R E P O R T S O F T H E N A T IO N A L A C A D E M Y O F S C IE N C E S O F T H E R E P U B L IC O F K A Z A K H S T A N
ISSN 2224-5227 h ttp s://d oi.org/10 .32 01 4/20 20 .2 51 8-1 48 3.88
V olum e 4, N um ber 332 (2020), 50 - 56 IRSTI 87.15.17
N .P. A u b a k ir o v 1, А -D. A k b a so v a 2, G .D . A n a rb e k o v a 1, G A . S a in o v a 2 1Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan;
2Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, Kazakhstan.
E-mail: [email protected]
ECOLOGICAL FACTORS’ IMPACT ON THE CONDITION OF MAUSOLEUM OF KHOJA AHMED YASAWI
A bstract. The article gives the results of experimental and estimated researches on ascertainment of ecological factors’ impact on the condition of mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi. Main types of anthropogenic sources, existing near historical monument area were detected. Chemically polluted precipitation was determined as the main source of air pollution, generated due to burning of fossil fuel, tires and various waste, accumulation of domestic, construction and other production wastes, transport emissions. It was ascertained that black dust, greenhouse and ozone depleting gas, aerosols of acid, salt, hydrocarbon and its derivatives, heavy metals constitute a special hazard for conservation of mausoleum and its facilities. Vegetation, especially a locust tree was selected for creation of barrier on the spread of corrosive dust and gas mixtures as absorbents. It is planted along conservation zone border.
We developed the understratum of new composition to plant the locust tree due to absence of fertile layer in the nekrozem. It represents a mixture of mass. %: vermitea (20), sawdust (20), grey perlite containing waste (5), wood ash (1), the rest is sierozem (nekrozem).
Key words: mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, monitoring, grey perlite containing waste.
In tro d u c tio n . A s know n th at the environm ent, created by culture o f ancestors and by hum an itse lf is also im portant for hum an life apart from conservation o f surrounding natural environm ent. I f the nature is needed for hum an for his biological life, bu t the cultural environm ent is also necessary for its spiritual, ethical life, ethical self-discipline and social life. In connection w ith this the conservation o f the m onum ent o f history and culture, nam ely a m ausoleum o f K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i - an object o f w orld heritage is an im portant goal o f social political nature [1-3].
The M ausoleum o f K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i is an irreplaceable m onum ent o f architecture o f the end X IV and beginning o f X V centuries, the m ausoleum has been included in the U N ESC O list since 2000 and is under protection o f international organizations. Inclusion o f the object in the list o f W orld heritage - it is no t ju s t honourable international status, bu t high responsibility to w orld com m unity. C onservation o f this unique m onum ent o f architecture o f the w hole religious Islam ic w orld, w hich is considered to be the second M ecca, is one o f the m ain goals in the field o f the w orld heritage safeguard and protection.
This object, being located in the territory, w here active econom ic activity is m aintained like other historical and cultural heritage objects including K ultobe, is un der negative im pact o f factors. M ost o f frequent problem s are nonobservance o f tem perature and hum idity regim e inside o f the building, presence o f rodents, insects, birds, grow th o f fungic and m old as w ell as pollution o f air basin. In total different factors both o f natural (natural-clim atic, biological physical etc.) and m an-m ade origin (pollutant em issions, vibration, new construction, disturbance o f geologic m edium , salinity o f ground w ater etc.) influence the object und er study.
From y ear to year evolutionary transform ation o f historical territories o f T urkistan to w n accelerates acceleration o f processes connected w ith im pact o f anthropogenic factors. A nd anthropogenic factors rise by geom etric progression, w hich can result in violation o f integrity o f this unique architectural com plex.
W e earlier show ed th at em issions o f production facilities from heating system s o f housing com plex o f the residential area, surrounding the M ausoleum o f K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i as w ell as release from cars prom ote quick pollution o f frontispieces and th ey form chem ically corrosive environm ent coupled w ith atm ospheric precipitation causing destruction o f frontal m aterials (brickw ork, plasterw ork, m odeling, painted coats, decor) [4-6]. E cologically corrosive environm ent accelerates natural destruction o f the m onum ent because o f aging process. Thus any ecological dam age — first o f all, w hich dam ages the m onum ent has to be recorded and conservation m easures have to be taken on the facto o f dam age. A verse anthropogenic factors affecting the integrity o f an im m ovable historical and cultural m onum ent are reactive substances in the form o f gases and dust, w hich contribute to the developm ent o f corrosion processes in th eir building structures especially in the urban environm ent. [7-8].
