N E W S
OF TH E N A T IO N A L A C A D E M Y OF SCIEN C ES OF TH E R E PU B L IC OF K A Z A K H ST A N S E R IE S O F S O C IA L A N D H U M A N S C IE N C E S
ISSN 2224-5294 h ttp s://d oi.org/10 .32 014 /202 0.2 22 4-529 4.9 8
V olum e 4, N um ber 332 (2020), 20 - 28
UDC 338.439.02 GRNTI 06.75
T. Y a. N u ry m b e to v 1, A .U. A b ish o v a 1, G . B aib o sy n o v a2, G .Z h . U ra z b a e v a 1, I.E . K o z h a m k u lo v a 1
1M. Auezov South Kazakhstan state University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan;
2A. Yasavi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan, Kazakhstan.
E-mail: [email protected]
T H E O R E T IC A L A N D P R A C T IC A L B A S E S O F F O O D S E C U R IT Y
A bstract. Currently, the main problem in modern society is food security. First, this is due to the fact that providing people with food from a physiological position determines their life activity. Secondly, it determines the political independence of the state and ensures its economic stability. Therefore, it should be noted that it is impossible to talk about the economic, political or national security of society if each state does not fully ensure the food security of its people. Food security is the state of the economy, including its agriculture, whereby it becomes possible stable supply through domestic production of basic foodstuffs of the total population under the mandatory priority to the most vulnerable, the poor of its layers and provided physical and economic availability of food in such quantity and quality necessary to preserve and maintain the life and capacity of the people, full or maximum possible independence from external sources of food.
Keywords: food security, national security, food, internal and external factors, food complex, economic sector, need.
In tro d u c tio n . One o f the potentially progressive factors in the developm ent o f K azakhstan as an independent state in the com ing years is the problem o f im proving food security ensuring national security in the context o f econom ic m odernization.
E nsuring food security in the context o f the developm ent o f integration ties betw een various States and the globalization o f the econom y is an international problem . R eally, the food security o f any country are n o t guaranteed until a stable and adequate m edical standards supply the population w ith necessary products based on th eir calorie content, energy content, and i f balanced nutritious diet in term s o f protein content and trace elem ents in the econom ic availability o f food.
In the current environm ent o f the global econom y in G eneral and econom ies in particular negative im pacts o f hunger and the instability o f the international situation, characterized by conflicts and local w ars in various regions o f the w orld, the spread o f terrorism . Econom ic instability, arm ed conflicts, and the threat o f terrorism lead to the disruption o f agricultural production, the destruction o f crops and the food base o f livestock, and the disruption o f infrastructure, w hich in G eneral is particularly harsh er in the agribusiness sector.
The food problem has also been exacerbated by em ergencies caused by technical disasters and natural disasters, w hich are prim arily a serious cause o f rural hunger. In the w orld, 7 m illion hectares o f agricultural land are lost every year due to drought and desertification. In the X IX -X X centuries, the traditional w ay to solve food security problem s w as food aid fo r p oo r countries [ 1].
Therefore, the econom ic provision o f the m ain factors and conditions for ensuring food security o f the R epublic o f K azakhstan in the context o f econom ic m odernization is one o f the urgent problem s .
The purpose o f the study is to provide theoretical ju stificatio n and develop practical recom m endations for ensuring food security, taking into account the actions o f the m ain factors and conditions for the developm ent o f the food sector o f the econom y.
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M a te ria ls a n d m e th o d s of re s e a rc h is the econom ic relationship th at occurs in the food com plex in the process o f organizational and econom ic activities and the forecast o f the developm ent o f the resource base and econom ic conditions. The object o f research is the agricultural sector o f the food com plex o f the R epublic o f K azakhstan.
Theoretical and m ethodological basis o f research are classical and fundam ental w orks o f scientists in the field o f econom ic theory , m icroeconom ics, m acroeconom ics, and scientific developm ents o f dom estic and foreign scientists and econom ists on the problem , scientific m ethods o f study using econom ic- statistical, m onographic, settlem ent and constructive, econom ic-m athem atical, variable, and factor analysis [8-9].
