R E P O R T S O F T H E N A T IO N A L A C A D E M Y O F S C IE N C E S O F T H E R E P U B L IC O F K A Z A K H S T A N
ISSN 2224-5227 h ttp s://d oi.org /1 0 .3 2 0 1 4 /2 0 2 0 .2 5 1 8 -1 4 8 3 .8 7 V olum e 4, N um ber 332 (2020), 44 - 49
UDC 342.55
Z .K . A y u p o v a 1, D .U . K u ssa in o v 2,
S.S. D z a n k a d y ro v 2, Z h .K . M a d a lie v a 2, S.N. S ab ik en o v 2 1Kazakh national agrarian university, Almaty, Kazakhstan;
2 Kazakh national pedagogical university named after Abai, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
TO THE QUESTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LAW-ABIDING STATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
A bstract. It is known that during the historical development the Kazakh people have passed the following types of statehood. First type: the nomadic state, which has been abolished after entry into the structure of the Russian Empire. Second type: the Soviet statehood, where Kazakhstan was the part of the former USSR. Third type of the state: independent statehood, sovereign Kazakhstan. The strategy of modern development of the Kazakh statehood is based on the unity of the country, ensuring national security. Here such phenomena as “integrity of the state”, “the state and national security”, “sovereignty of the state” are recognized as the supreme values of state and legal life.
These ideas have been entirely enshrined in the Development strategy Kazakhstan - 2050. The concept “statehood” is wider, than “state”. In the theory of state and law the state is defined as the political power with its own territory. At the same time the statehood is the most difficult complex of elements, structures, institutes of the public power and also the components of non-political character, caused by uniqueness of social, economic, political, spiritual and moral conditions of activity at the certain stage of development of the society. Thus, the statehood is the structure of elements and institutes, expressing the maintenance of the society and state.
Key w ords: Kazakh state, law-abiding state, nomadic civilization, activity of the people, unity of the country, national security, integrity of the state, sovereignty of the state, political power, institutes of the public power.
T h e re le v an ce of th e to p ic. D uring the m any centuries o f the historical developm ent, since ancient tim es to the sovereignty and independence, o ur state is w ell-know n all over the w orld; the K azakh people follow ed the com plicated and original path from the beginning o f th eir ancient history, from the tribal states o f the K angyles and U sunes in Central Asia. These tribal states had close relations w ith China, the H uns Em pire, southern Siberia, and the lands near the U ral M ountains. Econom ically, the state w as based on extensive nom adic farm ing. The p eo p le’s culture and language linked them to the branch o f Turkish nom ad group.
The first K azakh state system w as form ed in the 6-th century w ithin the Turkish K aganate, stretching across lands from the A ltai M ountains in the east to the C aspian Sea in the w est, and from Sem irechie up to Siberia. M ost o f the Turkish people continued tribal organization and nom adic w ay o f life. There were already large areas o f irrigated and cultivated lands occupied w ith gardening and vineyards. A lot o f tow ns and settlem ents w ere established in ancient centuries. Indeed, at the head o f the Turkish K aganate w as a K han, w ith unlim ited despotic pow er, w ith his servants, officials and m ilitary leaders.
The U sun union began to disintegrate in the 5-th and 6-th centuries, after successive invasions by the A ltai Turks. These K aganates w ere com plex and stratified societies, consisting o f aristocrats, urban traders, oasis farm ers and pastoral nom ads [1].
In the follow ing centuries, the K aganate w as invaded m any tim es, w as in vassal dependence on neighboring C hina and w as incorporated into the K arakhanid state (11-th century, until the beginning o f
--- 44 ---
the 13-th century). D espite the partial islam ization o f the K azakhs in direct contact, the m ajority o f K azakhstan’s tribal people continued th eir nom adic lifestyle, raising cattle on the v ast steppe. The K azakh ethno type w as form ed by people in m ore th an 1 0 0 tribal divisions and nationalities, belonging to various ethnic, anthropological and racial types. W ithin the m odern K azakh ethno type, the m ongoloid elem ent accounts fo r about 70%.
A t the end o f the 15-th century and for m ost o f the 1 6-th century, the K azakhs w ere prim arily the political union. The K azakh K hanate and the K azakh people w ere synonym ous, as people form ed by the union o f previously disparate clans and tribes o f T urkish descent. They converged in the steppe lands around the Chu R iver and the B etpak-D ala D esert, w here political void existed.
In the 17-th century under the rule o f K han K asym , the K azakh K hanate achieved political independence. The national nam e K azakh m eans “free” in the sense o f independence from other states, and freely m oving in the v ast steppes o f D ashti-Q ipchak. Thus, from the beginning o f its ow n K azakh K hanate, the idea o f freedom and independence becam e the national idea o f the K azakh people.
