Annex Ⅰ of the final report Supporting Analysis Report
AnnexⅠ
December 2017
December 2017
A Study for Establishment of the Master Plan of Renewable
Energy in Cameroon
A Study for Establishment of the Master Plan of
Renewable Energy in
Cameroon
Annex Ⅰ of the final report Supporting Analysis Report
December 2017
A Study for Establishment of the Master Plan of
Renewable Energy in
Cameroon
Published by
Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI) 405-11, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu,
Ulsan, 44543, KOREA www.keei.re.kr
Place and date of publication:
Ulsan, December 2017
Project team
Jinyoung SOH (KEEI) Responsible Project Manager Contact address:
Korea Energy Economics Institute
405-11, Jongga-ro, Jung-gu, Ulsan, 44543, KOREA Email: [email protected]
Office: +82-52-714-2166
KEEI Participants
Jeong-Soon PARK Energy market analysis
Chul-Yong LEE Energy demand and supply forecasts
Ji Un AHN Investment costs estimation
Sangmin CHO Policy analysis
Seokho LEE Legal and institutional framework analysis Sungsam CHUNG Renewable energy technology analysis
Seungjae CHOI Research support
Consortium: Dohwa-KEEI-GEO Consortium
Chang-Hyeon PARK, Dohwa Engineering Co., Ltd Consortium Project Manager Su-Il KO, Dohwa Engineering Co, Ltd RE Potential Survey
Su-Ji, Kweon, Dohwa Engineering Co, Ltd RE Potential Survey Kyeong-Hwan CHOI, GEO C&I Co., Ltd GEO Project Manager Tae-Soo KIM, GEO C&I Co., Ltd Biomass Potential Survey
Contributor: Nemo Partners (Pre-feasibility study)
June KIM, Project Manager
Sukho YOON, Advisory Service, Comprehensive Recommendation
Chapter 1. Overview ··· 1
1.1 Background and Objectives ··· 1
1.1.1 Background of the Study ··· 1
1.1.2 Objectives of the Study ··· 3
1.2 Study Method and Organization of Study Report ··· 3
1.2.1 Study Methodologies and Procedures ··· 3
1.2.2 Organization of Study Report ··· 5
Chapter 2. Current Status of Energy in Cameroon ··· 7
2.1 Status of the Global RE Market ··· 7
2.2 Socioeconomic Status of Cameroon ··· 9
2.2.1 National Economic and Social Status of Cameroon··· 9
2.2.2 Current Status of National Budget in Energy Sector ··· 15
2.3 Analysis on Energy Supply and Demand System ··· 18
2.3.1 Energy Resource Potential ··· 18
2.3.2 Energy Supply and Demand ··· 19
2.3.3 Status of the Power Generation Sector and RE ··· 26
2.3.4 Electricity Demand Forecasts ··· 33
2.4 Legal and Institutional Structure for RE ··· 35
2.4.1 Current state of Laws and Regulations in Cameroon ··· 35
2.4.2 Case Studies of Key Developed Countries and LDCs ··· 39
2.4.3 Summary and considerations ··· 66
3.1 Overview ··· 71
3.2 Key National Plans for the Energy Sector ··· 71
3.2.1 Cameroon Vision 2035 ··· 71
3.2.2 The Growth and Employment Strategy Paper 2010~2020 ··· 74
3.2.3 Electricity Sector Development Plan 2035 ··· 74
3.2.4 Energy Sector Development Project (PDSEN) ··· 76
3.2.5 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) ··· 79
3.2.6 Rural Electrification Master Plan (PDER) ··· 80
3.3 Summary and Implications ··· 82
Chapter 4. Technical Characteristics of Renewable Energy by Source ··· 85
4.1 Status of RE Technology by Source ··· 85
4.1.1 Solar PV ··· 85
4.1.2 Wind power ··· 90
4.1.3 Hydropower ··· 93
4.1.4. Bioenergy ··· 97
4.2 Environmental Properties of RE Source ··· 107
4.2.1 Solar PV ··· 107
4.2.2 Wind Power ··· 110
4.2.3 Small Hydropower ··· 115
4.2.4 Bioenergy ··· 118
4.3 Major Environment Considerations in Developing RE ··· 118
4.3.1 Small Hydropower ··· 118
4.3.2 Solar PV ··· 119
4.4.2 Deployment Business Model by RE Technology ··· 120
Chapter 5. Resource Potential of Renewable Energy in Cameroon ··· 133
5.1 Solar PV ··· 133
5.2 Wind Power ··· 135
5.3 Small Hydropower ··· 136
5.4 Biomass ··· 139
5.5 Summary ··· 141
Chapter 6. Forecasts on RE Demand and Investment Costs ··· 143
6.1 RE Demand Forecasts ··· 143
6.1.1 Methodology ··· 143
6.1.2 RE Deployment Forecast ··· 145
6.1.3 Discussion ··· 161
6.2 Estimation of Investment Required to Achieve RE Deployment Goals ··· 161
6.2.1 Investment Cost Forecast Methodology ··· 161
6.2.2 Premise of Investment Cost Forecasts ··· 163
6.2.3 Investment forecast ··· 165
6.3 Financing ··· 172
6.3.1 Domestic Financing Plan ··· 173
6.3.2 Foreign Financing Plan ··· 178
References ··· 189
<Table 2-1> Prospects for investment costs and LCOE for solar PV and wind ··· 8
<Table 2-2> The general status of Cameroon ···10
<Table 2-3> Cameroon poverty rate by region (%) ··· 11
<Table 2-4> Employment rate of Cameroon by region/gender (%) ···12
<Table 2-5> GDP trends by sector (2000=100) ···13
<Table 2-6> GDP, total and per capita (2000~2035) (CFA F, %) ···14
<Table 2-7> Cameroon trade balance (2010~2014) (billion CFA F, %)···15
<Table 2-8> National budget allocation in 2016 (top 10 allocations) (million CFA F) ···16
<Table 2-9> Revenues from crude oil (2005~2014) (billion CFA F) ···16
<Table 2-10> Trends in the proportion of petroleum subsidies of total tax revenues (%) ···18
<Table 2-11> Proven reserves of oil and gas, Cameroon ···18
<Table 2-12> Cameroon energy production trends ···19
<Table 2-13> Cameroon energy production in 2014 (TOE) ···20
<Table 2-14> Foreign dependency trends of feedstock crude oil (2007~2014) ···22
<Table 2-15> Trends in the production of oil products (2007~2014) (Ton)···22
<Table 2-16> Fuel consumption for power generation in Cameroon ···23
<Table 2-17> Consumption trends of oil products (2007~2014) ···25
<Table 2-18> Status of installed capacity for generation by source ···27
<Table 2-19> Status of current hydropower projects in Cameroon ···27
<Table 2-20> Electricity generation by source ···28
<Table 2-21> Proportion of households with access to electricity (2001 and 2007, %) ···29
<Table 2-22> Cameroon electricity tariff ···30
<Table 2-23> Summary of RE projects under planning, 2015 ···32
<Table 2-24> Cameroon RIS electricity demand forecast ···33
<Table 2-25> Cameroon RIN electricity demand forecast ···33
<Table 2-26> Cameroon RIE electricity demand forecast ···34
<Table 2-27> Organizations relevant to RE deployment in Cameroon ···36
<Table 3-3> Power sector development plan (ESDP) ···75
<Table 3-4> Regional electricity demand forecasts (Median Scenario) ···76
<Table 3-5> Planned hydropower projects up to 2035, PDSEN (Median Scenario) ···77
<Table 3-6> Planned hydropower projects up to 2035, PDSEN (Top Scenario) ···78
<Table 3-7> Small hydro project construction plan in PDER ···81
<Table 3-8> Biomass project construction plan in PDER ···81
<Table 3-9> Solar PV project construction plan in PDER ···82