T h e scientific no v elty o f the research is as follows: clarification o f the content o f the concept o f food security, taking into account the factors and conditions o f econom ic processes developm ent.
R e se a rc h re s u lt. The problem o f food security is relevant for every country, is recognized as an im portant elem ent o f national security and therefore has international significance. Ensuring food security o f the country is guaranteed w ith a stable and sufficient supply o f necessary food according to m edical standards, taking into account th eir energy content (calorific value) [ 10- 12].
W ith the m andatory econom ic availability o f food, the need for living resources exists constantly and the satisfaction o f these needs m ust be sustainable fo r each state. Therefore, all developed countries regulate the situation on the food m arket to ensure social stability and security, support the effective dem and o f food buyers, and provide econom ic assistance to th eir dom estic farm ers.
The m ost im portant feature o f the m arket econom y is the degree o f developm ent o f any country is the highest level o f production o f life resources, ensuring food security.
H istorically, the developm ent o f heavy industry in developed countries w as preceded by the saturation o f the m arket w ith food products. From an econom ic point o f view , the production, exchange and consum ption o f food is an essential part o f the functioning o f the econom ic system and occupies a leading place in the priorities o f the social m arket econom y, since it is associated w ith the life support o f people.
Some econom ists [2, 3, 4, 5, 6] they believe th at the solution to the problem o f food security is related to the country's m acroeconom ic developm ent. They w ere based on the theory o f international trade, and th ey hold the view th at no country can be com pletely self- sufficient. A ccording to them , according to the law s o f com parative advantage, it is profitable for a country to produce those goods th at are effective for the national econom y, and export them in exchange fo r goods for w hich its relative advantage in its country is no t effective, i.e., unprofitable, low - profitable.
A nother group o f econom ists [7, 8, 9, 10, 11] they believe th at the problem o f food security is the goal o f the econom y o f each state and therefore should be solved by im proving the self-sufficiency o f the population's ow n food resources. T hey believe th at a significant level o f food consum ption (at least 70
80%) w as carried out at the expense o f food production based on the national agricultural sector o f the econom y. In G eneral, the w orld is dom inated by the trend o f developing its ow n agro-industrial sector, w hich w ill provide up to 55-75% o f the country's food needs. These include the A rab oil exporting countries, w hich have huge (46% o f the w orld's) reserves and the low est production costs, have developed agricultural developm ent program s for 10 years, w hich provide for accelerated developm ent o f the agro
industrial com plex to increase the level o f self-sufficiency o f these countries w ith food (up to 60-75% ).
Food security o f the people is prim arily physical access to food , incom e level o f the population provides econom ic accessibility o f food, quality and security involves food availability in the country in all seasons in the right range.
Econom ic availability o f food is characterized by the level o f incom e (regardless o f social status and place o f residence) o f a citizen, w hich allow s you to purchase food, at least at a m inim um level o f consum ption.
Q uality and safety o f food for consum ers-provides for the content o f m edically necessary calories in food products, prevents the production, sale and consum ption o f low -quality food products th at can harm the health o f the population. The population o f ou r country is no t fully provided w ith a norm al quality level o f nutrition. A ccording to the international classification o f the w orld food organization (FAO), a daily d iet o f 2150 calories is characterized by a condition o f constant m alnutrition. The norm al level o f nutrition fo r a person is 2600 calories (and w e have n o t reached 2200). In developed countries (U SA and EU), the level o f caloric intake is 3500-3600 kilocalories.
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The national security o f K azakhstan consists o f econom ic, food, social and environm ental security.
Losing control over one o f these areas in a short tim e can lead to a loss o f position in all the others, w hich is especially im portant now and in the future o f achieving food independence o f the country.
