December 2017
A Study for Establishment of the Master Plan of Renewable
Energy in Cameroon
December 2017
A Study for Establishment of the Master Plan of
Renewable Energy in
Cameroon
December 2017
A Study for Establishment of the Master Plan of
Renewable Energy in
Cameroon
Published by
Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI) 405-11, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu,
Ulsan, 44543, KOREA www.keei.re.kr
Place and date of publication:
Ulsan, December 2017
Project team
Jinyoung SOH (KEEI) Responsible Project Manager Contact address:
Korea Energy Economics Institute
405-11, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan, 44543, KOREA Email: [email protected]
Office: +82-52-714-2166
KEEI Participants
Jeong-Soon PARK Energy market analysis
Chul-Yong LEE Energy demand and supply forecasts
Ji Un AHN Investment costs estimation
Sangmin CHO Policy analysis
Seokho LEE Legal and institutional framework analysis Sungsam CHUNG Renewable energy technology analysis
Seungjae CHOI Research support
Consortium: Dohwa-KEEI-GEO Consortium
Chang-Hyeon PARK, Dohwa Engineering Co., Ltd Consortium Project Manager Su-Il KO, Dohwa Engineering Co, Ltd RE Potential Survey
Su-Ji, Kweon, Dohwa Engineering Co, Ltd RE Potential Survey Kyeong-Hwan CHOI, GEO C&I Co., Ltd GEO Project Manager Tae-Soo KIM, GEO C&I Co., Ltd Biomass Potential Survey
Contributor: Nemo Partners (Pre-feasibility study)
Joon KIM, Project Manager
Sukho YOON, Advisory Service, Comprehensive Recommendation Keny PARK, Project-site Investigation & Study (PV, Wind)
This report is the final report of a study that aims at producing the Renewable Energy Master Plan in Cameroon (REMP) for effective and efficient deployment of renewable energy (RE) technologies, which utilizes abundant RE resource potential, to meet national energy demand, to respond to global climate change, and to address other socio-economic issues. It is a product of collaborative works and consensus among the Ministry of Water Resources and Energy (MINEE), other Cameroonian stakeholders and the Consultant. It sets the visions for RE deployment in Cameroon as the guiding qualitative principles and a set of goals as quantitative targets for RE deployment that could lead to achieving the visions. It also suggests the short, medium and long term deployment targets by RE source as the working targets that can be used as the periodic quantitative milestone for policy implementation and revision. Focus of this study is set on the actual deployment RE technologies and practical policies to stimulate the deployment. On this basis, the report proposes a number of strategies with detailed policy measures and programs that are an essential part of REMP in deploying RE technologies in Cameroon. It also provides roadmaps for each policy measure and program, and these roadmaps are integrated into a milestone of REMP. Total scale of investments required to achieve the RE deployment targets in short, medium and long term is estimated and provided by RE source.
Finally, risk factors in implementing REMP are identified and policy recommendations for risk management are followed. For successful implementation of REMP, the results of the study need to be fed back into related national strategies, such as PDER and PDSE. In this regards, the Consultant recommend that collaboration among Cameroonian stakeholders and involvement of private sector and international communities in the Cameroon RE market are crucial, and the MINEE should endeavor to mobilize all possible resources to involve them in the process of implementing the REMP.
Chapter 1. Overview
··· 11.1 Background ··· 1
1.2 Objectives ··· 3
Chapter 2. Analysis on Energy System in Cameroon
··· 52.1 Status of the Global RE Market ··· 5
2.2 Analysis on Energy Demand and Supply in Cameroon ··· 7
2.2.1 Rapid growth of economy and population ··· 7
2.2.2 Need for balancing and diversifying energy supply and demand ··· 8
2.2.3 Status of the Power Generation Sector and RE ···13
2.2.4 Electricity Demand Forecasts ···18
2.3. Socio-economic Aspects of Energy in Cameroon ···19
2.3.1 Electricity accessibility ···19
2.3.2 LPG accessibility ···20
Chapter 3. RE Policy Implementation Environment
···233.1 Institutional and Regulatory Aspects ···23
3.1.1 Major stakeholders regarding RE in Cameroon ···23
3.1.2 Legal and institutional aspects ···24
3.2 Policy and Planning Aspects ···25
3.3 Environmental Consideration for RE Deployment ···27
3.3.1 Environmental impacts of RE technologies ···27
3.3.2 Environmental Considerations in Developing RE ···31
3.4 RE Resource Potential Aspects ···33
3.4.1 Overview ···33
4.1 Overview of RE Projects ···37
4.2. Economic Feasibility of RE Projects ···38
4.3. Sensitivity Analysis ···39
Chapter 5. Paradigm for RE Deployment
···415.1 Key Issues and Imminent Tasks for RE Development···41
5.1.1 Key issues···41
5.1.2. Key tasks in the RE sector ···44
5.2 RE Deployment Paradigm ···45
5.2.1 Vision, goals and implementation strategies for RE deployment ···45
5.2.2 Policy Goals ···47
5.2.3 Policy Implementation Strategies ···48
5.3 RE Deployment Targets by Phase ···49
5.3.1 RE generation targets by phase ···49
5.3.2 RE installed capacities to achieve generation targets of REMP ···52
5.4 Investment Required to Achieve RE Deployment Targets ···53
Chapter 6. Policy Measures and Programs
···556.1 Overview ···55
6.2 Legal and Institutional Framework ···57
6.2.1 Enacting the Renewable Energy Promotion Act ···57
6.2.2 Organizations and Governance ···60
6.2.3 Strengthening Local Governments Capabilities ···71
6.3 RE Technology Deployment Program ···74
6.3.1 Rural Area RE Deployment Program: RESCO ···74
6.3.2 On-Grid RE Deployment Program ···81
6.3.3 Mandatory installation program ···92
6.4 RE Deployment Support Policies ···94
6.4.1 Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) ···94
6.4.2 Subsidies and Loans ··· 100
6.4.3 Tax Incentives ··· 104
6.4.4 Summary of RE deployment programs ··· 105
6.5.2 Establishing information and statistics infrastructure ··· 110
6.5.3Assessmentof RE Resource Potential by Region ··· 113
6.6 Sources for Financing ··· 115
6.6.1 Domestic sources ··· 115
6.6.2 Foreign sources ··· 117
Chapter 7. Milestone and Policy Recommendation
··· 1217.1 RE Policy Milestone ··· 121
