N E W S
OF T H E N A T IO N A L A C A D E M Y OF SC IEN C ES OF THE R EPU BLIC OF K A Z A K H S T A N P H Y S IC O -M A T H E M A T IC A L S E R IE S
IS S N 1 9 91-346Х h ttp s://d o i.o r g /1 0 .3 2 0 1 4 /2 0 2 0 .2 5 1 8 -1 7 2 6 .5 7 V olu m e 3, N um ber 331 (2 0 2 0 ), 225 - 230
МРНТИ 89.57.35 УДК 550.34; 528.88
Z h .S h . Z h a n ta y e v A .G . F r e m d , B .A . Isk a k o v
SLLP "Institute o f Ionosphere" JSC «NCSRT», Almaty, Kazakhstan
GROUND-SPACE METHODS FOR
FORECASTING DEEP OIL-PERSPECTIVE HORIZONS
Abstract. The search for hydrocarbon deposits is a multifactorial task, which at present cannot be successfully solved on the basis of data from only one method. And for its solution, as a rule, a set o f data is obtained, obtained both by ground means and remote, providing an objective picture o f the structure o f the sedimentary cover based on high information density without significant time and financial costs
The paper considers modern methodological approaches used in the practice o f prospecting for oil and gas, which give an objective idea o f the criteria on the basis of which a geostructural image o f a section o f the geological environment is created.
The resulting complex o f terrestrial and remote data is aimed at clarifying the structure o f the zones o f possible oil and gas accumulation and identifying the most promising hydrocarbon traps within them. The main attention is paid to the identification o f local structures o f various types and discontinuous disturbances. It is the structural aspect, that is, the identification o f discontinuous faults o f various ranks and the determination o f their parameters - strike, direction of fall and kinematics - that is most significant for determining the directions and choosing the methodology for oil and gas prospecting works in each specific area.
The use o f thermal range images with the construction o f maps o f surface temperatures and thermal anomalies based on them, taking into account the influence o f the atmosphere, weather conditions, and geological features of the region under study, makes it possible to more efficiently identify productive structures and the most active faults at the present stage. Isolation o f such objects makes it possible to concentrate on them seismic exploration and drilling, and thereby reduce the cost and significantly increase the reliability o f forecasting and search operations carried out by traditional methods (geology, geophysics, geochemistry).
Among them, in particular, is deep seismic exploration using the common depth point method, which allows to identify migration channels and fluid supports - structural elements that indicate the possible productivity o f certain horizons. Nevertheless, despite the leading role o f seismic exploration, interpretation o f its data at great depths should be approached with some caution due to the high percentage of “dry” wells and the high cost o f drilling itself.
.Along with the existing ones, it is proposed and justified the use o f the method o f parametric 3D modeling o f a geological section, which allows creating a visual spatial image o f the distribution o f oil prospective horizons. The method is verified on data from known deposits and showed good convergence o f results.
The results obtained are o f interest to subsoil users and organizations planning to search for deposits in oil- spitting regions.
Keywords: density inhomogeneities, hydrocarbons, fluid dynamics.
D espite the su ccesses in the d evelopm ent o f tech n ologies for the developm ent o f n ew , practically inexhaustible, energy sources, currently traditional energy sources are at the peak o f their demand.
A ccording to experts, by 2 0 4 0 a 30% increase in demand for energy is predicted, w h ich significantly exceed s current consum ption [1].
A t the 66-th sessio n o f the U N General A ssem b ly in 20 1 1 , the President o f Kazakhstan, N .A . N azarbayev, in his report em phasized the need to develop scenario forecasts and a global energy- eco lo g ica l strategy for the future, w h ich is ob jectively understandable. Indeed, even w ithout taking into account population grow th, the size o f the glob al econ om y should increase by at least 2 tim es by 20 4 0 , w h ich in turn w ill require affordable and reliable sources o f energy.
A nd although Kazakhstan b elon gs to the states w ith ex c e ss energy resources, and it is able to export oil, gas, coal, uranium, w ithout prejudice to its dom estic n eeds, but nevertheless, it also needs to plan to increase natural energy sources, w h ich include hydrocarbons.