E nsuring food security is linked to the influence o f various factors and conditions. Political, social, econom ic, natural and other factors influence food security. A m ong them , the m ost im portant are political, socio-econom ic and natural factors. The m ain factor is the international factor, w hich is due to K azakhstan's accession to the W T O (w orld trade organization). A t the sam e tim e, it is expected to reduce o r increase im port tariffs for food. W h at is useful is th at it w ill im prove consum ers ' access to the m arket in the long run. H ow ever, the country m ust com m it its e lf to reducing the level o f state support for agriculture and reducing im port tariffs. M ost W T O m em bers produce high-quality products w ith low prices for th eir sale. A negative external factor o f food security in o ur country is the high degree o f dependence o f the food m arket on food im ports (m ore than 1/3 o f dom estic needs). This m akes our country extrem ely vulnerable in cases o f interruptions in the supply o f food products from abroad o r w hen international food prices increase. A long w ith this, the m o st im portant factors th at negatively affect the food security o f our country are: the dependence o f the agricultural sector on w ater sources and w ater supply system s from the territory o f foreign countries; the dependence o f livestock on feed im ports, unfavorable foreign trade conditions for food; the degree o f insufficient developm ent o f transport infrastructure providing external political links in food im ports, high transport costs; the transition to private ow nership o f som e strategically im portant food industry facilities [12-14].
Internal factors affecting the food security are: disparity in the industries producing food products; the status o f land and w ater resources, logistical and technological base o f industries in the food sector o f agriculture; a survey o f cropping patterns and availability o f livestock feed; efficiency o f use o f resource potential o f agrarian sector, the use o f specific advantages o f the country; the degree o f m onopolization in the future, agricultural raw m aterials processing industry; dynam ics o f developm ent o f m arket transform ation in the agricultural sector and in industries; level o f developm ent o f industrial and m arket infrastructure in the food industry; financial condition in the food and processing industries; m echanism o f im plem entation o f food policy, organization o f food regulation and form ation o f its legal fram ew ork, the degree o f depreciation o f fixed assets in the food-producing industries; application o f public investm ent in the agricultural sector and the food industry; the m inim um level o f incom e o f the population and in this regard food provision for the low paid segm ents o f the population.
Econom ic factors o f food security are the conditions, causes, param eters, indicators th at influence the im pact on the econom ic process and the result o f this process. The m ost im portant o f them is the factors th at stim ulate food production and stim ulate effective dem and. Econom ic factors are aim ed at form ing the food m arket in the follow ing positions: ta x policy, financial and credit policy, protectionist policy, structural policy, scientific and technical policy, social policy, quality control.
Econom ic conditions o f food security provide a set o f living conditions related to the econom y and is im plem ented through econom ic factors. The prim ary goal is to achieve food security, increase incom e and m aintain poverty levels, w hich ultim ately determ ine the econom ic availability o f food [15-16].
In our opinion, the G eneral conditions th a t ensure food security are the following: the problem s o f food supply to the population are recognized as strategic, w hich determ ines food security; the problem o f food security is an im portant com ponent o f the econom y and national security and is considered in deep connection w ith the problem s o f food independence and self-sufficiency ; state regulation o f the food m arket is used in a lim ited num ber and in unity w ith the m ark et m echanism .
The R epublic has adopted a law on the quality o f food safety and is developing a state program to help ensure the country's food independence. State regulation and support o f agro- industrial production is the econom ic im pact o f state authorities on the production, processing and sale o f products, raw m aterials and food, production and technical m aintenance and logistics o f agro -industrial production.
P riority areas are: support for investm ent activities in accordance w ith targ et program s; im proving soil fertility, livestock productivity and the im plem entation o f w orks to com bat pests o f crops and anim al diseases, especially dangerous infectious diseases o f anim als; conducting research and introducing them into production; lending, financing, preferential taxation and insurance o f agro-industrial production;
subsidizing and com pensating part o f the costs o f production and processing o f products; assistance to the developm ent o f infrastructure and inform ation support o f the agricultural m arket, developm ent o f the social sphere o f the village.
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The purpose o f the adopted state agri-food program is to ensure food security o f the country through the form ation o f an effective system o f agro-industrial com plex, increase the volum e o f sales o f agricultural products and pre- processing products, rationalize m easures o f state support fo r agricultural production, im prove land and w ater relations.