<Table 4-1> Efficiency and characteristics of solar cells by type ···88
<Table 4-2> Life Cycle GHG emissions from different power sources ···94
<Table 4-3> Classification of small hydropower ···95
<Table 4-4> Types and characteristics of water turbine ···96
<Table 4-5> Status of turbine manufacturers by country ···96
<Table 4-6> Comparison of operation specifications by catalyst ··· 104
<Table 4-7> Environmental impact of solar PV ··· 107
<Table 4-8> Environmental impact of wind power ··· 111
<Table 4-9> Threshold value for affecting seascape ···112
<Table 4-10> Leading human-related causes of bird mortality in the US ···112
<Table 4-11> Environmental impact (small hydropower) ···116
<Table 4-12> Environmental impact (biomass) ···118
<Table 4-13> Roles of participants of Sri Lanka project ··· 123
<Table 4-14> Status of solar cooker installation in India (December 2014.) ··· 129
<Table 5-1> RE potential in Cameroon ··· 142
<Table 6-1> The Summary of resource potential of RE in Cameroon ··· 145
<Table 6-2> Scenario analyses for RE forecasts ··· 146
<Table 6-3> Forecasts on electricity demand by region in Cameroon··· 146
<Table 6-4> Power generation by solar PV ··· 148
<Table 6-5> Power generation by wind ··· 150
<Table 6-6> Power generation by hydro ··· 152
<Table 6-7> Power generation by small hydro ··· 154
<Table 6-8> Power generation by biomass ··· 156
<Table 6-11> Basic premise for unit investment costs forecast by RE source··· 163
<Table 6-12> Prospects of unit investment costs by RE source ··· 164
<Table 6-13> Yearly required installed capacity of RE for reference scenario ··· 165
<Table 6-14> Investment costs by RE source in reference scenario ··· 166
<Table 6-15> Yearly required installed capacity of RE for INDC scenario ··· 168
<Table 6-16> Target of installed capacity by RE source ··· 169
<Table 6-17> Investment costs by RE source required to achieve INDC Targets··· 170
<Table 6-18> Investment cost by term ··· 171
<Table 6-19> Characteristics of ODA and MDBs ··· 186
<Table 6-20> List of websites of international cooperation agencies on project procurement process ··· 187
<Table 6-21> List of websites of MDBs for project procurement process ··· 188
[Figure 1-1] Procedure for establishment of REMP··· 4
[Figure 2-1] 2013 Fuel shares in world TPES ··· 7
[Figure 2-2] 2001~2014 Poverty rate (%) ··· 11
[Figure 2-3] Map of Cameroon ···12
[Figure 2-4] 2010~2014 Economic growth rates of Cameroon (%) ···13
[Figure 2-5] Trends in proportions of petroleum revenue and tax revenues as % of total GDP ···17
[Figure 2-6] Petroleum exports and imports (Billions CFA F)···17
[Figure 2-7] 2014 Shares of energy production by source (%) ···20
[Figure 2-8] 2013 Shares of TPES by source (%) ···21
[Figure 2-9] 2013 Power generation mix by source (%) ···23
[Figure 2-10] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by source (%) ···24
[Figure 2-11] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by sector (%) ···24
[Figure 2-12] Yearly trends in LPG accessibility (%, 2001, 2007 and 2014) ···26
[Figure 2-13] Changes in power accessibility by residence for households (%) ···29
[Figure 2-14] Organization chart of the MINEE ···37
[Figure 2-15] The role of NEDO in Japan ···47
[Figure 2-16] Role of AREA in Azerbaijan ···53
[Figure 2-17] Nigerian federal ministry of environment renewable energy program ···55
[Figure 2-18] Countries with renewable energy polices and target, early 2015 ···67
[Figure 3-1] GHG emissions in Cameroon ···79
[Figure 3-2] Position of REMP with respect to other strategies and plans ···83
[Figure 4-1] Solar PV power generation system and components ···85
[Figure 4-2] basic structure and working mechanism of solar cell ···86
[Figure 4-3] Worldwide trend of solar cell efficiency by Type ···87
[Figure 4-4] Working mechanism of wind turbine ···90
[Figure 4-5] Trend toward larger-capacity wind turbines ···91
[Figure 4-6] Composition of LCOE of onshore wind power ···92
[Figure 4-7] Composition of LCOE of offshore wind power ···92
[Figure 4-8] Schematic diagram of hydropower plant ···94
[Figure 4-11] Technological development trend of solid biofuels transition ···98
[Figure 4-12] Applications of solid biofuels ···99
[Figure 4-13] Gaseous biofuel technology ···99
[Figure 4-14] Anaerobic digestion process flow chart ··· 100
[Figure 4-15] Classifications of anaerobic digestion process ··· 101
[Figure 4-16] Biogas production and application ··· 101
[Figure 4-17] Conversion of biomass into bio-syngas and F-T fuel production process ··· 102
[Figure 4-18] Flow chart of ethanol production process from carbohydrates ··· 103
[Figure 4-19] Comparison of ethanol production processes by biomass feedstock ··· 103
[Figure 4-20] Biodiesel production reaction from vegetable oil ··· 104
[Figure 4-21] Flow chart of biodiesel production process using solid catalyst ··· 105
[Figure 4-22] Flowchart of two -phase biodiesel production from waste oil conversion ··· 105
[Figure 4-23] Type and usage of major biomass energy ··· 106
[Figure 4-24] Measurement of electromagnetic waves near PV power plants ··· 109
[Figure 4-25] Noise pattern of wind power generator ···113
[Figure 4-26] Regions affected by shadow flicker of wind power generators over time ···115
[Figure 4-27] Diagram of draining methane through small hydraulic power facility ···117
[Figure 4-28] Galapagos solar PV ··· 121
[Figure 4-29] A Diagram of project structure of Laos Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy hydropower ··· 122
[Figure 4-30] Nepal hydropower plant ··· 122
[Figure 4-31] Sere wind farm in South Africa ··· 124
[Figure 4-32] Biogas power plant in Jeoungeup of Korea ··· 126
[Figure 4-33] Biomass power plant in Shandong of China ··· 127
[Figure 4-34] Fuel cell power plant in Jakarta of Indonesia ··· 128
[Figure 4-35] Solar concentrating cooker ··· 130
[Figure 4-36] The Scenery of Mandakh ··· 130
[Figure 4-37] Overview of Solarwin system ··· 131
[Figure 4-38] The System of energy self-sufficient islands in Korea ··· 132
[Figure 5-1] Resource potentials of solar PV in Cameroon··· 134
[Figure 5-2] Wind resource map of Cameroon (10m above ground, 10km resolution) ··· 135
[Figure 5-3] Wind resource map of Cameroon (80m above ground, 5km resolution) ··· 136
[Figure 6-1] Selection alternatives of analogy ··· 145
[Figure 6-2] Solar PV generation forecasts for Cameroon ··· 149
[Figure 6-3] Wind power generation forecasts for Cameroon ··· 151
[Figure 6-4] The Prospect of large hydropower generation in Cameroon ··· 153
[Figure 6-5] The Prospect of small hydropower in Cameroon ··· 155