Today, Kazakhstan is one o f the k ey exporters o f hydrocarbons for the global econ om y. A s o f 20 1 3 , according to B P Statistical R ev iew o f W orld Energy 20 1 3 , Kazakhstan ranked tw elfth in the w orld in term s o f proven o il reserves. A significant part o f them is located in the Caspian o il and gas basin.
H ow ever, their additional exploration and further industrial developm ent are com p licated 1:
• lo w g eo lo g ic a l exploration o f the subsoil;
• the location o f a significant part o f resources in subsalt horizons located at depths o f the order o f 5 and m ore than thousand m eters, w h ich increases the capital costs o f investors by an order o f m agnitude.
So, from 2 0 2 open o il and gas field s, w ith estim ated recoverable resources o f o il in the am ount o f 7.8 b illion tons, and natural gas - 7.1 trillion cubic m eters, the vast majority o f them are associated w ith subsalt horizons [2]. This circum stance, against the background o f increasing grow th rates o f production volu m es, n egatively affected the lev el o f grow th in the balance o f hydrocarbon reserves. A lready, beginning in m id -1995, there w as a d eficit in replenishm ent o f balance sheet resources, w h ich in the future m ay p ose a real threat to the econ om ic security o f Kazakhstan [2].
Therefore, at the K A Z E N E R G Y forum held in 20 1 3 , Kazakhstan presented a project to create the Eurasia international oil consortium , w h ich is aim ed at exploring the deep deposits o f the Caspian D epression. A ccording to foreign g eo lo g ists, the m ain hydrocarbon reserves, am ounting to about 4 0 -5 0 b illion tons o f standard fuel, are in the Caspian basin, w ith 90% o f them located at depths o f more than 7 km . A ccording to the President o f the S ociety o f Petroleum G eologists B .M . A ccording to the results o f the work, K uandykova “w ill identify n ew prom ising areas and objects for exploration, w h ich w ill m ake it p ossib le by 2 0 3 0 -2 0 5 0 to double the existing recoverable reserves o f hydrocarbons (hydrocarbons) [3].
A ccording to A khm et Tim urziev, one o f the supporters o f the concept o f the inorganic origin o f oil and the author o f the D eep O il project, turning the country's heat and energy com p lex (FEC) to deep hydrocarbon resources w ill m inim ize the co st o f replenishing the resource base and stabilize the grow th o f oil production, including due to its extraction in the territories o f the "old regions", w h ich undoubtedly is a co st-effectiv e alternative to the developm ent o f n ew territories.
F o r e c a stin g m e th o d s fo r d eep o il-b e a r in g h o rizo n s.
The search for hydrocarbon deposits both in Kazakhstan and abroad is, as a rule, a traditional set o f m ethods and tech n o lo g ies that allow s for a com prehensive analysis o f the results obtained using data from g eo lo g ica l and geop h ysical surveys and ending w ith recom m endations for drilling exploratory w ells.
A m on g the geop h ysical m ethods, as a rule, gravity and seism ic exploration dom inate. The im plem entation o f the traditional research co m p lex is a very tim e-consum ing and cost-in ten sive process, the payback o f w h ich is ju stified "under the conditions o f exploration o f large and m edium anticline oil and gas bearing structures located at shallow depths" [4]. This is explained by a rather high percentage o f
“dry” w e lls w ith a high co st o f drilling itself. Therefore, the use o f a w ell-k n ow n set o f m ethods w hen searching for deposits located at great depths should be approached w ith som e caution.