The institutional prerequisite for the developm ent o f agribusiness is as follows:
- M easures w ill be taken to im prove the efficiency o f agricultural technologies by: optim izing the structure o f acreage; introducing science-based crop rotations and new advanced technologies, w ater- saving technologies ; stim ulating the renew al o f the seed production base, production and use o f m ineral fertilizers, protectants and herbicides; updating the m achine-tractor fleet o f agricultural production;
expanding leasing program s and creating a system o f m achine-technological stations.
The m onitoring o f infestation o f farm lands w ith pests and diseases w ill continue, and an effective border and internal plant quarantine service w ill be form ed. In anim al husbandry, conditions w ill be created fo r the form ation o f specialized m edium - and large-scale production o f livestock products on an industrial basis, im proving the genetic potential o f livestock and poultry through the intensification o f selection and breeding w ork and transferring to a qualitatively new stage o f the national veterinary system.
W hen developing a forecast o f food and population security, the degree o f satisfaction o f functional needs is determ ined in tw o w ays. The first m ethod provides for direct com parison o f the nutrients contained in the p er capita daily diet w ith the standard indicator. A ccording to the second m ethod, the calculation uses rational norm s o f annual food consum ption, w hich are com ponents o f a diet balanced by the m o st im portant elem ents o f nutrition.
In G eneral, there are m any diets th at are equally rich in nutrients. From them , the m ost appropriate to the traditions and custom s o f the K azakh population , as w ell as the conditions and opportunities for the production o f certain types o f food th at provide a m inim um cost to m eet the needs are selected.
A m ong the m ain elem ents o f the diet, the content o f w hich is assessed by the level o f satisfaction o f physiological needs are: energy capacity, proteins, including anim al fats w ith carbohydrates, kerotins, vitam ins. C om parison o f the actual o r projected level w ith the norm ative level, as w ell as the corresponding dynam ic changes for individual products and food elem ents, is carried out as part o f the forecast calculations. The calculation o f recom m ended nutrition standards for 2020 is show n in table 1.
Table 1-Forecast of food consumption by 2020 per capita per year, kg
№ Name of produce Option I (medical norm
recommended by the Institute of nutrition)
Option II ( the level of developed countries of
the world)
Option III (diet, while limiting the cost of
food)
1. Bread and bread products 112 105 90
2. Potato 105 85 95
3. Vegetables and melons 146 125 90
4. Fruits and berries 80 90 70
5. Sugar 38 38 18
6. Vegetable oil 13 15 8
7. Meat and meat products 80 95 51
8. Milk and dairy products 380 380 360
9. Fish 20 10 8.4
10. Eggs 280 270 142
F or an integral assessm ent o f the com pliance o f the structure o f food consum ption w ith the recom m ended diet, it is proposed to use a coefficient (K) calculated as follows:
K = I ? P id i, d t = by x ^ x f
i= i
1
w here Pi - for i - product in the total energy value o f the recom m ended diet; d - ratio o f actual and norm ative consum ption i - product's; Xi - level o f consum ption p e r capita i - product's; x 1 - recom m ended consum ption rate i - product's; n - am ount o f food.
This coefficient (K) characterizes the level o f satisfaction o f physiological needs provided th a t the energy value o f the actual and recom m ended diets corresponds or is closely related. O therw ise, enter a correction factor:
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w here Е - energy value o f the recom m ended diet.
A s can be seen from table 1, option II differs from option I by an increased level o f p er capita consum ption o f m eat, fruit and berries, and vegetable oil. In option II, due to the grow th o f p er capita m eat consum ption, fish consum ption is reduced by 2 tim es. T hen the coefficient K takes the follow ing form:
П
i = 0
Shifts in the level o f consum ption are estim ated using an index w hose com ponents are the K value o f the reporting, forecast , and base periods. This coefficient is recom m ended to be used as an optim ality criterion for optim izing the long-term developm ent o f the food com plex fo r such a forecast period w hen rational consum ption rates for the entire set o f basic food products have n o t y et been achieved. In this case the m axim ization o f the K coefficient characterizes the m axim um possible degree o f satisfaction o f physiological needs for a given period o f tim e.