The independent K azakh K hanate w as based on nom adic cattle, breeding and farm ing. It had a stable econom y and ongoing political and cultural relations w ith its neighbors. The region supplied neighboring China, the C entral A sia K hanates and R ussia w ith the products o f anim al husbandry, such as cattle, skins, w ool and fat, in exchange for w heat, textiles, tools and arms. In the K hanate, Jo ch i’s descendants had dom inant positions. O nly the descendants could becom e khans or sultans. R epresentatives o f the K azakh tribal aristocracy (bii) could occupy the positions o f tribal and aul chiefs (equivalent to alderm en).
Econom ic, social and political relations w ere regulated by com m on law (adat), w hose rules (ereje), w ere retained only in oral tradition, and passed from generation to generation, gradually becom ing perfected.
The bii w ere the experts o f the law, w ho from tim e to tim e convened to clarify the rules. A t the end o f the 18-th century under the guidance o f K han Tauke the law w as standardized u nd er the seven m ost notable experts, w ho cam e to be know n as Zhiety Zhargy or “The Seven R u les” . In R ussian sources th ey were called the “Tauke K h an ’s L aw s (or A cts)”; th ey represented as the type o f K azakh C om m on Law Code, w hich had great im portance in K azakh legal life [2].
M a te ria ls a n d m e th o d s o f re s e a rc h . The principles o f a d a t w ere applied unequally; so sultans, tribal chiefs and the bii class enjoyed rather w ell-protected and privileged lives. K azakh w om en, during and after the period o f islam ization, had m uch freer social, public and legal existence, than w om en in other m uslim societies. They did no t w ear the face veil (chadra), and the first w ife (baibishe) w as the head o f the family.
In spite o f the heroic resistance and som e m ilitary successes attained as the result o f a tem porary unification o f the various zhuz und er the three g reat bii leaders, Tole Bii, K azybek B ii and A iteke Bii in 1723, K azakhstan still rem ain besieged and had to turn to R ussia for m ilitary assistance. It received this assistance in return for its eventual (in the 1730-s) incorporation into the R ussian Em pire [3]. The interests o f the T sar and his governm ent in K azakhstan and C entral A sia prim arily revolved around extending the size and reach o f the Em pire, and consolidating its ow n p o w er at the expense o f those peoples conquered.
A new phase in the history o f the K azakh people begins w ith th eir incorporation into the R ussian Em pire.
Until the 1820-s the Little Z huz and M iddle Zhuz retained th eir independence, w hile acknow ledging d e
pendence on R ussia. H ow ever, the E lder Z huz w as finally form ally annexed to R ussia as the result o f invasions against the K okand and K hiva K hanates. The first conditions agreed to by the M iddle and Little Z huzes as th ey jo in ed the Em pire w ere:
(1) to recognize the sovereignty o f the Zhuzes;
(2) to allow passage o f R ussian m erchant caravans;
(3) to return R ussian prisoners and deserters;
(4) to pay annual p er cap ita taxes;
(5) to have relations w ith other countries only w ith R ussia’s express consent; and
(6) khans w ere force to send sons or other close relations to St. Petersburg as am anats (hostages).
The tsarist governm ent, through the M inistry o f Foreign A ffairs and w ith the consent o f the M ilitary D epartm ent, appointed a vice-regent, w ho resided in O renburg, exercised po w er and control in assuring the conditions o f the above agreem ent. A t the sam e tim e, the R ussian m ilitary organized the Ural C ossack A rm y to patrol the border w ith the Zhuzes. N aturally, the ts a r’s vice-regent often interfered w ith the internal affairs o f the Zhuzes, and continuously exercised oppression o f the khans and local rulers.
--- 45 ---
N evertheless, these Zhuzes tried to m aintain internal independence until the 1820-s. The legal status o f these tw o regions w ithin the R ussian Em pire resem bled th at o f protectorates, w hich som e K azakh scholar’s dispute [4].
In the 1820-s, R ussia carried out pivotal reform s in the Zhuzes in order to establish sem i-colonial regim e. The k h an s’ pow ers w ere nullified; th eir successors have received the titles o f R ussian nobility.
The captive am anats received very directed and secular R ussian m ilitary education, and w ere rew arded w ith lavish salaries. Furtherm ore, The Little Zhuz w as divided into the regions for territorial adm inistration w ith the governors, appointed by the vice-regent in Orenburg. The M iddle Zhuz was divided into areas called okrug and headed by sultans, elected by the local aristocracy and approved by R ussian vice-regents. The B igger (Elder) Z huz had been conquered early on and w as the subject o f R ussian m ilitary rule until the reform s o f the 1860-s.