A t the sam e tim e, deep seism ic exploration using the com m on depth point m ethod (M O G T) allow s us to obtain n ew data on the structure o f the earth's crust, indicating its connection w ith the structure and oil content o f the sedim entary cover. T hese data, obtained along the Tatsays geotraverse, w h ich crossed the entire V olga-U ral province, a llow ed V .A . T rofim ov set “n ew criteria for the interpretation o f seism ic data, w hich, com bined w ith the results o f other m ethods, make it p ossib le to assess the prospects o f large tectonic elem ents, sm all section s and local objects, as w e ll as to purposefully determ ine the prospects for deep-seated h orizons” [7, 8, 9]. Apparently, the identification o f m igration channels and p ossib le fluid backlash, w h ich together can serve as a search sign o f a reservoir provided that fluids com e from b elow , up to the lev el o f the upper m antle, are am ong these “criteria”. A nother search feature is the presence o f dynam ic anom alies under each o f the know n studied deposits - “subvertical or steeply inclined disturbed zon es, w h ich probably display the desired o il supply channels, or, m ore correctly, oil and gas supply channels”. In the w orks o f R.M . B em b el et al. [10], they are called subvertical zon es o f destruction, having linear dim ensions w ith a w idth o f several hundred m eters to several kilom eters. Interestingly, no such “dry” w ells w ere identified in the area o f such zones.
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Thus, based on regional seism ic studies, it w as found that each hydrocarbon field has its ow n m ain fluid supply channel displayed on the seism ic sections in the form o f a subvertical disturbed zon e and, p ossib ly, secondary channels.
The im plem ented approach to the interpretation o f seism ic data allow ed the author to identify a gigantic positive structure at lev els o f 7 -1 1 km , w hich, according to search criteria already established, suggests the presence o f a large hydrocarbon field at this depth and recom m ends drilling o f a parametric w e ll [7].
A lo n g w ith m ethods based on ground-based observations, in recent years, the em phasis on prospecting for mineral deposits (M PI) and, in particular, hydrocarbons has shifted tow ards m ethods using data from rem ote sensing o f the Earth's surface (ER S).
The attractiveness o f rem ote sensing m ethods in the study o f oil and gas regions is due to the p ossib ility o f obtaining an objective picture o f the structure o f sedim entary cover w ithout significant tim e and material costs. The geospatial inform ation obtained in this w a y allow s us to establish the spectral im ages o f objects due to the deep m igration o f hydrocarbon fluids and heat and m ass transfer o f deep matter, leading to changes in soils, soils, and vegetation located on the surface o f the study area. The integral effect o f these factors is expressed in anom alies associated w ith both a change in the stress-strain state o f the earth's crust and fluid-geodynam ic p rocesses, w h ich are detected in space im ages [11, 12].
Thus, the rem ote sensing m ethods at the search stage m ake it p ossib le to identify prom ising g eo lo g ica l structures and thereby sp ecify the directions o f ground research.
In the analysis o f space im ages, m uch attention is paid to structural and m orphological m ethods.
A m on g the latter, there is a large group o f geom orphological m ethods that use m aps and spectrozonal satellite im agery data o f various scales, aim ed at identifying p ossib le search features - features o f the phototone o f the soil and vegetation, the presence o f ring structures, lineam ents, and other features o f the re lie f and landscape as a w h ole. Unfortunately, the results o f applying these m ethods do not a llow us to draw unam biguous con clu sion s even for predicting shallow structures.
A gain st this background, the m ethod is distinguished, w h ich is called the structural m ethod, focu sed not so m uch on identifying direct deciphering signs as on detecting indirect ones, w h ich m ake it p ossible to establish som e quantitative characteristics o f the desired deposits, regardless o f the depth o f their occurrence. The m ethod is im plem ented in the form o f a softw are co m p lex that has “no analogues in w orld practice”, w hich, according to its authors, a llo w s one to conduct scien tific analysis, predict the location and establish various parameters o f o il and gas deposits and other objects o f the g eo lo g ica l environm ent, including those located at great depths, right dow n to up to 20-25 km ”[4, 5].
It is based on the discovery [6], w h ich allow ed its author to so lv e the inverse problem o f determ ining the depth and localization o f a buried deposit up to determ ining its thickness w ith an accuracy com parable to the accuracy o f seism ic m ethods. The error o f definitions on average is 3-5% o f the depth o f the analyzed surface, and "the su ccess o f exploratory drilling ex ceed s 75%." A t the sam e tim e, the co st o f forecasting w ork in relation to the traditional tech n o lo g y o f searches is (0.3-0.4)% [Structometric analysis and search o f m inerals, h ttp://w w w .m agnolia.com .ru/files/anom alies.gif].