In Turkistan, after obtaining the status o f an oblast center, the w orks on dem olition o f old and construction o f new houses, structures began in the neighboring territories to the m onum ent. In this regard, w hile conducting large-scale construction w orks in large quantities, the em issions com e from vehicles, from furnaces o f residential and industrial facilities, from processing plants for various purposes used in construction as w ell as from w aste generated.
W e can note the greenhouse (С О2, СН4, NOx, H2S etc.) and ozone depleting gas (nitrogen oxides, halogen-containing hydrocarbons, carbon tetrachloride, organic solvents, freon gas, m ercapatan, dioxin, furan etc.) as harm ful em issions, concentrated in the air.
There is a need to develop scientifically feasible m easures to protect historical and architectural m onum ents from negative factors to ensure environm ental safety fo r the K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i m ausoleum , including the restored socially significant object K ultobe (old Turkestan). A t the same tim e, green spaces play a large role in the localization o f pollution created by anthropogenic sources. They serve as a natural barrier to the dispersion o f pollutants. A s know n, the pollution is reduced by 1,5-2,0 o r m ore tim es due to screen planting [9-11]. The w ork objective is to conduct m onitoring o f the air and searching the w ays to protect the m ausoleum com plex o f K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i.
M e th o d s a n d o b jects of re s e a rc h . Studies on m onitoring o f atm ospheric air w ere carried out in different seasons o f the y ear in years o f 2018-2020. A nalysis o f atm ospheric air sam ples w as done for dust, m ethane, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, am m onia, carbon dioxide, carbon m onoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, dioxin, m ercaptans content, from m etals - lead, iron, m ercury, copper, zinc content.
G as analyzer ГА Н К -4 w as used to determ ine gaseous products, vo lt am perom etrical m ethod using Ta-lab instrum ent for m etals, gravim etric analysis (sulfates, chlorides), photom etry (hum ic acids) and other classical m ethods for other com ponents w ere used [12-14].
W e began the w ork on form ation o f a green strip from locust tree along the protected area border for im proving the atm ospheric air around the m ausoleum o f K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i. The selection o f this plant is related to its functional ability to absorb gases and adsorb dusty substances on le a f surfaces [15].
The locust tree w as grow n from seeds, as they are covered w ith a very th ick dense peel, im pervious to m oisture; we carried out th eir prelim inary preparation by hydrotherm al m ethod. The seeds w ere p u t in the vessel and ho t w ater w ith tem perature 70-80 °C w as poured and kep t approxim ately for 12 hours. Swollen seeds w ere m ixed w ith sand and kept in hum id condition in the v erm itea solution o f 0,01% at 20-25 °C during 4-5 days. Planting o f seeds initially w as initially in open ground through each 25 cm. Then the seedlings w ere transferred to perm anent place in the early spring o f next year.
In connection w ith absence o f a fertile lay er in the soils o f the territory designated for planting, an artificial substrate w as used, w hich has a fertilizing, reclam ation and nutritional property. N am ely, it is a m ixture o f agricultural w aste utilization products in the form o f w orm w ee (verm itea), sulfur-perlite- containing w aste from sulfuric acid production, saw dust and w ood ash.
F o r preparation o f artificial substrate the saw dust w as soaked during 2-3 days w ith verm itea at m ass ratio 1:1, and it w as m ixed w ith sulfur-perlite-containing w aste (SPCO ), ash and soil, taken from pit for planting. C orrelation o f com ponents in a m ass %: verm itea: sawdust: SPCO: ash: sierozem soil = 20:20:5:1:40.
V erm itea is an interm ediate product, w hich is generated w hen verm icom posting in the production site o f SRI «Ecology» o f IK TU K A . Y asaw i [16]. It is rich w ith digestive m icro C alifornian w orm , ferm ents, vitam ins, biological active and other substances. A ntibiotic features, are characteristic to v erm itea due to
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its com position, w hich prevent from developm ent o f disease-producing m icroflora, keeping u nd er the saprogenic processes.
A part from th at the verm itea contains com plex m ixture o f hum us substance m arom olucules (hum ic acid, fulvic acid, hum ins) o f changeable com position and irregular structure. A s show n by the results o f ou r previous experim ental studies, verm itea has a grow th-prom oting effect on plants and increases the fertility o f the soil system [17]. W hen it is used com bined w ith sulfur-perlite-containing w aste, a synergistic effect arises, as a result o f w hich biological activity is enhanced and the m ixture already serves as both fertilizer and am eliorant [18].