[Figure 6-6] The Prospect of biomass power generation in Cameroon ··· 157
[Figure 6-7] The Prospect of total renewable energy generation in Cameroon ··· 159
[Figure 6-8] Change in electricity generation mix of Cameroon ··· 160
[Figure 6-9] Unit investment cost calculation method ··· 161
[Figure 6-10] Investment costs by year in reference scenario ··· 167
[Figure 6-11] Investment costs by year required to achieve INDC targets ··· 171
[Figure 6-12] Funding method by policy content ··· 172
[Figure 6-13] Case for financing in Korea ··· 174
[Figure 6-14] Structural diagram of microfinance for renewable energy ··· 176
[Figure 6-15] Utilization of domestic resource ··· 177
[Figure 6-16] Types of support for renewable energy business by stage ··· 179
[Figure 6-17] Criterion-specific classification of PPP ··· 184
[Figure 6-18] PPP Investment status by region between 1994 and 2014 ··· 185
[Figure 6-19] General structure of PPP Projects in energy sector combining ODA and MDBs funds ··· 187
ADB Asian Development Bank
ADFD Abu Dhabi Fund for Development
AER Rural Electrification Agency (Agence d’Electrification Rurale) AfDB African Development Bank
ANAFOR National Forestry Development Agency bcf Billion cubic meters
CAGR Compounded annual rate of growth CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEFC Clean Energy Finance Corporation
CNREC Cameroon National Renewable Energy Corporation (proposed) CREA Cameroon Renewable Energy Agency (proposed)
CREDS Cameroon Renewable Energy Development Service (proposed) DAC Development Assistance Committee
DSCE Strategy Document for Growth and Employment 2010~2020 DREEM Department of Renewable Energy and Energy Management EDCF Economic Development Cooperation Fund
EESS Environmental and Social Strategic Assessment of the Energy Sector in Cameroon
FiT Feed-in-Tariff
GCF Green Climate Fund
GET-FiT Global Energy Transfer Feed-in-Tariff
GHG Greenhouse Gas
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDB Inter-American Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency IFC International Finance Corporation
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPP Independent Power Producer
IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency
LCOE Levelized cost of energy (or electricity) LDCs Less developed countries
LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
MDBs Multilateral Development Banks
MINEE Ministry of Water Resources and Energy MINEPIA Ministry of Stockbreeding and Fisheries
MINEPED Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development
MINFOF Ministry of Forests and Wildlifes MTOE Million tons of oil equivalent ODA Official Development Assistance
PDER Rural Electrification Master Plan in Cameroon PDSE Electricity Sector Development Plan in Cameroon PDSEN Energy Sector Development Project in Cameroon PNEE National Energy Efficiency Plan in Cameroon PPA Power purchasing agreement
PPP Public-Private Partnership
RE Renewable energy
REA Rural Electrification Agency REMP Renewable Energy Master Plan RESCO Renewable Energy Service Company RPS Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard SCAF Seed-Capital Assistance Facility SME Small and medium enterprise TPES Total primary energy supply TOE Tons of oil equivalent
1.1 Background and Objectives
1.1.1 Background of the Study
Cameroon is a Central African country located in the Gulf of Guinea, with a population of 21.66 million in 2014, increasing from 17.46 million in 2005, with its compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.4% in the period.1 Cameroon showed a fairly healthy real economic growth rate even during the world economic depression2, of 5.6% in 2013 and 5.9% in 2014. Obviously, activities of human beings and economic growth requires energy in general, and to sustain such growth of population and economic development, a stable supply of energy with a vigorous energy policy is required to manage and preserve the energy supply.
In fact, Cameroon approaches its energy policy from a larger framework. In June 2009, the country declared the goal of establishing itself as an emerging country within the next 25~30 years by announcing Cameroon Vision 2035, which proposes a strategy to accomplish this goal. Vision 2035 is an all-inclusive comprehensive national development plan, and establishes mid-term goals for various areas, such as the elimination of poverty, economic development, industrialization, democracy, and a unified society.
Vision 2035 is the reference framework guiding other Cameroon policy and national strategy and encompasses the development and cooperation of all the economic sectors and the regions of the country.
This reference framework is intended to guide sector and regional policies, national strategies, development plans, and cooperation.3
The energy sector is a crucial policy area to achieve the goals of the development plan. The President of Cameroon emphasized this in his keynote address of 15 November 2013, “Energy plays the role of the heart in all development processes. Without it, there will be no industry, no raw material processing, and no modern economy. For that reason, I placed the energy issues in the center of policies that we must achieve.”4 The energy policy of Cameroon is based on Vision 2035 and Strategy Document for Growth
1 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. 7)
2 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. 10)
3 Refer to MINEPAT (2009. p x)
4 Refer to MINEE (2015. p. i)
1. Overview
and Employment 2010~2020 (DSCE).56 Policy implementation is done in accordance with sectoral policy details, such as the Electricity Sector Development Plan to 2035, (PDSE)7, the Strategy to Promote Access and Use of Domestic Gas in Cameroon8, and the Master Plan for Rural Electrification (PDER).9
Another important document of the energy policy is the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) of Cameroon, submitted to the UN in relation to the response of the country to climate change. In the document, the government declared its intention to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by 32%
compared with the 2035 reference scenario, and, related to the energy sector particularly, the intended total reduction is 4,684 kt CO2-eq of GHG emissions.10 Even though Cameroon does not contribute a significant amount of emission currently, this is a fairly ambitious goal, as the volume of GHG emission is assumed to increase sharply when Vision 2035 is accomplished. On ratification, the INDC is expected to have the same legal power as domestic legislation.