The final product o f the application o f this tech n ology is the recom m endations for w e ll placem ent provided in the form o f cartographic m aterials, as w e ll as 3D and 2D probabilistic m od els o f the g eo lo g ica l section. O b viou sly, the use o f this tech n o lo g y due to its “lim ited” verification and practical use is not indisputable, but from the point o f v ie w o f co st and tim elin es it can be very attractive.
T h e m e th o d o f g e o sp a tia l m o d e lin g o f th e sectio n o f th e g eo lo g ica l e n v iro n m en t.
Unfortunately, direct search m ethods for ground-space observations are not a source o f com plete and unconditional geospatial inform ation about the presence and location o f p ossible hydrocarbon deposits in the g eo lo g ica l section. A nd to fill this gap, reducing the am biguity o f the results obtained, is largely succeeded by the m ethod o f m echanical-m athem atical m od elin g o f the g eo lo g ica l environm ent [13, 14].
U sin g the data on the distribution o f the elastic characteristics o f the g eo lo g ica l environm ent, borrowed from the results o f seism ic observations, the m ethod allow s y ou to d evelop spatial parametric m odels o f the distribution o f density in h om ogen eities and valu es o f the parameters o f the stress-strain state in the g eo lo g ica l half-space o f the study area, regardless o f the depth o f the proposed reservoir.
In solvin g this problem , the fo llo w in g stages can be distinguished:
Stage 1. Creation o f spatial m odels for the distribution o f zon es o f decom pression.
The construction o f such m odels can be used at the search stage, since they a llow us to identify, in the context o f the studied structure, the areas o f decom pression, w h ich m ay be associated w ith the actual spatial p osition and m orphology o f p ossib le reservoirs, as w e ll as those elem ents o f the deep structure that can serve as supply channels, m igration channels or areas o f potential hydrocarbon accum ulation.
Stage 2. Construction o f a spatial m odel o f the g eo lo g ica l section in the parameters o f the SSS.
The m echanical and m athem atical m odeling o f the g e o lo g ica l environm ent in v o lv es the calculation o f a set o f parameters o f the stress-strain state (S S S ) w ith spatial reference o f the calculated values. The distribution o f the latter in the g eo lo g ic a l space can be used in solvin g a w id e range o f applied problem s.
Including w hen perform ing geod yn am ic zoning o f territories and determ ining areas o f latent energy concentration, identifying areas o f increased perm eability and assessin g the directions o f p ossib le fluid m ovem ent, etc.
Stage 3. D evelop m en t o f com p lex parametric m odels.
The construction o f com p lex m odels is aim ed at identifying the degree o f correspondence o f the distribution o f decom pression zones w ith the distribution o f the values o f the SSS parameters in the studied b lock o f the earth's crust. In particular, the identification o f areas o f reduced pressure is one o f the m ain conditions for the m ovem ent o f fluids in the g eo lo g ica l environm ent. Therefore, it seem s important to establish their spatial position and link w ith the distribution o f decom pression zon es, w hich, by definition, can be collectors, as w e ll as serve as channels for their migration.
A n analysis o f the distributions o f density in h om ogen eities and the anom alous values o f the SSS parameters in the volum e o f the g eo lo g ica l environm ent allow s y ou to:
1. G et a visual spatial representation o f the properties o f the g eo lo g ica l environm ent and identify new structural forms.
2. To g iv e a visual representation o f the m orphology o f productive horizons, w h ich is the basis for the d esign o f w e lls and allow s yo u to draw con clu sion s about the p ossible location o f n ew deposits.
The proposed m eth od ology can be used as one o f the stages o f the search and exploration o f hydrocarbon deposits in the projected areas in order to identify productive horizons in the context o f the earth's crust.
The d eveloped m ethod w as verified on the m aterials o f several field s o f the Northern Caspian and show ed g ood convergence w ith the data o f dow nhole observations in terms o f the correspondence o f the lev els allocated and the actual productive horizons [15].
The m ethod allow s to establish the presence o f hydrocarbon m igration channels and to study their spatial structure. Thus, in the presence o f inform ation on p ossib le fluid backings, it is p ossib le to draw predictive con clu sion s about the location o f the reservoir.