R e su lts a n d discussion. The feature o f atm ospheric air state in the environm ent o f Turkistan tow n w as determ ined by com paring the actual pollution level w ith values o f the follow ing background concentrations o f pollutants, presented by R epublican State Enterprise “K azhydrom et” .
B a ckgroun d concentration f o r Turkistan town:
D ust (suspended substance) - 0,3 m g/m 3 C arbon oxide - 0,8 m g/m 3 N itrogen dioxide - 0,015 m g/m 3
S ulphur dioxide - 0,05 m g/m 3.
A s follow s from the results o f experim ental studies in determ ination o f a nu m ber o f harm ful substances in the atm ospheric air at different periods o f the year th eir greatest num ber is observed in w inter during heating season, w hich indicates m ainly on contribution o f electric po w er plants. A ccording to the calculated em ission data, m ore than 30 thousand tons o f harm ful substances are form ed annually only from them . The deterioration o f the K hoja A hm ed Y asavi m ausoleum state, a historical m onum ent, to a certain extent, evidently, is associated w ith pollution o f tow n air basin o f not only by sources o f local origin, but also by salts, com ing from atm ospheric air m ovem ent from A ral Sea [19]. This contributes to the rapid contam ination o f facades and, in com bination w ith precipitation, th ey form a chem ically aggressive acidic and saline environm ent, causing the destruction o f building m aterials (brickw ork, plaster w ork, m odeling, painting layers, etc.).
V ery often, due to the frequent w ind in the tow n, dust storm s are observed w ith duration o f 1,5 to 5,5 hours, consisting m ainly o f solid particles o f natural or man-m ade origin w ith a radius o f 10-6 to 10-2 cm.
A s know n, dust in the atm osphere is no t only chem ically neutral, bu t depending on its com position, it can display acidic or alkaline reactions in contact w ith a w ater-containing system [20-21]. M any types o f dust are distinguished th at differ in both qualitative and quantitative com position. F or exam ple, fine soot dusts, form ed at com bustion o f solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, consist o f soot on w hich harm ful substances o f an organic and m ineral nature are in an adsorbed state. Such types o f atm ospheric air dust can act as an active dam aging agent for the m onum ent [22].
D ust sam ples w ere collected, w hich are form ed in the surface layer o f air during w indy w eather (15-20 m /s) as w ell as in the sm oke em issions o f a b oiler house and individual heating furnaces houses to characterize the im pact o f stored w aste and other sources n ear the m ausoleum (distance o f 150-500 m).
A content o f gases, heavy m etals (H M ) w as determ ined in them . Significant am ounts o f H M en ter the atm osphere w ith solid sm oke particles from the furnaces (table 1).
The average metal content in dusty smoke particles from a centralized boiler house in micro-districts
Smoke dust composition Concentration of HM, mg/m3 Smoke dust composition Concentration of HM, mg/m3
Zinc 2,679 Cadmium 0,056
Lead 1,875 Mercury 0,001
Copper 0,354 Chrome 0,033
Arsenic 0,120 Nickel 0,098
Iron 3,043 Manganese 0,768
H M s them selves do not directly affect the condition o f m on u m en t’s m aterials; th eir danger lies in acting as catalysts in m any secondary reactions occurring betw een pollutants in the air [23]. A n exam ple can be oxidation o f sulfur oxides to a higher valence form , i.e. SO2 to SO3 in the presence o f iron, m anganese, etc. H eavy m etals can also stim ulate the photooxidation o f m any organic com pounds adsorbed on the surface o f solid particles, such as soot [24].
A ccording to figures from ou r experim ental studies, the am ount o f dust settling on 1 m 2 o f surface per w eek is 1,7-3,8 g at w eak w ind (up to 2 m /s), at strong w ind (25 m /s or m ore) this content increases in dozens, hundreds o f tim es. Particles from historical ash and other w astes are included in the air at strong w inds. A tm ospheric factors have a significant effect on the chem ical properties o f dust com ponents and on the nature o f its subsidence.
D ust rising from the surface o f long-term cluttered ash dum p, solid dom estic w aste (SD W ) and other industrial w aste from the protected area consists on average o f 30-40% silicic acid, 5-10% lim e and gypsum , up to 5% sulfur, up to 0,3% H M and other harm ful substances o f inorganic and organic nature.