Renewable energy (RE) plays an important role in the various energy-related policies and plans of the country, as Cameroon has abundant appropriate natural resources, such as solar PV, small hydropower, and bioenergy. Therefore, RE is significant as a means not only to supply energy but also to reduce GHG emissions by replacing fossil fuels. Its role in supplying electricity to off-grid areas is particularly important. The INDC indicates that to achieve the reduction targets for GHG emissions in 2035, the aim is to supply 25% of the total electricity generation of the country from RE.11 In 2016, the PDER introduced the planned RE projects, suggesting them as a solution for electrification for the off-grid locations.12
Ironically, owing to such attitudes and expectations on the role of RE, efficient deployment of RE is limited under the current system. References to the RE sector are scattered in various documents on policy and planning, but consistency was not appropriately considered. This is because employing RE was not regarded as a major goal but only a simple means to supply energy; therefore, it received less attention than it deserves in the policies despite its important role and status. For instance, despite its declared goal in the INDC to supply 25% of the entire electricity generation from RE by the year 2035, no detailed supporting plan to achieve such a goal has been drafted. The RE development projects proposed in the PDER and the PDSE are the means to provide electricity to the off-grid areas and on-grid, respectively; however, it is necessary to analyze the situation and plan to determine whether these would be enough to achieve the INDC RE deployment goals, whether additional supply would be needed, and
5 Announced in 2009
6 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. xx).
7 Announced in 2009.
8 Announced in 2012. Prepared by Delta Consulting
in what way this could be achieved.
A review of the related national plans and policies on RE is a prerequisite to deploy it effectively. This implies that policies and plans must be consistent among and that an appropriate national deployment target for RE is set up, a plan is drafted to accomplish the goal, an implementation system is established and the groundwork is conducted for such implementation.
1.1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study is to provide qualitative and quantitative analysis and technical advice necessary for establishing and implementing the Renewable Energy Master Plan for Cameroon (hereafter called REMP), which includes the national vision and the deployment goals by taking into account the various RE sources and their resource potential and to draw up fundamental and comprehensive plans by establishing various policy measures, i.e., the basic direction of policies, to accomplish such goals. The vision and deployment goals have to take into account all the goals proposed by various strategies and plans, such as securing a stable energy supply, enhancing energy accessibility for people living in off-grid locations, reducing GHG emissions and nurturing related industries, and considering all relevant conditions to achieve the targets. This implies that comprehensive stocktaking must be done of the policy measures from the current strategies and plans, after which any additional measures required to achieve the targets should be recommended. In addition, a policy roadmap should be included to implement the policies.
As the scope of the REMP is limited to setting up the basic direction for the overall policy, the government of Cameroon should establish detailed implementation plans for each policy element that could be implemented later. Relevant competences are required of the government officials or related people in charge of these tasks to establish and implement such detailed implementation plans. In this regards, one important aspect of the study is to share the technical expertise and know-how for establishing REMP, as well as best practices of other countries, for deployment RE technologies with Cameroonians policy makers and experts. The information sharing was conducted during the whole study process through various programs, such as joint workshops during and after establishing the REMP, results briefings, and invitational workshops.
1.2 Study Method and Organization of Study Report 1.2.1 Study Methodologies and Procedures
The Korea Energy Economics Institute (KEEI) is the principal government-sponsored national
energy-policy research organization, charged to develop policies on national energy and natural resources, and contributes to the national economy by collecting, investigating, analyzing, and disseminating information, and by educating policymakers on a variety of trends and information regarding energy and natural resources. The KEEI has constructed and is operating various models (including a RE demand- supply forecast model, a RE costs forecast model, and a financial analysis modes). In this study, analyses were conducted by modifying the various established models to fit the characteristics of Cameroon, and technical and policy knowledge was applied to the establishment of the REMP for the country. Close cooperation between the Consultant and the government of Cameroon enabled the Consult securing relevant data and information that are highly reliable and relevant. The data that Cameroon could not supply were supplemented by using data from prestigious international organizations in the energy sector.
During an invitational training program held from 3 to 21 April 2017 in Korea, the final version of the REMP was prepared and shared with the Cameroonian officials and experts. In addition, walk-through training in research methods was provided to the participants. Furthermore, the opinions expressed by the Cameroonian participants were collected and reflected in the final REMP. During an official trip to Cameroon from 23 to 27 May, a work meeting was held for Cameroonian government officials and experts with every detail of the REMP being explained and verified. The essence of the REMP was finalized based on the revisions made throughout the process and the final version of the REMP was introduced at a final briefing session held in September, during another official trip to Cameroon.
[Figure 1-1] Procedure for establishment of REMP
1.2.2 Organization of Study Report
In Chapter 2, Overview of Energy in Cameroon, we have included the analysis of all the data and information required for developing the RE vision of Cameroon, goal setting, and policy measures. We have analyzed briefly the global renewable market trends and forecasts, and the state of the economy and society of Cameroon, the energy supply and demand status, as well as laws and regulations pertaining to RE. In addition, this chapter includes the state of RE supply in the power generation sector.
In the overview of the national plans related to RE covered in Chapter 3, we have analyzed the key strategies and plans of Cameroon, as well as amalgamated and analyzed information pertaining to the main vision, goals, and project plans relating to RE. The strategies analyzed include Cameroon Vision 2035, Strategic Document for Growth and Employment (DSCE) 2010~2020, Energy Sector Development Project (PDSEN) 2035, Electricity Sector Development Plan (PDSE), Intended National Determined Contributions (INDC), and Rural Electrification Master Plan (PDER), as well as National Energy Efficiency Plan (PNEE) of Cameroon briefly.
In Chapter 4, we described the technical characteristics of RE and we discuss the RE sources, such as solar PV, small hydropower, wind, and biomass, of which the deployment goals were determined by the INDC. Furthermore, RE source profiles and their resulting environmental effects are analyzed on a global level. Finally, the deployment project model is investigated for each type of RE source in terms of best- practice sharing, which is expected to serve as future reference for the Cameroonian officials when planning a renewable-energy pilot project.