7.1.1 RE Policy Milestones ··· 122
7.1.2 Cost Estimation for RE Policy Measures and Programs ··· 124
7.2 Relation to Other Strategies and Policy Recommendation ··· 130
7.2.1 Contribution to Vision 2030 and DSCE ··· 130
7.2.2 Contribution to INDC ··· 131
7.2.3 Contribution to PDSE (PDSEN) ··· 131
7.2.4 Contribution to PDER ··· 131
7.2.5 Contribution to EESS and PNEE ··· 132
7.3 Risk Analysis and Policy Recommendation ··· 132
7.3.1 Policy-Related and Political Risks ··· 132
7.3.2 Market Risk ··· 134
7.3.3 Investment Finance Risk ··· 137
7.3.4 Technological Risk ··· 138
7.3.5 Environmental Risk ··· 140
7.4 Proposal for Construction of Manufacturing Factories ··· 142
References
··· 145Annex I of the Final Report: Supporting Analysis Report
Annex II of the Final Report: Pre-feasibility Study Report
<Table 2-1> Prospects for investment costs and LCOE for solar PV and wind ··· 6
<Table 2-2> GDP, total and per capita (2000~2035) (CFA F, %) ··· 8
<Table 2-3> Cameroon energy production trends ··· 9
<Table 2-4> Cameroon energy production in 2014 TOE ··· 9
<Table 2-5> Foreign dependency trends of feedstock crude oil (2007~2014)···11
<Table 2-6> Fuel consumption for power generation in Cameroon ···11
<Table 2-7> Status of installed capacity for generation by source ···14
<Table 2-8> Electricity generation by source ···15
<Table 2-9> Summary of RE projects under planning, 2015 ···17
<Table 2-10> Cameroon RIS electricity demand forecast ···18
<Table 2-11> Cameroon RIN electricity demand forecast ···18
<Table 2-12> Cameroon RIE electricity demand forecast ···19
<Table 2-13> Proportion of households with access to electricity 2001 and 2007 (%) ···20
<Table 2-14> Consumption trends of oil products (2007~2014) ···21
<Table 3-1> Organizations relevant to RE deployment in Cameroon ···23
<Table 3-2> Environmental impact of solar PV ···28
<Table 3-3> Environmental impact of wind power ···29
<Table 3-4> Environmental impact (small hydropower) ···30
<Table 3-5> Environmental impact (biomass) ···31
<Table 3-6> RE potential in Cameroon ···34
<Table 4-1> Locational information of 9 RE projects ···37
<Table 4-2> Direct benefits ···38
<Table 4-3> Summary of economic feasibility analysis results ···39
<Table 4-4> Sensitivity analysis on PPA changes for each project region ···40
<Table 5-1> RE generation by source (reference case) ···49
<Table 5-2> RE deployment targets of generation by source ···50
<Table 5-3> Reference case RE installed capacity forecasts ···52
<Table 5-4> RE installed capacity targets of REMP ···52
<Table 6-1> Characteristics and policy direction by RE market development stage ···55
<Table 6-2> Major issues by section ···57
<Table 6-3> Renewable energy promotion law roadmap ···60
<Table 6-4> Roadmap for establishing the CREA ···62
<Table 6-5> Roadmap for establishing CNREC ···65
<Table 6-6> Roadmap for establishment of CREDS ···68
<Table 6-7> Comparison of strengths and weaknesses between the alternatives ···70
<Table 6-8> Roadmap for improving the capacity of the regional government ···73
<Table 6-9> RESCO project roadmap ···78
<Table 6-10> Small hydropower demonstration project···84
<Table 6-11> Solar PV demonstration project ···84
<Table 6-12> Biomass demonstration project ···84
<Table 6-13> Wind power demonstration project···85
<Table 6-14> RE installed capacity targets of REMP ···86
<Table 6-15> RE project development and construction roadmap ···91
<Table 6-16> Mandatory program implementation roadmap ···93
<Table 6-17> Future schedule for mandatory standards in Korea ···93
<Table 6-18> FiT roadmap ···97
<Table 6-19> Subsidy and loam programs roadmap ··· 102
<Table 6-20> Subsidy amounts for the housing assistance program in Korea ··· 103
<Table 6-21> Roadmap for tax incentives program ··· 105
<Table 6-22> Classification of entities entitled to RE deployment Policies ··· 106
<Table 6-23> Human resources development roadmap ··· 108
<Table 6-24> Roadmap for specialized company program ··· 109
<Table 6-25> Qualification standards for RE specialized companies program in Korea ··· 110
<Table 6-26> Preparation of RE statistics ··· 111
<Table 6-27> Roadmap for information dissemination services ··· 113
<Table 6-28> Roadmap for assessment of RE resource potential ··· 114
<Table 6-29> Lists of major MDBs ··· 117
[Figure 1-1] Procedure for establishment of REMP ··· 4
[Figure 2-1] 2013 Fuel shares in world TPES ··· 5
[Figure 2-2] 2010~2014 Economic growth rates of Cameroon (%) ··· 8
[Figure 2-3] 2014 Shares of energy production by source (%) ···10
[Figure 2-4] 2013 Shares of TPES by source (%) ···10
[Figure 2-5] 2013 Power generation mix by source (%) ···12
[Figure 2-6] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by source (%) ···12
[Figure 2-7] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by sector (%) ···13
[Figure 2-8] Trends of electricity accessibility by area for households (%) ···20
[Figure 2-9] Trends of LPG accessibility by area for households (%) ···21
[Figure 3-1] Position of REMP with respect to other strategies and plans ···27
[Figure 3-2] Summary of RE resource potential in Cameroon ···35
[Figure 5-1] The main challenges in the renewable energy sector ···44
[Figure 5-2] Renewable energy development paradigm (vision, goals and strategies) ···46
[Figure 5-3] Annual RE generation targets by source and year (GWh) ···50
[Figure 5-4] Change in electricity generation mix of Cameroon ···51
[Figure 5-5] Yearly investment costs required achieve the reference scenario ···53
[Figure 5-6] Yearly investment costs required to achieve the REMP targets ···53
[Figure 6-1] Issues and obstacles by RE market development stage ···56
[Figure 6-2] RE function adjustments in case of creation of CREA (tentative) ···61
[Figure 6-3] Organization structure of CNREC (tentative) ···64
[Figure 6-4] Governance of renewable energy in the Azerbaijani Republic ···66
[Figure 6-5] Organizational structure of CREDS ···67
[Figure 6-6] Governance of renewable energy in South Korea ···68
[Figure 6-7] Organizations and governance structure for Alternative 1 ···69
[Figure 6-8] Organizations and governance structure for Alternative 2 ···70
[Figure 6-9] RESCO business operational method: home rental model (proposed) ···76
[Figure 6-12] RESCO business operation method: Energy supply business model ···78