C onsidering the chem ical com position o f soot and other types o f dust, we can conclude doubtless that these dust particles o f atm ospheric air have a significant aggressive action on the state o f a m onum ent u n d er consideration. In this regard, studies on regular m onitoring are necessary both to determ ine the quantitative and qualitative com position o f dust and its effect on the stability and conservation o f historical and restoration building m aterials.
A s p e r a num ber o f indicators, prim arily in term s o f m ass and distribution o f harm ful effects, sulfur dioxide is considered to be a nu m ber one atm ospheric pollutant. It is generated during oxidation o f sulfur contained in fuel and as part o f various kinds o f waste. Em issions o f nitrogen oxides generated during the oxidation o f atm ospheric nitrogen increase in connection w ith the increase o f solar energy flow every year to the earth surface, w ith the grow th o f car fleet and nu m ber o f heat supply system s. The entry o f large am ounts o f sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atm osphere leads to a noticeable decrease in the pH o f atm ospheric precipitation. It happens ow ing to entry o f gaseous products above w ith atm ospheric m oisture form ing the strong acids - sulfuric and nitric.
D ust particles containing H M play the role o f catalysts in form ation o f corrosive acids. B elow are reactions to the form ation o f secondary pollutants in the atm osphere:
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2 O ---2H2SO4; 4N O2 + 2H2O + O2--- 4HNO3.
A p art from these basic reactions, interm ediate ones also occur in an atm ospheric air w ith form ation o f a num ber o f other products. F orm ation o f acids in atm ospheric air leads to precipitation o f “acid rains”, i.e. pH changes [25]. A ir acidification also affects the state o f soils and w ater, m aking m any com ponents into a soluble active state, w hich activates the degradation o f structures and decorative ornam ents o f the architectural com plex o f the K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i M ausoleum .
Presence o f the solid dom estic w aste (SD W ) landfill o f historical, i.e. long-term nature, leads to the creation o f conditions fo r generation and em ission o f greenhouse gases - CO2, СО, СН4, NOх, aerosols o f halogen-containing hydrocarbons and other com pounds, w hich also play a significant role in destruction o f the m o n u m en t’s m aterials.
M PC excesses o f som e substances w ere observed in the surface layer o f atm osphere, w here the factors polluting the environm ent are aerogenic em issions and precipitation containing toxicants. In accordance w ith our estim ates, annually about 15-20 thousand tons o f harm ful chem icals are delivered to the surface layer o f the atm osphere o f Turkistan from stationary sources, o f w hich at least 4873 tons are nitrogen oxides, 4623 tons o f sulfur dioxide, about 36 tons o f heavy m etals, including iron, cadm ium , cobalt, copper, m anganese, lead, chrom ium , nickel, zinc. Iron com pounds -2 1 ,2 3 3 t/y ear (84,7% o f the total heavy m etal em issions) are prevailing. 1,1 t/y ear (4,5% ) o f m anganese and zinc enters the atm osphere, 0,380 t/y ear (1,5% ) - copper, 0,185 t/y ear (0,7% ) - lead, 0,211 t/y ear (0,8% ) -ch ro m e.
A erotechnogenic em issions o f heavy m etals by volum e prevail in the eastern part o f the tow n (the area w here the m ausoleum is located), they are about 35,2% o f all em issions in the tow n altogether. The m ain contributors to atm ospheric air pollution by heavy m etals are ash w aste from a form er precast concrete factory, accum ulated in the m au soleum ’s protected area, pow er boilers and furnaces o f heating system s, vehicles (45,6% o f em issions); construction organizations (28,2% ) and other households (2,8% ).
B ased on o f experim ental and estim ated data using «Era-vozduh» program , the nature o f p ollu tan ts’
dispersion in the surface layer o f atm ospheric air is established. A ccording to the estim ated data, there is an excess o f M PC (m axim um perm issible concentration) o f nitrogen oxides by 1,5 -2,7 tim es, carbon oxides by 6,5 - 25,0 tim es and sulfur oxides from 5,0 to 6,5 tim es in the air o f the Turkistan tow n. These data refer to the sum m er m onths. On basis o f experim ental m easurem ents in w inter during th ick sm og, an
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excess o f harm ful substances (nitrogen, sulfur, carbon oxides) w as to be 20-30 tim es h ig her than in sum m er period. In addition to these pollutants, carbon m onoxide, m ercaptans, dioxins, hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, soot particles w ere detected in the atm ospheric air during winter.