A ll three diets generally m eet the requirem ents o f a full-fledged diet. The forecast calculations are show n in table 2 .
Table 2-F orecast o f average daily food consumption per capita for 2020у.
Products Pi X II-option III-option
X di X di
Bread and bread products (1) 19 642 602 0,94 803 1,25
Potatoes (2) 6,8 230 186 0,81 208 0,81
Vegetables and melons (3) 3,6 120 103 0,86 103 0,86
Fruits and berries (4) 13 438 494 1,15 164 0,38
Sugar (5) 11,4 385 385 1,0 385 1,0
Vegetable oil (6) 9,6 324 369 1,14 356 1,1
Meat and meat products (7) 14,3 482 572 1,23 308 0,64
Milk and dairy products (8) 18 608 608 1,0 572 0,98
Fish (9) 2,6 88 45 0,51 48 0,85
Eggs (10) 1,7 55 53 0,95 28 0,51
The first option provides for 100% provision o f food p er capita according to m edical standards. X i is given for 10 m ain products, caloric content o f the daily diet and its structure (Pi).
II option:
К =19х0,94+6,8х0,81+3,6х0,86+13х1,15+11,4х1+9,6х1,14+14,3х1,23+18х1+ 2,6х0,51+1,7х0,95=
= 102,25
3417
then: К =102,25хе=102,25х1,14=116,56 III option:
К =19х1,25+6,8х0,81+3,6х0,86+13х0,38+11,4х1+9,6х1,1+14,3х0,64+18х0,98+2,6 x 0,85+1,7x0,51=
= 89,1
2975
е = = 0,88 3372
then: К =89,1хе=89,1х0,88=78,4
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In general, according to the F irst option, the optim al , m edically justified rate o f nutrition p er capita p er day is 3372 kilocalories. In the structure o f this diet, m eat and m eat products , m ilk and dairy products accounted for 14.3% and 18% respectively, or equal to 80 and 380 kg p er year, respectively. The coefficient values for the I-variant are equal to 100. Substituting the values given in table 2, w e calculate the values o f this coefficient for the II and III variants o f the daily diet p er capita.
The forecast option III is typical for the near-term developm ent o f ou r econom y, and the forecast options I and II are acceptable in the long- term perspective. F urther calculations show ed th at in order to achieve the first option o f the daily diet o f the population o f our country, it is necessary to radically m odernize all branches o f the food com plex, w hich w ill require 650 billion tenge o f investm ent, and for the third option - 550 billion tenge. at the sam e tim e, alm ost h a lf o f the investm ent w ill be directed to the technical and technological re-equipm ent o f the country's agricultural and food industries. To achieve the forecast param eter by 2020, it is necessary to increase the production o f m eat and m eat products by 2.2-2.6 tim es, m ilk and dairy products-1.6-1.7 tim es, eggs-2.3-2.6 tim es, and increase the gross h arvest o f vegetables by 1.6-1.8 tim es. This is achieved both by increasing the num ber o f livestock and birds w ith an increase in th eir productivity, and by increasing the acreage o f crops and productivity. It is advisable to increase the num ber o f cattle fo r the forecast period in com parison w ith 2005 by 2.2-2.5 tim es, the num ber o f sheep and goats - 2.5-2.9 tim es. Indicators o f livestock productivity w ill increase over this period by 1.7-1.9 tim es. The acreage o f vegetables, oilseeds, sunflow ers, orchards and grapes w ill be expanded. A t the sam e tim e, the yield o f these crops is projected to increase by 1.3-1.7 tim es.
C o n clu sio n s a n d suggestions. Food security as an econom ic category is characterized by the state o f the econom y, provided w ith resources, the level o f its developm ent, in w hich, regardless o f external and internal factors, the physical and econom ic availability o f food rem ains in the volum e, quality o f the range o f availability for the developm ent o f each person and the population as a w hole in a sufficient param eter to m aintain health and perform ance and in the form ation o f national food security.