A s a general conclusion, w e can say that the presentation o f seism ic data in decom pression parameters reinforced by the SSS parameters a llo w s to obtain a clear spatial im age o f the g eo lo g ica l environm ent section and thereby increase the efficien cy o f geop h ysical studies both at the search stage and at the stage o f exploitation o f hydrocarbon deposits.
This w ork w as carried out according to R B P -002 “A p p lied scientific research in the field o f space activity” under the them e “To d evelop tech n o lo g ies for ground-space m onitoring observations o f the d evelopm ent o f geod yn am ic p rocesses in the territory o f the Caspian region and forecasting hydrocarbon d ep osits”.
Ж.Ш. Жантаев, А.Г. Фремд, Б.А. Искаков
«Ионосфера Институты» ЕЖШС «YF3TO» А^, Алматы, ^азакстан ЖЕРДЩ ТЕРЕН, КДОАТТАРЫНДАГЫ М¥НАЙ-ПЕРСПЕКТИВТ1 АЙМАЦТАРДЫ АНЬЩТАУГА АРНАЛГАН ЖЕР-ГАРЫШТЬЩ ЭД1СТЕР1
Аннотация. Кeмiрсутек шиюзатын iздеу - кеп факторлы мшдет, K33ipri уакытта оны тек 6ip эдю непзшде гана сэтт шешу mymk^ емес. Оны шешу ушш, эдетте, уакыттыц жэне каржылык шыгындарсыз акрараттьщ жогары тыгыздыгына непзделген шeгiндi жамылгыныц курылымыныц объективт кершсш беретш жер уста жэне кашыктыктан алынган мэлiметтер жиынтыгы алынады.
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Макалада мунай мен газды барлау тэжiрибесiнде колданылатын казiрri замангы эдюнамалык тэсiлдер карастырылган, олардыц негiзiнде геологиялык орта белЫнщ геоструктуралык бейнесi жасалынган елшемдер туралы объективтi тYсiнiк бершген.
Алынган жер Yстi жэне кашыктагы мэлiметтер кешенi мунай мен газдыц ыктимал жинакталу аймактарыныц курылымын аныктауга жэне олардыц iшiндегi ец перспектива кeмiрсутек тузактарын аныктауга багытталган.
Непзп назар эр тYрлi типтегi жэне токтаусыз бузылулардагы жергiлiктi курылымдарды аныктауга аударылады.
Бул курылымдык аспект, ягни эр тYрлi катардагы токтаусыз акауларды аныктау жэне олардыц параметрлерiн аныктау - соккы, кулау багыты мен кинематика багыттарды аныктау жэне эр накты ауданда мунай мен газды барлау эдютемесш тацдау Yшiн мацызды болып табылады.
Зерттелетiн аймактыц атмосферасын, ауа-райыныц жагдайын жэне геологиялык ерекшелштерш ескере отырып, жер бетiндегi температура карталарын жэне оларга негiзделген жылу аномалияларыныц карталарын салумен жылу диапазоныныц суреттерiн пайдалану eндiрiстiк курылымдарды жэне казiргi кезецдегi ец белсендi кемшiлiктердi тиiмдi аныктауга мYмкiндiк бередi. Мундай объектiлердi окшаулау оларга сейсмикалык барлау мен бургылауга шогырлануга мYмкiндiк береда, осылайша eзiндiк кунын тeмендетедi жэне дэстYрлi эдiстермен (геология, геофизика, геохимия) жYргiзiлетiн болжау жэне iздеу жумыстарыныц сенiмдiлiгiн айтарлыктай арттырады.