Chapter 5 has information on the nationally available level of resource potential of the different RE sources in Cameroon. RE sources include solar PV, wind power, small hydropower, and biomass. A relevant literature review was conducted of the Cameroonian government documents and reports from reputable international organizations, such as the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The biomass resource potential, which includes forestry biomass, agricultural biomass, and livestock manure biomass, was estimated in collaboration between KEEI and GEO C&I Co. Ltd (For detailed analysis and explanation for this subject, please, see the Potential Survey for Renewable Energy Master Plan in Cameroon: Final Report, which is published together with the REMP).
Chapter 6 outlines quantitative analyses employed to set the national RE deployment targets and to estimate the required investment costs. A forecast model is set up to analyze the outlook of future RE demand in Cameroon, which is a crucial part of the target setting for annual RE supply. The installed capacity required to achieve the target of 25% RE supply by 2035 is calculated for each type of RE source.
It also provides a long-term forecast model for RE technology costs and the forecast results for the investment costs required to achieve the RE deployment goals. Finally, it presents the strategies for domestic and foreign funding required to implement the REMP.
2.1 Status of the Global RE Market
In 2013, the global total primary energy supply (TPES) was 13,555 MTOE13 with RE accounting for 13.5% of this figure. Among the RE supply sources, that provided by biofuels and waste was the highest at 73.4%, followed by hydropower at 17.8%, geothermal at 3.6%, and wind at 3.0% (IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015).
[Figure 2-1] 2013 Fuel shares in world TPES
Source: IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015
1) Other: Non-renewable waste, peat, oil shale, and other undefined energy sources 2) Other renewables: Geothermal, wind, solar and tidal
13 MTOE stands for million tons of oil equivalent.
2. Current Status of Energy in Cameroon
Among the nations in Africa, the portion of RE in primary energy was 49.6% in 2013, almost three times higher than the global average. The portion of biofuels and waste among the RE sources was dominant at 96.7%. However, the portion of modern RE sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal energy was minimal at 0.6% (IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015). This indicates that African nations are heavily dependent on traditional RE such as firewood.
The average annual growth rates by RE source since 1990 show an explosive growth rate of 45.5% for solar energy, followed by a rapid growth rate of 24.8% for wind power. However, woody biomass and hydropower, currently representing substantial portions of the existing supply, showed growth rates of only 1.4% and 2.5%, respectively (IEA, 2015, Renewables Information 2015). This implies that there is a rapid switch in RE sources from hydropower and biomass to solar and wind power.
On the other hand, the global new generation capacity for RE in 2015 was 147 GW, representing the largest increase to date and 60% of all new generation capacity. Solar and wind power accounted for 50 GW and 63 GW, respectively, of this figure (REN21, 2016, Renewables 2016 Global Status Report).
These results were achieved despite negative influences on RE supply, such as the low oil price, economic depression, and the subsequent policy uncertainty. This indicates that RE has begun to escape the influence of fossil fuel prices and policy support from governments, settling comfortably in the markets.
The fundamental reason for the increase in RE deployment and market growth is increasing price competitiveness thanks to technological advancements. According to PVXchange, a solar PV consultancy, the price of multi-crystalline silicon solar PV modules have dropped to 0.6€/WP in 2016, i.e., one third of the 2010 price of 1.9 €/Wp.14 Such increases in price competitiveness are set to continue, with the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) predicting that the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of solar PV decreasing from 0.13 USD/kWh as at 2015 by 59% to 0.06 USD/kWh in 2025 (IRENA, 2016, The Power to Change: Solar and Wind Cost Reduction Potential to 2025).
❙ Table 2-1 ❙ Prospects for investment costs and LCOE for solar PV and wind
Source: IRENA, 2016, The Power to Change: Solar and Wind Cost Reduction Potential to 2025 Investment Costs
(2015 USD/kW) LCOE
(2015 USD/kWh)
2015 2025 Change 2015 2025 Change
Solar PV 1,810 790 -57% 0.13 0.06 -59%
Onshore Wind 1,560 1,370 -12% 0.07 0.05 -26%
Offshore Wind 4,650 3,950 -15% 0.18 0.12 -35%
Along with technological advancements, the response from various nations to climate change is expected to stimulate the deployment of RE globally as a means to reduce the GHG emission. The Paris Agreement was enacted in December 2015, with the unanimous consent of the 196 member countries, signaling the beginning of a new regime for climate change. The International Energy Agency (IEA) has called for higher energy efficiency, phasing out and termination constructing coal-fired power plants, increased investment into RE, gradual phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies, and the reduction of methane gases from the extraction of oil and natural gas. However, RE is regarded as the most significant contributor to the reduction of GHG emission, along with improvements in energy efficiency.
Furthermore, 189 of the 193 member states of the United Nations have presented their respective INDCs, with RE indicated as a key method to achieve such INDC targets. Germany and France are aiming to obtain 30% and 32%, respectively, of their total energy mix through RE, whereas Denmark aims to generate 100% of its total energy from renewable sources by respective target years. Among the less developed countries (LDCs), Brazil and the UAE have indicated their target RE mix as 45% by 2030 and 24% by 2021, respectively. This indicates that both LDCs and developed countries recognize RE as the most important energy option for the future.
Accordingly, the market and industry for RE is expected to show constant growth in future. In particular, the growth in price competitiveness could facilitate significant contributions from modernized RE and environmental issues in both developing and developed countries.
2.2 Socioeconomic Status of Cameroon
2.2.1 National Economic and Social Status of Cameroon
2.2.1.1 Overview
2.2.1.1.1 National Territory
The national territory of the country comprises approximately 475,650 km2.15 Cameroon is in the northern hemisphere, located slightly above the equator, stretching for 1,200 km from 2 to 13 degrees north latitude (from the south to Lake Chad), and for 800 km from 9 to 16 degrees east longitude (from the east to the west). Cameroon is divided into 10 administrative regions and each region has divisions
15According to “the World Factbook”, Cameroon’s national territory is about 475,440 ㎢, which includes 472,710 ㎢ of land and 2,730 ㎢ of territorial water.
and sub-divisions.
Cameroon is called “the miniature of Africa” for its variety of cultures, climates, and terrains. The population comprises more than 208 tribes who live in various climates, from the desert climate of the Nord region to the tropical rain forest climate of the Sud region.
The various climates of Cameroon include:
- Sudan-Sahel regional climate of the Extrmme-Nord region (approximately 650 mm annual precipitation) - The tropical rain forest climate of the Nord (Adamaoua) region (approximately 1,200 mm annual
precipitation)
- The equatorial climate of monsoon rain forest in the of Ouest region and its seaboard (1,200~6,000 mm annual precipitation)
- A Guinea-type climate in the Centre and Sud region (over 6,000 mm annual precipitation).
2.2.2.1.2 The current socioeconomic status of Cameroon
According to the Central Bureau of the Census and Population Studies (BUCREP), the population was 19,400,000 in January 2010, increasing to 21,657,488 in 2014, and 23,248,044 in 2017.