The study show ed th at the study o f productive security should be led from the point o f view:
sufficiency level o f food consum ption and nutrition; an assessm ent o f the level o f production o f food products, the level o f food se lf -sufficiency, the form ation o f food through im ports and its ow n form s o f distribution o f food resources based on the national incom e characteristics o f the population.
Т.Я. Нуры мбетов1, А.У. Абиш ова1, Г. Байбосы нова2, Г.Ж . У разбаева1, И.Е. К ож ам кулова 1
1М. Эуезов атындагы О щ усп к Казакстан мемлекетпк университет^ Шымкент, Казакстан;
2А. Ясауи атындагы Хальщаральщ казак-тYрiк университет^ ТYркiстан, Казахстан АЗЬЩ -ТYЛIК Ц А У Ш С В Д Ш Н Щ ТЕО РИ ЯЛ ЬЩ
Ж Э Н Е ПРАКТИКАЛЬЩ НЕГ1ЗДЕР1
Аннотация. Казiргi уакытта когамдагы н еп зп мэселенщ 6ipi - а з ы к ^ л ж кауш аздш . Бiрiншiден, азык- тYлiкпен камтамасыз ету физиологиялык ^станымы аркылы халыктын п р ш ш к эрекетш аныктайды.
Екшшщен, мемлекеттщ саяси тэуелаздш н айкындайды жэне онын экономикалык т^рактылыгын камтамасыз етед^ Сондыктан, егер эрбiр мемлекет халкынын а з ы к ^ л ш к а у ш а з д т н толык камтамасыз етпесе, когамнын экономикалык, саяси немесе ^лттык к а у ш а з д т туралы аш уга болмайды. А з ы к ^ л ш к а у ш а з д т дегенiмiз - экономиканын, онын агроенеркэсшпк кешендi коса алганда, халыкты, онын iшiнде осал, э л а з топтардын мiндеттi басымдыктарын теракты ендiрiсi бар азык-тYлiк тауарларынын негiзгi тYрлерiмен камтамасыз ету мYмкiндiгi жэне а з ы к ^ л ж т щ физикалык, экономикалык колжетiмдiгi жагдайында адамдардын емiрi мен сыйымдыгын, мемлекеттiн а з ы к ^ л ж т щ сырткы кездерiнен толык немесе максималды тэуелсiздiгiн сактау Yшiн кажеттi мелшер мен сапа.
Таяу жылдары Казакстаннын тэуелсiз мемлекет ретiнде дамуынын элеуетп прогрессивтi факторларынын бiрi экономиканы жангырту жагдайында ^лттъщ кауiпсiздiктi камтамасыз етудщ азык-тYлiк кауiпсiздiгiн жаксарту мэселесi болып саналады.
ТYрлi мемлекеттiн интеграциялык байланыстарын дамыту, экономиканын жаЬандануы жагдайында а з ы к ^ л ш кауiпсiздiгiн камтамасыз ету - халыкаралык мэселе. Кандай да бiр елдщ накты азык-тYлiк кауiпсiздiгiне олардын калориялыгын, энергетикалык мазм^нын ескере отырып, халыкты кажетп азык-
25
тYлiкпен камтамасыз етудщ теракты жэне ж еткш к п медициналык нормалары болган жагдайда, сондай-ак азык-тYлiктiн экономикалык колжетiмдiгi кезiнде акуыз жэне микроэлементтер к¥рамы бойынша халыктын кореклк рационы тенгерiлген жагдайда гана кепiлдiк берiледi. Сондыктан экономиканы ж а^ы р ту жагдайында КР азык-тYлiк к а у ш а з д т н камтамасыз етудщ н еп зп факторлары мен шарттарын экономикалык камтамасыз ету езекп мэселелердiн бiрi болып саналады.
Зерттеудщ максаты экономиканын азык-тYлiк секторын дамытудын негiзгi факторлары мен шарттарын ескере отырып, а з ы к ^ л ш кауiпсiздiгiн камтамасыз ету бойынша практикалык ^сыныстарды теориялык непздеу жэне эзiрлеу болып саналады.
