terms of subsets, as shown in Figure 30. The first subscales, labeled Practical, Useful, Effective, could be interpreted as Base1 in a system.
The second set of subscales, conveniently called attractiveness, can be interpreted as reflecting the Base2 with a system. On the other hand, in Appendix D the mean scores for practical and effective are much less than others. For example, throttle or joystick allows users to recognize the degree of control through physical feedback.
P08 noted, “easy to learn, but difficult to recognize how much force to turn.” P8 and P10 said: “If I went backwards it would sound” and “Pedestrians want to know the location of mobility through the indication of light or sound. It is better to stop near the pedestrian, even if you did not notice the pedestrian while driving.”
More, the participants also reported the highest levels of discomfort and fear without the assistance system ate the high pedestrian density. P01 said: "It was uncomfortable to sit with a full back" and P12 said: "The backrest is too long."
DISCUSSION
5 DISCUSSION
Discussion
On the other hand, the backrest of the Hug2Go should be huggable by the users. However, the convex shape is more suitable for the user to hug. Sometimes physical tensions people are aware of can become really exhausting in the huge indoor spaces.
Then the user can use chair mode for short term until the user restores their tension. From the above discussion, it is clear that Hug2Go should focus on the feature of the Hug2Go related to functions and design (Yang, 2013).
Limitation
CONCLUSION
6 CONCLUSION 6.1. Conclusion
Further works
First, we plan to improve the handling of the current platform and develop a level 2 self-driving concept. In particular, the acceptability of indoor PMVs is uncertain, whether the responses are simply due to latent needs or not. 34; Public Acceptability of Personal Mobility Vehicles in Japan: Results of a Toyota City Social Trial.” Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development.
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