❙ Table 2-2 ❙ The general status of Cameroon
Source: CIA, the World Factbook, Cameroon.
Independence Became independent from Britain and France in 1960 Area 475,650 km2 (Cameroon’s estimation); comprising 10 regions
*South Korea: 99,720 km2 Language Official language: French, English
Others: 250 dialects Literacy rate 71% (in 2010)
GDP by sector Agriculture 19%, industry 37%, services 44%
Major cities Yaoundé– Capital (1.7 million people), Douala (2.1 million people), Garoua and Bafoussam
GDP PPP (current US dollar exchange-rate basis)
77.24 billion dollars (2016 estimate)
Major policies - Vision 2035
- The Growth and Employment Strategy Paper (DSCE)
Even though the poverty rate decreased from 40.2% in 2001 to 37.5% in 2014, it did not reach the targeted 25.3% in 2015. The poverty rates in the rural areas are the main cause, in particular those of Extreme-Nord, Nord, and Nord-Ouest. On the other hand, the poverty rate of Yaoundé and Douala is quite low.
[Figure 2-2] 2001~2014 Poverty rate (%)
Classification Year
Area 2001 2007 2014
Littoral 19.1 12.1 6.9
Douala included 10.9 5.5 4.2
Douala excluded 35.5 30.8 19.5
Centre 29.8 21.6 13.9
Yaoundé included 13.3 5.9 5.4
Centre with Yaoundé excluded 48.2 41.2 30.3
Adamawa 48.4 52.9 47.1
Est 44.0 50.4 30.0
Extreme-Nord 56.3 65.9 74.3
Nord 50.1 63.7 67.9
Nord-Ouest 52.5 51.0 55.3
Ouest 40.3 28.9 21.7
Sud 31.5 29.3 34.1
Sud-Ouest 33.8 27.5 18.2
Cameroon 40.2 39.9 37.5
Source: NIS (2015) Source: NIS (2015)
❙ Table 2-3 ❙ Cameroon poverty rate by region (%)
[Figure 2-3] Map of Cameroon
Source: MINEE (2016)
No significant difference was noticed in the employment rate between 2005 (75.1%) and 2010 (73.8%). However, the job market in Cameroon is extremely unstable, with 70.6% underemployment in 2010 (75.8% in 2005). In addition, as a third of the city workers in Cameroon were living in poverty in 2014, improvements are needed to their quality of life. In the rural areas, 53.1% of laborers are poor, with 7% being extremely poor.
❙ Table 2-4 ❙ Employment rate of Cameroon by region/gender (%)
Classification 2005 2010
Residence Urban area 60.4 62.8
Rural area 84.5 82.5
Gender Male 79.6 80.2
2.2.1.2 Economic situation of Cameroon 2.2.1.2.1 Economic growth of Cameroon
The economic growth rate in Cameroon remained at 2~3% until 2010, but has increased since and reached almost 5.6% in 2013. The growth rate of real gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014 was 5.9%, which was 0.3%p more than previous year. This growth was mainly driven by domestic demand, resulting from consolidation of final consumption expenditure up 5.7% and accelerated investment, of which 13.6% for the private sector and 7.5% for the public sector.
[Figure 2-4] 2010~2014 Economic growth rates of Cameroon (%)
Source: INS of Cameroon
On the supply side, the tertiary sector grew by 5.3% in 2014, compared with 6.3% a year earlier.
Growth in the secondary sector accelerates to 6.8% in 2014, compared with 5.7% in 2013. The primary sector continues to consolidate, posting a rise of 4.7%, one point more than in 2013.
❙Table 2-5❙ GDP trends by sector (2000=100)
Unit: (billion CFA F)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Nominal GDP
Production 16,871.60 17,828.40 19,417.50 20,599.90 22,046.20 23,647.30 Consumption on
intermediate goods 6,687.0 6,992.8 7,845.0 8,115.4 8,548.6 9,081.2 Value added 10,184.6 10,835.6 11,572.5 12,484.5 13,497.6 14,566.1 Taxes on products 855.6 864.1 973.2 1,030.2 1,109.9 1,280.3
GDP 11,0490.3 11,699.7 12,545.7 13,514.7 14,607.5 15,846.4
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Real GDP
Production 14,574.4 15,114.6 15,766.7 16,462.6 17,234.6 18,277.2 Consumption on
intermediate goods 6,418.6 6,672.0 6,993.0 7,279.4 7,555.1 8,048.7 Value added 8,155.8 8,442.6 8,773.7 9,183.2 9,679.5 10,229.0 Taxes on products 711.0 714.0 762.1 790.2 848.6 923.0
GDP 8,866.8 9,156.7 9,535.8 9,973.4 10,528.1 11,152.1 Source: INS of Cameroon (p. 405)
According to Vision 2035 that forecasts the total GDP and the GDP per capita of the country, the GDP is expected to grow at AAGR of 6.5% between 2010 and 2035, while the population is expected to increase at AAGR of 2.3% during the same period. Supplying energy to meet the growth of economy and population in the future is a challenge that Cameroon faces.
❙ Table 2-6 ❙ GDP, total and per capita (2000~2035) (CFA F, %)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 27)
2.2.1.2.2 Cameroon Trade
The trade balance of Cameroon showed a surplus until 2008, but has started to deteriorate after 2009.
In 2014, Cameroon recorded a trade deficit of 1,492.1 billion CFA F, with exports amounting to 3,444.3 billion CFA F and imports costing 4,936.3 billion CFA F (MINEE, 2015, p. 16). The main exports are crude oil, cacao, and lumber and these commodities are exported mainly to Spain, China, India, the Netherlands, and Italy. The major imports are crude oil, refined oil products, frozen fish, and rice, and the countries from which most of these goods are imported are China, Nigeria, France, the United States, and Thailand. The reason for the increased import of crude oil from the 2000s was the increased oil consumption in Cameroon and the decreased supply owing to a reduction in oil reserves.16
2000 2010 2020 2030 2035
GDP(billion) 6,569 9,157 15,550 31,278 43,952
Population 15,292,000 19,648,287 24,910,305 31,118,001 34,525,533 GDP per capita 429,571 466,059 624,265 1,005,163 1,273,029
❙ Table 2-7 ❙ Cameroon trade balance (2010~2014) (billion CFA F, %)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 16)
2.2.2 Current Status of National Budget in Energy Sector
The total national budget for Cameroon for 2016 is 4,234.7 billion CFA F, representing an increase of 13.5% year-over-year.17 The increase is attributed to increases in the export of coffee, cocoa, and oil to the Central African countries. Revenues from crude oil represent approximately 400 billion CFA F of the budget, with non-oil revenues representing 2,500 billion CFA F, whereas the remainder, 505 billion CFA F, is from project loans. The economic growth in 2015, as reported by the IMF in September 2016, was 6%, whereas the growth potential was higher but there were negative effects because of lower crude oil prices and the activities of Boko Haram and other Islamic militants.