F or purification the atm ospheric air around the Y asaw i M ausoleum , there w as a need to build up green areas along the protection zone borders using the locust tree. F orm ation o f a green protecting strip o f locust tree, w hich acts not only as a sorbent o f harm ful em issions and a protective fence w ith its spiny branches, b u t also its flow ering properties im prove the aesthetic and visual perception o f the architectural com plex. C onservation o f this m onum ent o f history, culture and architecture is the m ain objective to contribute to developm ent o f tourism and international cooperation.
C o n clu sio n s
1. M onitoring studies o f the atm ospheric air o f Turkistan to w n w ere conducted in different seasons o f the years 2018-2019. B ased on experim ental studies, the follow ing excess concentrations o f dust, including soot, w ere to be 15-20 tim es, sulfur oxides 1 0-12 tim es or m ore, nitrogen oxides 18-24 tim es, hydrogen sulfide 2 -3 tim es, and hydrocarbons 4 -6 tim es each in com parison w ith a perm issible norm .
2. In order to reduce the im pact o f anthropogenic factors on the facilities o f the m ausoleum o f K hoja A hm ed Y asaw i com plex, it is proposed to build up a green strip o f locust tree along conservation zone.
3. C onditions fo r the phased cultivation o f locust tree from seeds are selected.The hydrotherm al m ethod w as selected fo r seed treatm ent and as a grow th-prom oting agent, a 0,01% verm itea solution obtained as a by-product o f verm icom posting w as selected.
4. A new com position o f soil m aterial w as developed fo r planting o f locust tree from a m ixture o f verm itea, sulfur-perlite-containing w aste o f sulfuric acid production, saw dust, w ood ash and local gray earth soil. The proposed com position contains com ponents th at are characterized by loosening, nutritious, grow th-prom oting, fertilizing and a num ber o f other useful properties.
Н.П. А убакиров1, А.Д. Акбасова2, Г.Д. А нарбекова1, Г.А. С аинова2 1 Казак улттык аграрлык университет^ Алматы, Казакстан;
2К.А.Ясауи атындагы халыкаралык казак-тYрiк университету ТYркiстан, Казакстан ЦОЖ А АХМ ЕТ ЯСАУИ К ЕСЕНЕС1НЩ Ж АГДАЙЫ НА
ЭКО Л О ГИ ЯЛЬЩ Ф АКТОРЛАРДЬЩ ЭСЕР1
А ннотация. Макалада Кожа Ахмет Ясауи кесенесшщ жагдайына эсер ететш экологиялык факторлар- дыц эсерш аныктау бойынша тэжiрибелiк жэне есептеу жумыстарыныц нэтижелерi келпршген. Тарихи ескертшш орналаскан аймакка жакын орналаскан антропогендж кездердщ н еп зп тYрлерi аныкталды.
Ауаныц ластануыныц н еп зп кездерi репнде жанармайдыц, автокелж доцгалактарыныц жэне эртYрлi кокыс- тардыц жануы, турмыстык, курылыс жэне баска ендiрiстiк калдыктардыц жиналуы, келiк куралдарыныц шыгарылуы нэтижесiнде пайда болатын химиялык ластанган жауын-шашындар аныкталды. Кесененщ жэне оныц объектiлерiнiц сакталуына кYЙе шацдары, парниктiк жэне озон бузатын газдар, кышкылдар, туздар аэрозолдары, кемiрсутектер жэне олардыц туындылары, ауыр металдар ерекше кауiп тендiретiнi аныкталды.
Кожа Ахмет Ясауи кесенес кешеншщ нысандарына антропогендiк факторлардыц эсерiн азайту Yшiн кауiпсiздiк аймагыныц бойында ак караганныц жасыл жолагын жасау усынылады.
Тукымдардан ак караганды кезец-кезецмен е а р у шарттары тандалды. Тукымдарды ендеу Yшiн гидротермиялык эдiс тацдап алынды, вермикомпостау кезiнде косалкы енiм ретiнде алынган 0,01 % вермичай есiмдi ынталандырушы агент ретiнде алынды.