[Figure 6-13] M-KOPA solar power system ···79
[Figure 6-14] Sunlabob solar lantern rental system ···80
[Figure 6-15] Concept map of five–stage model of RE project development and ···88
[Figure 6-16] Key objectives and tasks in Phase 1 ···88
[Figure 6-17] Key objectives and tasks in Phase 2 ···89
[Figure 6-18] Key objectives and tasks in Phase 3 ···89
[Figure 6-19] Key objectives and tasks in Phase 4 ···90
[Figure 6-20] Key objectives and tasks in Phase 5 ···90
[Figure 6-21] GET – FiT Program ···95
[Figure 6-22] Operation method of subsidy program (proposal) ··· 101
[Figure 6-23] Operation method of loan program (proposal) ··· 102
ADB Asian Development Bank
ADFD Abu Dhabi Fund for Development
AER Rural Electrification Agency (Agence d’Electrification Rurale) AfDB African Development Bank
ANAFOR National Forestry Development Agency bcf Billion cubic meters
CAGR Compounded annual rate of growth CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEFC Clean Energy Finance Corporation
CNREC Cameroon National Renewable Energy Corporation (proposed) CREA Cameroon Renewable Energy Agency (proposed)
CREDS Cameroon Renewable Energy Development Service (proposed) DAC Development Assistance Committee
DSCE Strategy Document for Growth and Employment 2010~2020 DREEM Department of Renewable Energy and Energy Management EDCF Economic Development Cooperation Fund
EESS Environmental and Social Strategic Assessment of the Energy Sector in Cameroon
FiT Feed-in-Tariff GCF Green Climate Fund
GET-FiT Global Energy Transfer Feed-in-Tariff GHG Greenhouse Gas
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency IFC International Finance Corporation
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPP Independent Power Producer
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency IRR Internal rate of return
KEA Korea Energy Agency
KEEI Korea Energy Economics Institute
LCOE Levelized cost of energy (or electricity) LDCs Less developed countries
LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
MDBs Multilateral Development Banks
MINEE Ministry of Water Resources and Energy MINEPIA Ministry of Stockbreeding and Fisheries
MINEPED Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development
MINFOF Ministry of Forests and Wildlifes ODA Official Development Assistance
PDER Rural Electrification Master Plan in Cameroon PDSE Electricity Sector Development Plan in Cameroon PDSEN Energy Sector Development Project in Cameroon PNEE National Energy Efficiency Plan in Cameroon PPA Power purchasing agreement
PPP Public-Private Partnership
RE Renewable energy
REA Rural Electrification Agency REMP Renewable Energy Master Plan RESCO Renewable Energy Service Company RPS Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard SCAF Seed-Capital Assistance Facility SME Small and medium enterprise TPES Total primary energy supply TOE Tons of oil equivalent MTOE Million tons of oil equivalent
1.1 Background
Cameroon is a Central African country located in the Gulf of Guinea, with a population of 21.66 million in 2014, increasing from 17.46 million in 2005, with its compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.4%.1 Cameroon showed a fairly healthy real economic growth rate even during the world economic depression2, of 5.6% in 2013 and 5.9% in 2014. Obviously, activities of human beings and economic growth requires energy in general, and to sustain such growth of population and economic development, a stable supply of energy with a vigorous energy policy is required to manage and preserve the energy supply.
In fact, Cameroon approaches its energy policy from a larger framework. In June 2009, the country declared the goal of establishing itself as an emerging country within the next 25~30 years by announcing Cameroon Vision 2035, which proposes a strategy to accomplish this goal. Vision 2035 is an all-inclusive comprehensive national development plan, and establishes mid-term goals for various areas, such as the elimination of poverty, economic development, industrialization, democracy, and a unified society.
Vision 2035 is the reference framework guiding other Cameroon policy and national strategy and encompasses the development and cooperation of all the economic sectors and the regions of the country.
This reference framework is intended to guide sector and regional policies, national strategies, development plans, and cooperation.3
The energy sector is a crucial policy area to achieve the goals of the development plan. The President of Cameroon emphasized this in his keynote address of 15 November 2013, “Energy plays the role of the heart in all development processes. Without it, there will be no industry, no raw material processing, and no modern economy. For that reason, I placed the energy issues in the center of policies that we must achieve.”4 The energy policy of Cameroon is based on Vision 2035 and Strategy Document for Growth
1 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. 7)
2 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. 10)
3 Refer to MINEPAT (2009. p x)
4 Refer to MINEE (2015. p. i)
1. Overview
and Employment 2010~2020 (DSCE).56 Policy implementation is done in accordance with sectoral policy details, such as the Electricity Sector Development Plan to 2035, (PDSE)7, the Strategy to Promote Access and Use of Domestic Gas in Cameroon8, and the Master Plan for Rural Electrification (PDER)9, as well as National Energy Efficiency Plan (PNEE) of Cameroon.
Another important document of the energy policy is the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Cameroon, submitted to the UN in relation to the response of the country to climate change. In the document, the government declared its intention to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by 32%
compared with the 2035 reference scenario, and, related to the energy sector particularly, the intended total reduction is 4,684 kt CO2-eq of GHG emissions.10 Even though Cameroon does not contribute a significant amount of emission currently, this is a fairly ambitious goal, as the volume of GHG emission is assumed to increase sharply when Vision 2035 is accomplished. On ratification, the INDC is expected to have the same legal power as domestic legislation.