The national budget of Cameroon for 2016 was planned to be allocated to 36 government departments, with MINEE being allocated the fifth largest allocation at 214,166 million CFA F, representing 5.1% of the total. The increase year-over-year for MINEE amounts to 89 billion CFA F. The key objectives of MINEE include dam construction and grid connection, including Nachtigal, Song-Dong, and Bini à Warak.
17 The national budget represented here is a planned budget presented by PhilémonYunji Yang, the Prime Minister of Cameroon, at the National Assembly on 20 November 2015. However, this budget may not be the actual budget allocated for 2016, to which the Consultant doesn’t have access.
Http://rjcpatriote.centerblog.net/2354-cameroun-budget-2016 &
Http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,69176,@,cameroun-budjet-2016-le-top-5-des-plus-gros-budgets.html.
Type 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Export 2,029.60 2,306.80 2,540.10 3,017.50 3,444.30
- Minus crude oil 772.2 916.4 1,059.20 1,088.40 1,303.80
Imports 2,692.50 3,321.10 3,595.90 4,222.90 4,936.30
- Minus crude oil 417.2 621.5 539.8 463.9 708.3
Trade balance -662.9 -1,014.30 -1,055.80 -1,205.40 -1,492.10
- Minus crude oil 355 294.9 519.4 624.5 595.5
❙ Table 2-8 ❙ National budget allocation in 2016 (top 10 allocations) (million CFA F)
In particular, 17 billion CFA F was allocated to RE, representing 8% of the MINEE budget and 0.4%
of the national budget and is equivalent to 28.13 million US dollars. In comparison, the RE budget of Korea in 2016 was 727.28 million US dollars (1 USD=1,100 KRW).
A closer consideration of national revenues reveals gradual increases in oil-related revenues, and, in 2014, it had increased by 1.5 times that of the decade prior to 2014. Both domestic and foreign revenues have been increasing, and the total revenue from oil in 2013 was 31,576 billion CFA F.
❙ Table 2-9 ❙ Revenues from crude oil (2005~2014) (billion CFA F)
Department Allocated
Ministry of Public Works
(Ministère des Travaux Publics) 403,931
Ministry of Secondary Education
(Ministère des EnseignementsSecondaires) 246,068 Ministry of Public Health
(Ministère de la SantéPublique) 236,167
Ministry of Defence
(Ministère de la Défense) 229,727
Ministry of Water and Energy
(Ministère de l’Eau et de l’Energie) 214,166
Ministry of Basic Education
(Ministère de l’Education de Base) 206,160
Ministry of Sports and Physical Education
(Ministère des Sports et de l’Education Physique) 177,667 Ministry of Housing and Urban Development
(Ministère de l’Habitat et du DéveloppementUrbain) 117,580 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
(Ministère de l’Agriculture et du Développement Rural) 117,580 Ministry of Higher Education
(Ministère de l’EnseignementSupérieur) 47,664
Type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Domestic 1,590.0 1,841.3 1,935.8 2,182.0 1,883.3 1,923.3 2,257.5 2,434.6 2,624.8 2,755.7 - Crude 439.2 618.1 631.3 810.3 507.3 490.7 637.9 693.0 699.7 705.7 - Non-crude 1,150.8 1,223.2 1,304.5 1,371.7 1376.0 1,432.6 1,619.6 1,741.6 1,925.1 2,050.0
[Figure 2-5] Trends in proportions of petroleum revenue and tax revenues as % of total GDP
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 15)
In 2013, government subsidies of crude oil prices amounted to 3% of the real GDP and to 2% of the real GDP in 2014, with the total petroleum subsidies over the past five years being approximately 100 billion CFA F. However, the government is currently confronted with the dual difficulties of budget shortfalls and the rapid population increase. The rapid increase in global oil prices in July 2014 has led to a steep rise in domestic oil prices in Cameroon, increasing the pressures on the budget. Accordingly, the government was forced to consider reductions in petroleum subsidies, as, in order to pay petroleum subsidies, the government had to reduce the budgets for core national activities, such as education and infrastructure.
[Figure 2-6] Petroleum exports and imports (Billions CFA F)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 15)
❙ Table 2-10 ❙ Trends in the proportion of petroleum subsidies of total tax revenues (%)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 101)
2.3 Analysis on Energy Supply and Demand System
2.3.1 Energy Resource Potential
Although Cameroon hosts deposits of oil and natural gas, no current data on the coal reserves are available. The proven reserves of oil have dwindled from 200 million barrels in 2006 to approximately 140 million barrels in 2009. However, since the discovery of new oil wells, such as Bolongo in the Rio Del Rey region, the reserves have increased to 220 million barrels (2014). However, the proven reserves for natural gas have gradually decreased from 49 MSCF to 47 MSCF in 2014.18
❙ Table 2-11 ❙ Proven reserves of oil and gas, Cameroon
Source: MINEE (2015) p. 83
Type 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Petroleum subsidies
(1000 CFA F) 154,590,757 32,260,975 157,145,840 320,269,467 316,472,085 297,431,239 215,548,429 LPG subsidies
(1000 CFA F) 12,556,538 9,733,677 12,225,137 17,754,274 33,156,982 33,177,950 28,303,070 Total tax revenues
(Billions of CFA F) 2,347.10 2,014.80 2,184.80 2,410.40 2,677.10 3,157.60 3,477.70 Proportion of petroleum
subsidies 6.6% 1.6% 7.2% 13.3% 11.9% 9.4% 6.3%
Resources 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Oil(million barrels) 200.4 190.4 171.4 144.7 200 200 ND ND 221.86 Natural
gas(MSCF) ND ND 135.1 ND 49.15 49.15 49.01 48.33 47.03
2.3.2 Energy Supply and Demand
192.3.2.1 Energy Production
The petroleum sector of Cameroon has contended with crises in 2001, such as shortfalls in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and oil price shocks; however, the development of new wells and the increased production at the Dissoni well have led to overall increases in annual production up to 27 million barrels in 2014 production. According to the National Hydrocarbons Corporation, oil production in the country has exceeded 100,000 barrels per day in 2015.