Агрессивтi шац мен газ коспаларыныц таралу жолында кедергi жасау Yшiн оларды сорбциялаушы ретiнде бiз агаш есiмдiктерiн, атап айтканда ак караганды тацдап алдык. Ол кауiпсiздiк аймагыныц шекарасы бойымен отыргызылган. Сур топырактыц кунарлы кабаттыныц болмауына байланысты бiз ак акация кешеттерш отыргызу Yшiн жаца курамды субстрат эзiрледiк. Ол келесi компоненттершщ массалык коспасы болып табылады. %: вермичай (20), агаш калдыгы (20), ^ ю р т перлит курамды калдык (5), агаш кYлi (1), калган сур топырак.
2018-2019 жылдыц эртYрлi мезплдершде ТYркiстан каласыныц атмосфералык ауасына мониторингпк зерттеулер жYргiзiлдi. Тэжiрибелiк зерттеулер негiзiнде шац концентрациясыныц, оныц iшiнде ^ й е 15-20 есе, кYкiрт оксидiнiц 10-12 есе жэне одан да кеп, азот оксидшщ 18-24 есе, ^ю р тсу теп н щ 2-3 есе, кемiрсутектердiц 4-6 есе артуы аныкталган.
Тушн свздер: Кожа Ахмет Ясауи кесенеа, мониторинг, вермичай, ^ ю р т перлит курамды калдык.
Н.П. Аубакиров1, А.Д. Акбасова2, Г.Д. А нарбаева1, Г.А. С аинова2 1 Казахский национальный аграрный университет, Алматы, Казахстан;
2Международный казахско-турецкий университет имени Х.А. Ясави, Туркестан, Казахстан ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЕ ЭКО ЛО ГИ ЧЕСКИ Х ФАКТОРОВ
НА С ОСТОЯНИЕ М АВЗОЛЕЯ ХОДЖ И АХМЕДА ЯСАВИ
Аннотация. В статье приведены результаты экспериментальных и расчетных исследований по установлению воздействий экологических факторов, влияющих на состояние мавзолея Ходжи Ахмеда Ясави.
Выявлены основные виды антропогенных источников, существующих вблизи зоны нахождения исторического памятника. В качестве основных источников загрязнения атмосферного воздуха выделены химически загрязненные осадки, образуемые вследствие сжигания ископаемого топлива, шин и различных мусоров, скопление бытовых, строительных и других производственных отходов, эмиссии транспортных средств. Установлено, что особую опасность для сохранности мавзолея и его объектов представляют сажевые пыли, парниковые и озоноразрушающие газы, аэрозоли кислот, солей, углеводороды и их производные, тяжелые металлы.
С целью снижения воздействий антропогенных факторов на объекты комплекса мавзолея Ходжи Ахмеда Ясави предложено создание зеленой полосы из белой акации вдоль охранной зоны.
Подобраны условия для поэтапного выращивания белой акации из семян. Для обработки семян выбран гидротермический способ, в качестве ростостимулирующего агента - 0,01% раствор вермичая, получаемого как побочный продукт при вермикомпостировании.
Для создания барьера на пути распространения агрессивной пыли и газовых примесей в качестве сорбирующих их поглотителя нами выбрана древесная растительность, а именно белая акация. Она высажена вдоль границы охранной зоны. В связи с отсутствием в некроземе плодородного слоя нами разработан для посадки саженцев белой акации субстрат нового состава. Он представляет собой смесь следующих компонентов в масс. %: вермичай (20), опилка (20), сероперлитсодержащий отход (5), древесная зола (1), остальное серозем (некрозем).
В разные сезоны года 2018-2019 гг. проведены мониторинговые исследования атмосферного воздуха города Туркестан. На основе экспериментальных исследований установлены следующие превышения концентрации пыли, включая сажу, на 15-20 раз, оксидов серы в 10-12 раз и более, оксидов азота - в 18-24 раза, сероводорода - в 2-3 раза, углеводородов - 4-6 раз по сравнению с допустимой нормой.
К лю чевы е слова: мавзолей Ходжи Ахмеда Ясави, мониторинг, вермичай, сероперлитсодержащий отход.
Information about authors:
Akbasova Amankul Dzhakanovna - Doctor of technical sciences, Professor, Director of the Scientific Research Institute of
"Ecology" at Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0842-4647;
Aubakirov Nurimzhan Parzhanovish, PhD student, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7340-2735;
Anarbekova Gulchat Dzhumabaevna - Candidate of Biological Sciences, Head of the Department of Ecology, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, https://orcid.org/ 0000-0001-9424-2913;
Sainova Gaukhar Askerovna, Doctor of technical sciences, Professor, Chief Researcher of the Scientific Research Institute of "Ecology" at Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkistan, [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0709-7453
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