Renewable energy (RE) plays an important role in the various energy-related policies and plans of the country, as Cameroon has abundant appropriate natural resources, such as solar, small hydropower, and bioenergy. Therefore, RE is significant as a means not only to supply energy but also to reduce GHG emissions by replacing fossil fuels. Its role in supplying electricity to off-grid areas is particularly important. The INDC indicates that to achieve the reduction targets for GHG emissions in 2035, the aim is to supply 25% of the total electricity generation of the country from RE.11 In 2016, the PDER introduced the planned RE projects, suggesting them as a solution for electrification for the off-grid locations.12
Ironically, owing to such attitudes and expectations on the role of RE, efficient deployment of RE is limited under the current system. References to the RE sector are scattered in various documents on policy and planning, but consistency was not appropriately considered. This is because employing RE was not regarded as a major goal but only a simple means to supply energy; therefore, it received less attention than it deserves in the policies despite its important role and status. For instance, despite its declared goal in the INDC to supply 25% of the entire electricity generation from RE by the year 2035, no detailed supporting plan to achieve such a goal has been drafted. The RE development projects
5 Announced in 2009
6 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. xx).
7 Announced in 2009.
8 Announced in 2012. Prepared by Delta Consulting
9 Announced in 2001, 2012, and 2016.
proposed in the PDER and the PDSE are the means to provide electricity to the off-grid areas and on- grid, respectively; however, it is necessary to analyze the situation and plan to determine whether these would be enough to achieve the INDC RE deployment goals, whether additional supply would be needed, and in what way this could be achieved.
A review of the related national plans and policies on RE is a prerequisite to deploy it effectively. This implies that policies and plans must be consistent among and that an appropriate national deployment target for RE is set up, a plan is drafted to accomplish the goal, an implementation system is established and the groundwork is conducted for such implementation.
1.2 Objectives
The objectives of the Renewable Energy Master Plan for Cameroon (hereafter called REMP) are to draft the national vision and the deployment goals by taking into account the various RE sources and their resource potential and to draw up fundamental and comprehensive plans by establishing various policy measures, i.e., the basic direction of policies, to accomplish such goals. The vision and deployment goals have to take into account all the goals proposed by various strategies and plans, such as securing a stable energy supply, enhancing energy accessibility for people living in off-grid locations, reducing GHG emissions and nurturing related industries, and considering all relevant conditions to achieve the targets.
This implies that comprehensive stocktaking must be done of the policy measures from the current policies and plans, after which any additional measures required to achieve the targets should be recommended. In addition, a policy roadmap should be included to implement the policies.
As the scope of the REMP is limited to setting up the basic direction for the overall policy, the government of Cameroon should establish detailed implementation plans for each policy element that could be implemented later. Relevant competences are required of the government officials or related people in charge of these tasks to establish and implement such detailed implementation plans.
[Figure 1-1] Procedure for establishment of REMP
Source: KEEI
2.1 Status of the Global RE Market
In 2013, the global total primary energy supply (TPES) was 13,555 MTOE13 with RE accounting for 13.5% of this figure. Among the RE supply sources, that provided by biofuels and waste was the highest at 73.4%, followed by hydropower at 17.8%, geothermal at 3.6%, and wind at 3.0% (IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015).
[Figure 2-1] 2013 Fuel shares in world TPES
Source: IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015
1) Other: Non-renewable waste, peat, oil shale, and other undefined energy sources 2) Other renewables: Geothermal, wind, solar and tidal
13 MTOE stands for million tons of oil equivalent.
2. Analysis on Energy System in Cameroon
Among the nations in Africa, the portion of RE in primary energy was 49.6% in 2013, almost three times higher than the global average. The portion of biofuels and waste among the RE sources was dominant at 96.7%. However, the portion of modern RE sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy was minimal at 0.6% (IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015). This indicates that African nations are heavily dependent on traditional RE such as firewood.
The average annual growth rates by RE source since 1990 show an explosive growth rate of 45.5% for solar energy, followed by a rapid growth rate of 24.8% for wind energy. However, woody biomass and hydropower, currently representing substantial portions of the existing supply, showed growth rates of only 1.4% and 2.5%, respectively (IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015). This implies that there is a rapid switch in RE sources from hydropower and biomass to solar and wind energy.
On the other hand, the global new generation capacity for RE in 2015 was 147 GW, representing the largest increase to date and 60% of all new generation capacity. Solar and wind energy accounted for 50 GW and 63 GW, respectively, of this figure (REN21, 2016, Renewables 2016 Global Status Report).
These results were achieved despite negative influences on RE supply, such as the low oil price, economic depression, and the subsequent policy uncertainty. This indicates that RE has begun to escape the influence of fossil fuel prices and policy support from governments, settling comfortably in the markets.
The fundamental reason for the increase in RE deployment and market growth is increasing price competitiveness thanks to technological advancements. According to PVXchange, a solar PV consultancy, the price of multi-crystalline silicon solar PV modules have dropped to 0.6€/WP in 2016, i.e., one third of the 2010 price of 1.9 €/Wp.14 Such increases in price competitiveness are set to continue, with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) predicting that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of solar PV decreasing from 0.13 USD/kWh as at 2015 by 59% to 0.06 USD/kWh in 2025 (IRENA, 2016, The Power to Change: Solar and Wind Cost Reduction Potential to 2025).
❙ Table 2-1 ❙ Prospects for investment costs and LCOE for solar PV and wind Investment Costs
(2015 USD/kW) LCOE
(2015 USD/kWh)
2015 2025 Change 2015 2025 Change
Solar PV 1,810 790 -57% 0.13 0.06 -59%
Onshore Wind 1,560 1,370 -12% 0.07 0.05 -26%
Offshore Wind 4,650 3,950 -15% 0.18 0.12 -35%
Source: IRENA, 2016, The Power to Change: Solar and Wind Cost Reduction Potential to 2025
Along with technological advancements, the response from various nations to climate change is expected to stimulate the deployment of RE globally as a means to reduce the GHG emission. The Paris Agreement was enacted in December 2015, with the unanimous consent of the 196 member countries, signaling the beginning of a new regime for climate change. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has called for higher energy efficiency, phasing out and termination constructing coal-fired power plants, increased investment into RE, gradual phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies, and the reduction of methane gases from the extraction of oil and natural gas. However, RE is regarded as the most significant contributor to the reduction of GHG emission, along with improvements in energy efficiency.
Furthermore, 189 of the 193 member states of the United Nations have presented their respective INDCs, with RE indicated as a key method to achieve such INDC targets. Germany and France are aiming to obtain 30% and 32%, respectively, of their total energy mix through RE, whereas Denmark aims to generate 100% of its total energy from renewable sources by respective target years. Among the less developed countries (LDCs), Brazil and the UAE have indicated their target RE mix as 45% by 2030 and 24% by 2021, respectively. This indicates that both LDCs and developed countries recognize RE as the most important energy option for the future.