Зерттеудщ гылыми жацалыгы - экономикалык YДерiстердiн даму факторлары мен шарттарын ескере отырып, а з ы к ^ л ш кауiпсiздiгiн камтамасыз ету ^гымынын мазм^нын нактылау.
Азык-тYлiк к а у ш а з д т экономикалык санат ретiнде ресурстармен камтамасыз етшген экономиканын жай-кYЙi мен онын даму денгеш аркылы сипатталады. Б^л ретте сырткы жэне iшкi факторларга карамастан, денсаулык пен ж^мыска кабш еттш кп колдау жэне ^лттык азык-тYлiк к а у ш а з д т н калыптастыру Yшiн жалпы елдiн эр адамы мен халкынын дамуы Yшiн колжетiмдiк с^рыптамасынын сапасы, тамак ешмдершщ физикалык жэне экономикалык колжетiмдiгi сакталады. Болжанатын параметрге кол жетк1зу Yшiн 2020 ж^1лга карай ет жэне май енiмдерi ендiрiсiн 2,2-2,6 есе, CYт жэне CYт енiмдерi 1,6-1,7 есе, жумыртка 2,3
2,6 есе, кекенiстi 1,6- 1,8 есе ^лгайту кажет. Б^ган мал мен к¥с санын кебейтумен катар, ауылшаруашыл^1гы дакылдары мен шыгымдыктын егiс алкаптарынын ^лгаюы аркылы да кол жетшзшедг 2005 жылмен салыст^1рганда болжамды кезенге iрi кара мал басын 2,2-2,5 есе, кой мен ешш санын 2,5-2,9 есе ^лгайщан жен. Мал енiмдiгiнiн керсеткiшi осы кезенде 1,7-1,9 есеге артты. Кекенiс, майлы дакыл, кYнбаFыс, бак жэне жYзiмдiктердiн егiстiк аландары кенейтшедг Б^л ретте б^л дакылдардын тYсiмi 1,3-1,7 есеге артады деп болжануда.
Зерттеу ж^мыстары енiмдi кауiпсiздiктi зерттеудi келеа кезкараспен жYргiзу орынды екенiн керсетп:
халыктын азык-тYлiк жэне тамактану тугыну денгейiнiн жеткiлiктiгi; азык-тYлiк енiмдерiн ендiрудiн калыптаскан денгейiн баFалау, азык-тYлiкпен езiн-езi камтамасыз ету денгейi, импорт жэне жеке нысандар есебiнен азык-тYлiктi калыптастыру халыктын ^лттык ерекшелiктерiн ескере отырып, а з ы к ^ л ш ресурстарын белу.
ТYЙiн сездер: азык-тYлiк к а у ш а з д т , ^лттык кaуiпсiздiк, азык-тYлiк енiмдерi, ш ш жэне сырткы факторлар, aзык-тYлiк кешеш, экономика секторы, кaжеттiлiк.
Т.Я. Нуры мбетов1, А.У. Абиш ова1, Г. Байбосы нова2, Г.Ж . У разбаева1, И.Е. К ож ам кулова 1
1Южно-Казахстанский государственный университет им. М. Ауэзова, Шымкент, Казахстан;
2Международный казахско-турецкий университет имени А.Яссави, Туркестан, Казахстан ТЕО РЕТИ Ч ЕС К И Е И П РА К ТИ ЧЕСК И Е ОСНОВЫ
ПРОДО ВО ЛЬСТВЕН Н О Й БЕЗО П А СН О СТИ
Аннотация. В настоящее время в современном обществе основной проблемой является продо
вольственная безопасность. Во-первых, это связано с тем, что обеспечение народа продовольствием с физиологической позиции определяет его жизнедеятельность. Во-вторых, определяет политическую независимость государства и обеспечивает его экономическую стабильность. Поэтому нужно отметить, что нельзя говорить об экономической, политической или национальной безопасности общества, если государство полностью не обеспечивает продовольственную безопасность своего народа. Продо
вольственная безопасность - это такое состояние экономики, в том числе ее агропромышленного комплекса, при котором становится возможным стабильное обеспечение за счет собственного производства основными видами продовольствия всего населения страны при обязательном приоритете наиболее уязвимых, малоимущих его слоев и при условии физической и экономической доступности продуктов питания в таком количестве и качестве, которые необходимы для сохранения и поддержания жизни и дееспособности людей, полной или максимально возможной независимости государства от внешних источников продовольствия.