Natural gas production started in 2013, with an estimated production of 10.81 bcf in 2014. Likely, a liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility will be built in Kribi in the second half of 2017, increasing the annual LNG production to 30,000 metric ton.20
The <Table 2-12> below shows the volumes of oil and natural gas produced annually and <Table 2- 13> shows the volumes produced by energy source, including bioenergy, in 2014. In 2014, the primary energy production was 48% of crude oil, 44% of bioenergy, 5% of electricity, and 3% of natural gas. In 2014, the annual production of crude oil was 27.5 million barrels, indicating its significant contribution to the energy supply and demand. However, crude oil depletion has become a concern recently, as crude oil production is increasing but the confirmed reserves have not increased. Cameroon annually produced 65 million barrels of crude oil in the 1980s that subsequently continuously decreased until 2012. The reduction was ascribed to the depletion of the oil field, lack of development of new oil fields, and lack of technical resources (KEEI, 2016).
❙ Table 2-12 ❙ Cameroon energy production trends
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 88, p. 91).
19 Summarized from Cameroon Energy Report (Enerdata, 2013)
20 Refer to MINEE (2015, p. 79).
Resource 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Oil (million barrels) 31.89 31.25 30.69 26.68 23.31 21.61 22.38 24.28 27.5
Natural gas (BCF) - - - - - - - 5.37 10.81
❙ Table 2-13 ❙ Cameroon energy production in 2014 (TOE)
Type Production Unit Conversion ratio1) kTOE
Crude oil 27.5 Million barrels
3,731,475 Metric ton 1.022 3,651.15
Natural gas 10.81 bcf 26 281.06
Electricity
Large-scale Hydro 4,425.10 GWh 1/11.63 380.49
Solar 3.833 GWh 1/11.63 0.33
Wind 0.0823 GWh 1/11.63 0.007
Small hydro2) 0.576 GWh 1/11.63 0.05
Bioenergy 140,002.22 TJ 1/41.868 3,343.90
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 31)
Note): All definitions of energy sources are based on the IEA Energy Statistics Note 1): Conversion ratios are from the IEA
Note 2): Less than 5 MW in capacity
[Figure 2-7] 2014 Shares of energy production by source (%)
Source: MINEE (2015)
2.3.2.2 Primary Energy Supply
The energy-related data and information in MINEE (2015) only represent energy statistics and not the energy balance; consequently, there are limitations to identifying the total primary energy supply (TPES) through these data. To explain TPES of Cameroon, we use Cameroon’s energy balance information from the Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries (IEA. 2015, p. II.73). It shows that the shares of each energy source were 24.1% oil, 5.2% natural gas, 5.7% hydropower, and 65.0% bioenergy, clearly indicating that bioenergy comprises almost two-thirds of the total primary energy supply in 2013. The reason for the difference between the proportion of oil in the energy products (48%) and the total primary energy source (24%) is that Cameroon is a net exporter of oil and the volume of the domestic oil supply to produce petroleum products is smaller than the total oil production.
[Figure 2-8] 2013 Shares of TPES by source (%)
Source: Constructed by the author using the data from IEA (2015)
The National Refining Company (SONARA) uses hydro skimming-type equipment and processes a volume of 2.1 million ton annually. This facility was designed to process light crude oil; however, the crude produced in Cameroon is heavy crude and the domestic production cannot be used as feedstock for refining. Crude oil for feedstock is therefore imported; with the imported portion of crude oil fed into the refinery reaching 97% in 2014.
❙ Table 2-14 ❙ Foreign dependency trends of feedstock crude oil (2007~2014)
(ton, %)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 90)
Oil products produced through refining amounted to 1,578,493 ton in 2014. The largest portion was diesel production, followed by gasoline production. However, petroleum products peaked at 1,935,962 ton in 2011, dropping 18.5% by 2014.
❙ Table 2-15 ❙ Trends in the production of oil products (2007~2014) (ton)
Source: MINEE (2015, p. 93)
Fossil fuel used as fuel for power generation include diesel, heavy oil, and natural gas and the table below shows fuel consumption trends by year. According to the energy balance of Cameroon in 2013 (IEA, 2015), 363,000 TOE, representing 15% of the total production of oil products of 2,442,000 TOE, was utilized as power generation fuel. Total power generation in Cameroon in 2013 amounted to
Year
Type 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Refined crude 2,167,520 2,072,182 1,766,474 2,066,083 2,161,350 1,746,361 1,797,487 1,854,194 Imported crude 1,760,465 1,662,965 1,419,997 1,711,422 1,808,635 1,469,075 1,562,187 1,798,041 Regional crude 407,057 409,220 346,477 354,661 352,716 277,286 235,300 56,154
Crude dependency 81% 80% 80% 83% 84% 84% 87% 97%
Year
Name 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Butane 19,166 16,750 14,947 19,636 24,487 8,856 13,811 18,566 Gasoline 390,141 398,906 350,406 382,731 405,912 278,454 294,464 359,837 Jet A1 Fuel 404,480 345,558 291,814 332,430 378,566 285,540 285,234 278,785 Diesel 685,729 649,673 609,591 740,140 775,787 634,292 670,818 664,473 Fuel oil 1500 51,218 63,944 58,935 52,208 63,378 57,615 57,843 8,709 Fuel oil 3500 312,572 289,727 200,424 276,582 287,832 195,311 233,533 248,128
Total 1,863,306 1,764,558 1,526,117 1,803,728 1,935,962 1,460,069 1,555,703 1,578,493
Accordingly, there is a need to diversify the generation sources to ensure stable electricity production.
Only 15,000 TOE bioenergy was utilized for power generation, i.e., only 1% of the total generation capacity.
❙ Table 2-16 ❙ Fuel consumption for power generation in Cameroon
Source: MINEE (2015) p. 331
[Figure 2-9] 2013 Power generation mix by source (%)
Source: Compiled by the author using data from IEA (2015)
of total generation capacity, as calculated by MINEE (2015), and there were slight differences in the generation sources. The IEA (2015) does not include certain types of renewable energy, such as solar and wind generation. Explanations on the official statistics of Cameroon by MINEE (2015) will be covered in further detail in the section on electricity.
Type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Diesel
(106L) 23.36 23.44 27.02 22.50 32.43 28.26 32.00 43.53 49.32 28.35 Heavy oil
(106L) 32.05 34.15 64.80 39.88 77.73 98.60 105.42 118.26 67.78 72.16 Natural gas
(106 Nm3) - - - - - - - - 117.76 271.30
2.3.2.3 Total Final Energy Demand
According to the IEA (2015), the total final energy demand of Cameroon in 2013 was represented by 20.7% oil product, 72.2% bioenergy and 7.1% electricity of the total, respectively.
[Figure 2-10] 2013 Shares of final energy consumption by source (%)
Source: Constructed by the author using data from IEA (2015)
The final energy consumption structure of Cameroon by sector for 2013 shows that the so-called ''other'' sector, including household and public services, was the main consumer of energy at 77.7%, followed by transportatio
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