Олардыц iшiнде, атап айтканда, кeшi-кон каналдары мен суйыктык тiректерiн - белгiлi горизонттардыц мумкш eнiмдiлiгiн кeрсететiн курылымдык элементтердi аныктауга мумюндак беретiн терецдiктiц жалпы эдгсш колдана отырып, терец сейсмикалык барлау бар. Сейсмикалык барлаудыц жетекшi релше карамастан, оныц деректерiн Yлкен терецджте тYсiндiруге «кургак» уцгымалардыц жогары пайызы жэне бургылаудыц eзiндiк куны жогары болгандыктан ете сактыкпен карау керек.Макалада iздеу кeмiрсутегi кен орындарыныц орналаскан Yлкен терецдiкте. Сонымен катар, колданыстагы шешiмдерiмен усынылады жэне негiзделедi эдасш колдану, параметрлiк SD-модельдеу геологиялык кимасын, мYмкiндiк беретiн жасау кeрнекi кещстштш бейнесi белу нефтеперспективных горизонттардыц. Э д ^ верифицирован осы атакты кен орындарын жэне жаксы жинакталуы нэтижелерi. Алынган нэтижелер кызыгушылык Yшiн жер койнауын пайдаланушылар мен тол.
ТYЙiн сездер: бiртектi емес тыгыздык, кeмiрсутектер, флюидодинамика.
Ж.Ш. Жантаев, А.Г. Фремд, Б.А. Искаков
ДТОО «Институт Ионосферы» АО «НЦКИТ», Алматы, Казахстан НАЗЕМНО-КОСМИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ ГЛУБОКОЗАЛЕГАЮЩИХ НЕФТЕПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ГОРИЗОНТОВ
Аннотация. Поиск месторождений углеводородов - это многофакторная задача, которая в настоящее время не может быть успешно решена на основе данных исключительно одного метода. И для её решения, как правило, используется набор данных, полученных как наземными средствами, так и дистанционными, обеспечивающими получение объективной картины строения осадочного чехла на основе высокой плотности информации без значительных временных и финансовых затрат.
В работе рассмотрены современные методические подходы, используемые в практике поисковых работ на нефть и газ, дающие объективное представление о критериях, на основании которых и создаётся геоструктурный образ разреза геологической среды.
Получаемый в результате комплекс наземных и дистанционных данных направлен на уточнение строения зон возможного нефтегазонакопления и выделения в их пределах наиболее перспективных ловушек углеводородов.
Основное внимание уделяется выявлению локальных структур различного типа и разрывных нарушений. Именно структурный аспект, то есть выделение разрывных нарушений различного ранга и определение их параметров - простирания, направление падения и кинематики является наиболее весомым для определения направлений и выбора методики нефтегазопоисковых работ на каждом конкретном участке.
Использование снимков теплового диапазона с построением по ним карт температур поверхности и тепловых аномалий с учетом влияния атмосферы, погодных условий и геологических особенностей исследуемого региона позволяет с большей эффективностью выявлять продуктивные структуры и наиболее активные на современном этапе разрывные нарушения. Выделение подобных объектов позволяет сосредоточить на них сейсморазведочные работы и бурение, а этим сократить стоимость и значительно повысить достоверность прогнозно-поисковых работ, проводимых традиционными методами (геология, геофизика, геохимия).
К их числу, в частности, относится глубинная сейсморазведка методом общей глубинной точки, позволяющая выявлять миграционные каналы и флюидоупоры, - элементы строения, указывающие на возможную продуктивность тех или иных горизонтов. Тем не менее, несмотря на ведущую роль сейсморазведки, к интерпретации её данных на больших глубинах следует подходить с известной осторожностью из-за высокого процента «сухих» скважин и высокой стоимости собственно бурения.
Наряду с существующими решениями, предлагается и обосновывается использование метода параметрического 3D моделирования геологического разреза, позволяющего создать наглядный пространственный
образ распределения нефтеперспективных горизонтов. Метод верифицирован на данных известных месторождений и показал хорошую сходимость результатов.
Полученные результаты представляют интерес для недропользователей и организаций планирующих поиски месторождений в нефтеперспективных регионах.
Ключевые слова: плотностные неоднородности, углеводороды, флюидодинамика.
Information about authors:
Fremd A.G., SLLP "Institute of Ionosphere", head of the laboratory, candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, e
mail: [email protected];
Zhantayev Zh.Sh., SLLP "Institute of Ionosphere", director, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, e-mail:
Iskakov B.A., SLLP "Institute of Ionosphere", head of geodynamics department, e-mail: [email protected] ORCID 0000-0002-4323-454X
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