Accordingly, the market and industry for RE is expected to show constant growth in future. In particular, the growth in price competitiveness could facilitate significant contributions from modernized RE and environmental issues in both developing and developed countries.
2.2 Analysis on Energy Demand and Supply in Cameroon
152.2.1 Rapid growth of economy and population
The economic growth rate in Cameroon remained at 2~3% until 2010, but has increased since and reached almost 5.6% in 2013. The growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014 was 5.9%, which was 0.3%p more than previous year. This growth was mainly driven by domestic demand, resulting from consolidation of final consumption expenditure up 5.7% and accelerated investment, of which 13.6% for the private sector and 7.5% for the public sector.
15 For detailed analysis, please see the Annex I.
[Figure 2-2] 2010~2014 Economic growth rates of Cameroon (%)
Source: INS of Cameroon
According to Vision 2035 that forecasts the total GDP and the GDP per capita of the country, the GDP is expected to grow at CAGR of 6.5% between 2010 and 2035, while the population is expected to increase at CAGR of 2.3% during the same period. Supplying energy to meet the growth of economy and population in the future is a challenge that Cameroon faces.
❙ Table 2-2 ❙ GDP, total and per capita (2000~2035) (CFA F, %)
2000 2010 2020 2030 2035
GDP(billion) 6,569 9,157 15,550 31,278 43,952
Population 15,292,000 19,648,287 24,910,305 31,118,001 34,525,533 GDP per capita 429,571 466,059 624,265 1,005,163 1,273,029 Source: MINEE (2015, p. 27)
2.2.2 Need for balancing and diversifying energy supply and demand
2.2.2.1 Energy Production
The petroleum sector of Cameroon has contended with crises in 2001, such as shortfalls in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and oil price shocks; however, the development of new wells and the increased production at the Dissoni well have led to overall increases in annual production up to 27 million barrels in 2014 production. According to the National Hydrocarbons Corporation, oil production in the country
liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility will be built in Kribi in the second half of 2017, increasing the annual LNG production to 30,000 metric ton.16
The table below <Table 2-3> shows the volumes of oil and natural gas produced annually and <Table 2-4> shows the volumes produced by energy source, including bioenergy, in 2014. In 2014, the primary energy production was 48% of crude oil, 44% of bioenergy, 5% of electricity, and 3% of natural gas. In 2014, the annual production of crude oil was 27.5 million barrels, indicating its significant contribution to the energy supply and demand. However, crude oil depletion has become a concern recently, as crude oil production is increasing but the confirmed reserves have not increased. Cameroon annually produced 65 million barrels of crude oil in the 1980s that subsequently continuously decreased until 2012. The reduction was ascribed to the depletion of the oil field, lack of development of new oil fields, and lack of technical resources (KEEI, 2016).
❙ Table 2-3 ❙ Cameroon energy production trends
Resource 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Oil (million barrels) 31.89 31.25 30.69 26.68 23.31 21.61 22.38 24.28 27.5
Natural gas (BCF) - - - - - - - 5.37 10.81
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 88, p. 91).
❙ Table 2-4 ❙ Cameroon energy production in 2014 TOE
Type Production Unit Conversion ratio1) kTOE
Crude oil 27.5 Million barrels
3,731,475 Metric ton 1.022 3,651.15
Natural gas 10.81 bcf 26 281.06
Electricity
Large-scale Hydro 4,425.10 GWh 1/11.63 380.49
Solar 3.833 GWh 1/11.63 0.33
Wind 0.0823 GWh 1/11.63 0.007
Small hydro2) 0.576 GWh 1/11.63 0.05
Bioenergy 140,002.22 TJ 1/41.868 3,343.90
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 31)
Note): All definitions of energy sources are based on the IEA Energy Statistics Note 1): Conversion ratios are from the IEA
Note 2): Less than 5 MW in capacity
16 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. 79).
[Figure 2-3] 2014 Shares of energy production by source (%)
Source: MINEE (2015)
2.2.2.2 Primary energy supply
The energy-related data and information in MINEE (2015) only represent energy statistics and not the energy balance; consequently, there are limitations to identifying the total primary energy supply (TPES) through these data. To explain TPES of Cameroon, we use Cameroon’s energy balance information from the Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (IEA. 2015, p. II.73). It shows that the shares of each energy source were 24.1% oil, 5.2% natural gas, 5.7% hydropower, and 65.0% bioenergy, clearly indicating that bioenergy comprises almost two-thirds of the total primary energy supply in 2013. The reason for the difference between the proportion of oil in the energy products (48%) and the total primary energy source (24%) is that Cameroon is a net exporter of oil and the volume of the domestic oil supply to produce petroleum products is smaller than the total oil production.
[Figure 2-4] 2013 Shares of TPES by source (%)
The National Refining Company (SONARA) uses hydro skimming-type equipment and processes a volume of 2.1 million ton annually. This facility was designed to process light crude oil; however, the crude produced in Cameroon is heavy crude and the domestic production cannot be used as feedstock for refining. Crude oil for feedstock is therefore imported; with the imported portion of crude oil fed into the refinery reaching 97% in 2014.
❙ Table 2-5 ❙ Foreign dependency trends of feedstock crude oil (2007~2014)
(ton, %) Year
Type 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Refined crude 2,167,520 2,072,182 1,766,474 2,066,083 2,161,350 1,746,361 1,797,487 1,854,194 Imported crude 1,760,465 1,662,965 1,419,997 1,711,422 1,808,635 1,469,075 1,562,187 1,798,041 Regional crude 407,057 409,220 346,477 354,661 352,716 277,286 235,300 56,154
Crude dependency 81% 80% 80% 83% 84% 84% 87% 97%
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 90)
Fossil fuel used as fuel for power generation include diesel, heavy oil, and natural gas and the table below shows fuel consumption trends by year. According to the energy balance of Cameroon in 2013 (IEA, 2015), 363,000 TOE, representing 15% of the total production of oil products of 2,442,000 TOE, was utilized as power generation fuel. Total power generation in Cameroon in 2013 amounted to 6,849,000 GWh,17 with hydroelectricity being a significant power source, as shown in [Figure 2-5].
Accordingly, there is a need to diversify the generation sources to ensure stable electricity production.
Only 15,000 TOE bioenergy was utilized for power generation, i.e., only 1% of the total generation capacity.