Одним из потенциально прогрессивных факторов развития Казахстана как независимого государства в ближайшие годы является проблема улучшения продовольственной безопасности обеспечения национальной безопасности в условиях модернизации экономики.
Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности в условиях развития интеграционных связей различных государств, глобализации экономики является проблемой международной. Реально продовольственная безопасность той или иной страны гарантируется только в случае стабильного и достаточного их
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медицинским нормам снабжения населения необходимыми продуктами с учетом их калорийности, энергетического содержания, также при сбалансированности питательного рациона населения по содержанию белка и микроэлементов при экономической доступности продовольствия. Поэтому экономическое обеспечение основных факторов и условий обеспечения продовольственной безопасности РК в условиях модернизации экономики является одним из актуальных проблем.
Цель исследования заключается в теоретическом обосновании и разработке практических рекомендаций по обеспечению продовольственной безопасности с учетом действий основных факторов и условий развития продовольственного сектора экономики.
Научная новизна исследования заключается в следующем: уточнение содержания понятия обеспечения продовольственной безопасности с учетом факторов и условий развития экономического процессов.
Продовольственная безопасность как экономическая категория характеризуется состоянием экономики, обеспеченного ресурсами, уровнем развития ее, при котором вне зависимости от внешних и внутренних факторов сохраняется физическая и экономическая доступность продуктов питания в объеме, качестве ассортимента доступности для развития каждого человека и населения страны в целом в достаточном параметре для поддержания здоровья и работоспособности и в формировании национальной продовольственной безопасности. Для достижения прогнозируемого параметра к 2020 году необходимо увеличить производство мяса и масопродуктов в 2,2-2,6 раза, молоко и молочных продуктов - 1,6-1,7 раза, яиц - 2,3-2,6 раза, увеличить валовой сбор овощей в 1,6-1,8 раза. Это достигается как увеличением численности скота и птиц с повышением их продуктивности, так и увеличением посевных площадей сельскохозяйственных культур и урожайности. Целесообразно увеличить поголовье крупного рогатого скота на прогнозируемый период по сравнению с 2005 годом в 2,2-2,5 раза, численность овец и коз - 2,5-2,9 раза.
Показатели продуктивности скота увеличатся за этот период в 1,7-1,9 раза. Расширятся посевные площади овощей, масличных культур, подсолнечника, садов и виноградов. При этом урожайность этих культур прогнозируется увеличить в 1,3-1,7 раза.
Исследование показало, что изучение продуктивной безопасности целесообразно проводить с точки зрения: достаточности уровня потребления продовольствия и питания населения; оценки сложившегося уровня производства продуктов продовольствия, уровня самообеспечения продовольствием, формирования продовольствия за счет импорта и собственных форм распределение продовольственных ресурсов с учетом доходов национальной особенности населения.
К лю чевы е слова: продовольственная безопасность, национальная безопасность, продукты питания, внутренние и внешние факторы, продовольственный комплекс, сектор экономики, потребность.
Information about the authors:
Nurymbetov T.Ya., doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Finance at the M.Auezov SKSU;
Abisheva A.O., candidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor of Department "Economic theory" of M.Auezov SKSU;
Urazbaeva G.Zh., candidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of "Economic theory" of M.
Auezov SKSU;
Baibosynova G.Zh., candidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of Economics of the A.Yasavi IKTU
Kozhamkulova I.E., candidate of economic Sciences, associate Professor of the Department of "Economic theory" of M.
Auezov SKSU.
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