❙ Table 2-6 ❙ Fuel consumption for power generation in Cameroon
Type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Diesel
(106L) 23.36 23.44 27.02 22.50 32.43 28.26 32.00 43.53 49.32 28.35 Heavy oil
(106L) 32.05 34.15 64.80 39.88 77.73 98.60 105.42 118.26 67.78 72.16 Natural gas
(106 Nm3) - - - - - - - - 117.76 271.30
Source: MINEE (2015) p. 331
17 The total generation volume of Cameroon in 2013, as provided by the IEA (2015), was slightly higher than the 6,654,900 GWh of total generation capacity, as calculated by MINEE (2015), and there were slight differences in the generation sources. The IEA (2015) does not include certain types of renewable energy, such as solar and wind generation. Explanations on the official statistics of Cameroon by MINEE (2015) will be covered in further detail in the section on electricity.
[Figure 2-5] 2013 Power generation mix by source (%)
Source: Compiled by the author using data from IEA (2015)
2.2.2.3 Total Final Energy Demand
According to the IEA (2015), the total final energy demand of Cameroon in 2013 was represented by 20.7% oil product, 72.2% bioenergy and 7.1% electricity of the total, respectively.
[Figure 2-6] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by source (%)
Source: Constructed by the author using data from IEA (2015)
The final energy consumption structure of Cameroon by sector for 2013 shows that the so-called ''other'' sector, including household and public services, was the main consumer of energy at 77.7%, followed by transportation at 16% and industrial use at quite low 5.9%. Aside from power generation, the
accounts for the remaining 9%. Almost all the bioenergy produced was used for households. The final energy demand from bioenergy was mostly from traditional biomass and used for cooking.
[Figure 2-7] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by sector (%)
Source: Constructed by the author using data from IEA (2015)
2.2.3 Status of the Power Generation Sector and RE
2.2.3.1 Status of power generation sector
Since 2006, increases in new generation capacity have been spearheaded by thermal generation. The total generational capacity increased by 82% from 1,227.5 MW to 2,327.4 MW, representing a 7.8%
annual growth rate. In contrast, increases in hydropower generation capacity had only increased by 0.2%
annually. On the other hand, public and private thermal generation capacity showed large annual increases of 14.8% and 13.5%, respectively. In terms of growth rates, the growth of RE after 2009 was quite high at 92.8% annually. However, this represents only 0.1% of the total generational capacity and the significant growth rate is ascribed to the starting base being low and the actual increases in generational capacity being insignificant. Among the RE generation capacity, solar generation capacity was the highest at 2.45 MW, followed by small hydropower generation at 0.94 MW.
❙ Table 2-7 ❙ Status of installed capacity for generation by source
(unit: MW) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Public
Hydro 719.0 719.0 719.0 719.0 723.0 732.2 732.2 732.2 732.2 Thermal 205.9 202.5 217.9 305.6 286.7 284.5 384.6 600.6 621.6 Subtotal 924.9 921.5 936.9 1,024.6 1,009.7 1,016.7 1,116.8 1,332.8 1,353.8
Private
Thermal 352.6 413.2 439.8 561.2 599.5 710.2 772.2 854.6 971.1 Renewable 0.0006 - - 0.0956 0.0966 0.0966 0.0984 0.0984 2.5484
Solar - - - - - - - - 2.45
Wind - - - 0.0016 0.0026 0.0026 0.0044 0.0044 0.0044
Small hydro - - - 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94
Biomass - - - - - - - - -
Subtotal 352.6 413.2 439.8 561.3 599.6 710.3 772.3 854.7 973.6 Total
generation
capacity 1,277.5 1,334.7 1,376.7 1,585.9 1,609.3 1,727.0 1,889.1 2,187.5 2,327.4 Source: MINEE (2015, pp. 48)
Since 2006, there have been annual increases of 6.2% in the volume of electricity generation in Cameroon. The generation volume of RE excluding hydropower was extremely low at 0.06% of the total generation volume, but reached 57.6% including hydropower in 2014. As a reference point, power consumption has increased 6.6% annually from 4,222.02 GWh in 2006 to 6,875.83 GWh in 2014 in Cameroon. This is below the 7.8% annual increase in generation capacity; however, it is slightly higher than the 6.2% annual increase of generation volume. As previously mentioned, consumption is led by the industrial sector, accounting for more than 50% of the total generation volume. However, consumption has declined in this sector from 2009 to 2012, but, consumption in the industrial sector increases rapidly, as the power supply was increased by the 100 MW PTU (Thermal Emergency Program) plant and the 216 MB Kribi natural gas-fired power plant becoming operational in 2012 and in 2013, respectively.
Since 2006, the power use by the household and public service sectors has increased linearly (MINEE, 2015, p. 69).
❙ Table 2-8 ❙ Electricity generation by source
(unit: GWh)
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Public
Hydro 3,891.9 3,847.2 4,232.5 4,016.4 4,260.2 4,385.4 4,256.1 4,372.7 4,425.1 Thermal 255.25 409.3 270.3 480.9 564.4 599.5 697.5 1,034.1 1,659.6 Subtotal 4,147.2 4,256.5 4,502.8 4,497.2 4,824.6 4,984.9 4,953.6 5,406.7 6,084.7
Private
Thermal 570.2 708.7 702.5 1,240.4 1,071.7 1,027 911.7 1,241.6 1,599.05 Renewable 22.005 24.505 28.705 26.69 16.899 25.599 29.015 6.615 4.665
Solar - - - - - - - - 4.05
Wind 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.014 0.023 0.023 0.039 0.039 0.039
Small hydro - - - 0.576 0.576 0.576 0.576 0.576 0.576
Biomass 22.0 24.5 28.7 26.1 16.3 25.0 28.4 6.0 -
Subtotal 592.2 733.2 731.2 1,267.1 1,088.6 1,052.6 940.7 1,248.2 1,603.7 Total
generation 4,739.4 4,989.7 5,234.0 5,764.3 5,913.2 6,037.5 5,894.3 6,654.9 7,688.4 Source: MINEE (2015, p. 51)
2.2.3.2 Status of RE
In previous sections, the state of RE generation and volume has been explored pertinent to the entire power generation sector. Realistically, the government of Cameroon regards RE as a valuable resource, able to help solve the challenges of energy shortfall in the country. For example, solar energy is used in urban regions for street lights and household solar PV generation systems. Distributed generation sources from solar PV generators are used in isolated rural villages, which are difficult to connect to the national electrical grid. In addition, deploying small hydropower and biogas is regarded as a solution to the national energy-shortage problems (MINEE, 2015, p. 103).
Solar energy has been utilized in public organizations, such as airports, railways, and by the defense sector for a long time. As an example, Sangmélima city hall receives a stable power supply through non- utility power generation using 96 solar panels. In addition, full advantage is taken of the natural light through large glass windows that absorb the sunlight. Consequently, advantages are enjoyed, such as solving the problem of insufficient power supply, reducing electricity bills, and stabilizing the power supply.
There are RE development projects currently known or under planning.18 A total of 36 projects are being monitored by the Renewable Energy Division of MINEE in 2015. Of these, 21 projects involve the development of solar energy. The other projects are as follows: hydropower (five projects); cogeneration/
heat (one project); biomass (four projects); gas (one project); geothermal energy (one project); waste (two projects); wind (one project).
The total installed capacity of thirteen planned solar PV projects, which only include projects with installed capacities determined, is about 2,246.2 MW. Other four projects plans to deploy solar PV stations in 1,506 localities. One project plans to install solar street lamps in 29 communities and town halls in the 10 regions, and one project plans to deploy solar PV kits with capacities from 80 to 241 Wp.
There are five small hydropower plant projects planned until 2015, of which three projects have their planned installed capacities, whose sum is total 425 MW. There are four biomass power plant projects, of which only one has the specified installed capacity of 60 MW. Only one wind power project is planned until 2015, whose installed capacity is 42 MW, and can be expanded to 84 MW in future. One geothermal plant is being pursued with an installed capacity of 5 MW (expandable to 100 MW). One of total two planned waste-to-energy plants is specified with installed capacity of 10 MW. If all planned RE projects are implemented, then the total installed capacities of RE facilities would reach at least 2,788 MW.
❙ Table 2-9 ❙ Summary of RE projects under planning, 2015
Company name Description of the project Location / geographical area
1. Huawei Project to electrify 1,000 localities National territory
2. Fides Gestion SARL Project for the construction of photovoltaic parks and related works for the
generation of electricity for a total installed capacity of 500 MW National territory
3. Green Quest Solution Ltd Construction project for 500 MW Northern Region
4. JP International Build Operate and Tranfert (BOT) Far North Region (Maroua)
5. Lightning Africa International Co. Ltd Public lighting by solar street lamps in some of the chief places of administrative units of Cameroon
29 communes and town halls in the 10 regions
6. Agrennenergy Ltd. Installation for a power of 2.66 MW Some localities in the Far North region
7. Satarem AG Solar park project with a capacity of 100 MW Adamaoua Region
8. Capony Construction of 100 photovoltaic power stations Eastern Region, Bakasi Islands, South
West Region and extendable to other regions
9. Soltrec Project to build 56 solar power plants National territory
10. JP Energy Environment (JPEE) Project of construction of solar parks with a total capacity of 10 MW Central Region
11. Cameroon Solar Energy Development of solar parks with a capacity of 3.2 MW Adamaoua Region
12. GSC Energy (PTY) Ltd Development of 500 MW power plant in BOT mode Northern Regions
13. Joule Africa Ltd 100 MW production project, in BOT mode Regions of Adamaoua (Ngaoundéré) &
East (Bertoua) 14. Ratidzo Solution & project Ltd Development of solar parks with a capacity of 30 MW. In BOT mode Littoral and West Regions
15. The Solar Consortium - Capital Tree Development of solar power plants with a total capacity of 300 KW Regions of Adamaoua, North, Far North, Central and South West
16. Keylon Solar Energy Inc. Development of solar parks with a capacity of 100 MW Coastal, Southwestern and Northwest Regions
17. Rural Energy Foundation (FRES) Promotion of solar energy by installation of photovoltaic kits (capacity from 80 to 240 Wp)
Adamaoua, Central, Northwest, West and South Regions
18. Bavieri Costruzioni Sarl Solar park project with a capacity of 300 MW Regions of the Littoral, Adamaoua, East and North
19. Hoermann-Barkas Metallbau Electrification of 350 localities by installation of photovoltaic systems National territory 20. Kunsong Consulting Company Development of a solar thermal park with a capacity of 100 MW South West and North 21. China Gezhouba International
Engineering Co. Ltd Hydropower dam project at the Mouila Mogue site on the Nyong River 22. Hydropower Invest Development of small hydropower stations with a capacity of 1 to 5 MW each, for a
cumulative power of 150 MW Adamaoua, North-West, Coastal and
Southwest Regions
23. TBEA Co. Ltd Construction of a small hydropower plant Ndokayo and Colomines Stes
24. Proposed construction of a 75 MW small hydropower plant Specify
25. Turcam Sarl Project for the construction of small hydropower and solar power plants with a total
capacity of 200 MW Southern Region
26. Millenium Green Group Holding, LLC Project to produce electricity from biomass and solar energy Central, Coast, South, Adamaoua, East, West and South-West
27. The Africa-Canada Business Regrouping (REAC)
Development, implementation and follow-up of an integrated pilot project for the conversion of biomass for energy purposes / implementation of an abbreviated renewable energy industrial program (PIER)
Specify 28. Ratidzo Solution & project Ltd Project to produce 60 MW of electricity from biomass
(Organic waste, wood waste, etc.), in BOT mode Littoral and West Regions 29. Solar ERA Cameroon Ltd Project to produce 1 to 5 MW of electricity from
Biomass (organic waste, wood waste, etc.) South-West Region
30. Copi Development Ltd Development of a geothermal power plant with a capacity of 5MW (expandable to
100 MW) Specify
31. CGC Overseas Construction Group
Co. Ltd Design and construction of a wind power plant with an installed capacity of 42 MW
(extensible to 84 MW) Western Region (Bamboutos)
32. The Community Interest Group - GIC –
FAUCA Cogeneration heat and power project Ngoro, Libongo / Bella, Pella / Nsem,
Mfou / Nsimalen, Lomié 33. CGC Overseas Construction Group
Co. Ltd Project to install a gas plant Specify
34. Satarem AG Project to construct plants for the treatment and conversion of household, industrial
and hospital wastes / electricity transformation / rehabilitation of landfills Yaoundé, Douala and Garoua 35. Waste Transformers, Aquila Beheer,
B.V., Fins0Wins ASBL and Hemle Sarl Waste transformation into energy, production of 10 MW in the pilot phase Specify
Source: Renewable Energies Branch
2.2.4 Electricity Demand Forecasts
The Energy Sector Development Project in Cameroon (PDSEN) conducted an electricity demand forecast in 2014 (MINEE, 2014a), whose median scenario was subsequently employed by the INDC to set the RE targets. To maintain consistency with INDC, the REMP also utilized the PDSEN forecast, without performing a separate forecast for electricity demand. The regional electricity demand forecasts (RIS, RIN, and RIE) for Cameroon, given by the PDSEN, are shown in the table below.
❙ Table 2-10 ❙ Cameroon RIS electricity demand forecast
Scenario 2013 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Median Scenario Installed Capacity
(MW) 958 1,047 1,481 1,873 2,376 2,892
Generation
(GWh) 5,309* 5,847* 8,284* 10,234* 13,914* 17,252*
Load factor 64.2% 64.6% 67.2% 68.5% 69.7% 70.9%
Top Scenario Installed Capacity
(MW) 959 1,052 1,634 2,242 3,079 4,472
Generation
(GWh) 5,390 5,956 9,349I* 12,934* 17,986* 26,350*
Load factor 64.2% 64.6% 66.6% 67.1% 67.1% 68.3%
Source: MINEE (2014a, p. 15)
Note: * Electricity demand in RIS given in the MINEE (2014a, p. 15) was different from the electricity demand given in the Annex I: Principle Demand Forecasting Results on page 91 in the same document. The electricity demand given in this table is from the Annex I, which will be used to set the RE deployment targets.
❙ Table 2-11 ❙ Cameroon RIN electricity demand forecast
Scenario 2013 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Median Scenario Installed Capacity
(MW) 63 70 206 358 451 510
Generation
(GWh) 314 355 1,228 2,079 2,656 3,032
Scenario 2013 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Top Scenario Installed Capacity
(MW) 63 70 213 381 489 552
Generation
(GWh) 317 355 1,259 2,191 2,852 3,234
Load factor 57.4% 57.9% 67.5% 65.6% 66.6% 66.9%
Source: MINEE (2014a, p. 17)
❙ Table 2-12 ❙ Cameroon RIE electricity demand forecast
Scenario 2013 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
Median Scenario Installed Capacity
(MW) 15 19 43 243 492 505
Generation
(GWh) 60 74 176 1,596 3,368 3,424
Load factor 45.7% 44.5% 46.7% 75.0% 78.1% 77.4%
Top Scenario Installed Capacity
(MW) 15 19 44 244 495 510
Generation
(GWh) 60 74 178 1,599 3,382 3,446
Load factor 45.7% 44.5% 46.2% 74.8% 78.0% 77.1%
Source: MINEE (2014a, p. 18)
2.3. Socio-economic Aspects of Energy in Cameroon
2.3.1 Electricity accessibility
The proportions of households that had access to electricity in 2001 and 2007 were 46.1% and 48.2%, respectively, obviously below 50% of total households. Accordingly, efforts to expand the electrical grid across the entire country resulted in a rise to 62.1% in 2014. In the urban regions, this figure increased by 7.7%p between 2001 and 2014 and by 10.5%p in rural regions. However, 38% of total households still do not have access to electricity, with the figure for rural households being a staggering 65% of (MINEE, 2015, p. 75).
❙ Table 2-13 ❙ Proportion of households with access to electricity 2001 and 2007 (%)
Type 2001 2007
Rural 23.4 23.4
Urban 88.2 90.4
Littoral 20.4 25.5
Including Duala 55.7 46.7
Adamawa 22.4 23.6
Est 7.6 11.8
Extreme-Nord 59.7 67.2
Nord 14.7 16.6
Nord-Quest 32.0 31
Quest 50.3 56.6
Sud 38.0 72.1
Sud-Quest 57.2 36.4
Cameroon 46.1 48.2
Source: MINEE (2014, p. 23)
[Figure 2-8] Trends of electricity accessibility by area for households (%)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 74)
2.3.2 LPG accessibility
The annual demand for oil products excluding LPG increased from 1,360,628 m3 in 2010 to 1,789,754 m3 in 2014, representing an annual increase of 5%. The annual demand for LPG increased by 40% from 62,120 ton to 87,471 ton over the same period, with 85% of the consumption being of
❙ Table 2-14 ❙ Consumption trends of oil products (2007~2014) Year
Name 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Kerosene (m3) 117,887 115,440 111,979 110,500 119,957 125,058 113,574 108,396 LPG(MT) - 52,501 52,190 62,120 65,828 72,032 80,126 87,471 Diesel(m3) 503,015 526,070 534,648 624,295 699,718 771,305 856,611 864,577 Gasoline(m3) 393,997 409,795 429,011 470,562 507,322 571,381 616,601 653,187 Jet A1(m3) - - - 94,893 105,854 86,695 100,153 123,526
Fuel oil(m3) - - - 63,378 66,684 62,450 51,156 40,068
Source: MINEE (2014, pp. 6–19); MINEE (2015, p. 96)
There has been an increase of 40% in the consumption of LPG, which is used typically for cooking, from 61,120 ton in 2010 to 87,471 ton in 2014. This represents an annual growth rate of 8.9% and was higher than the growth rate of the other oil products. However, from the perspective of use per household in Cameroon, the accessibility to LPG is not particularly high. There has been a significant increase in the household use of LPG since 2001, but only 25.1% of the total households in Cameroon had access to LPG in 2014. This figure is even worse for rural households, with only 6.2% having access. Less than 50% of urban households had access to LPG. It is assumed that households without access to LPG use traditional biomass, such as firewood and charcoal for cooking fuel. On estimate, 75% of the total households of Cameroon utilize traditional biomass as cooking fuel.
[Figure 2-9] Trends of LPG accessibility by area for households (%)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 98)
3.1 Institutional and Regulatory Aspects
193.1.1 Major stakeholders regarding RE in Cameroon
Ministry of Water Resources and Energy (MINEE) is the principal ministry charged with establishing and implementing government policies related to production, transportation, and the supply of water resources and energy, as well as the promotion of RE. This ministry includes the Departments of
❙Table 3-1❙ Organizations relevant to RE deployment in Cameroon
Source: KEEI (2016), World Energy Market Insight No.16-19
Note: ANAFOR stands for National Forestry Development Agency; ARESEL stands for Electricity Sector Regulatory Agency;
EMC stands for Energy Management Committee; and CC o