R esearch results. The K azakh K hanate w as relatively short-lived and generally unsuccessful political institution. The K azakh state w as unable and ill-equipped to m aintain strong m ilitary presence in the steppe. The K azakhs, though descendants o f an indigenous w arrior culture, w ere prim arily pastoralist and m ore concerned w ith grazing than fighting. T heir m ilitary organization, predicated on tem porary periods o f service, w as no m atch for the K alm yk forces [5].
In the 1860-s, R ussia introduced a num ber o f progressive reform s w ith the abolition o f serfdom being m ost notable. Others included: universal m ilitary service; land and financial reform s; and im provem ents in citizens’ legal status. A t the end o f the 1860-s a dual natured reform program , having progressive and colonial aspects, w as introduced in K azakhstan. R ussia then divided K azakhstan into three governorships:
the first w as Turkestan, w ith its center in Tashkent, w hich included Sem irechie and all o f C entral Asia.
The Steppes governorship, w ith its center in O renburg, included a m ajor portion o f the M iddle Zhuz; and the Siberian governorship, w ith its center in O m sk, included the territories o f N orth and E ast K azakhstan.
The g o vernor’s generals w ere appointed in Saint Petersburg, and all exercised adm inistrative and m ilitary pow er. The general governorships w ere divided into oblasts (large adm inistrative territories), headed by m ilitary governors. In K azakh territories, the governors w ielded m ilitary and civilian pow er, w hile in R ussia its e lf the governors had no such m ilitary pow er. Oblasts w ere divided into uezd (district), governed by uezd heads. The hierarchy governing in K azakhstan had clearly m ilitary/adm inistrative character. The governm ent apparatus consisted o f representatives o f R ussia and all local nationalities. It w as aim ed at providing order in the Steppe: levying taxes; fighting crim e; providing for an econom y.
This system o f m anagem ent in K azakhstan, as a part o f the R ussian Em pire, w as k ep t w ith some changes until the 1917 revolutions o f February and October. Its rather com plicated legal system consisted of: A dat, the C om m on Law o f K azakhs, as w ell as Shariat or M uslim Law; and R ussian Im perial law.
F or the local populations o f K azakhstan, adat w as the m ain source, o f course. It b etter corresponded w ith the nom adic and sem i-nom adic w ay o f life. N orm s o f Shariat Law w ere used m ainly for regulation o f som e fam ily relations, considering serious penalty for crim es against Islam ic rules [6].
R ussian Im perial L aw had tw o kinds o f norm s. The first is civil law through w hich K azakhstan was included into the general econom ic life o f the Em pire. N aturally, the law o f ow nership, the obligatory law o f R ussia did not differ from the analogues o f E uropean states and played a positive role in K azakhstan.
C rim inal law and A dm inistrative law played positive roles as m ore hum ane and civilized than th at o f A dat and Shariat.
M any w orks o f E astern, European, and R ussian literature w ere translated into the K azakh language, and thus the first K azakh language new spapers w ere published. H ow ever, the K azakhs continued to experience th eir form al and legal inequality in the R ussian Em pire. It w as w ell know n in tsarist R ussia that social, professional and legally fixed inequality existed am ong the K azakhs. K azakhs had no nobility, nearly no m ercantile or industrial class and no urban low er m iddle class. Further, since they were M uslim s, K azakhs w ere excluded from the privileges accorded only the Orthodox. M oreover, th ey had no representation am ong local elected officials and establishm ents, o r the state Dum a. F or the K azakh people, tsarism m ean t no t only violent deprivation o f prim ordial fertile grounds, bu t also the deprivation o f an op portunity to em ploy th eir historical, prim ordial nam e “K azak h” . H istorically, it w as noted, th at the R ussian adm inistration m isapplied the term “K irghiz-K aisak” as evidenced through the records o f im perial R ussia [7, P.49].
O nly the O ctober R evolution brought som e re lie f in the legal conditions fo r the K azakhs and other aboriginal groups in the R ussian Em pire. The Soviets acquired tsarist territories and perpetuated the
--- 44 ---
adm inistrative structures. H ow ever, decisions o f national problem s w ere postponed until the establishing congress- U chreditelnoe Sobranie. In 1917 G reat O ctober Socialist R evolution und er the leadership o f the B olsheviks (C om m unists), headed by V.I. Lenin gave all the pow er in the country to the soviet w orkers, peasants and soldiers’ deputies. All the country, including K azakhstan, entered a new stage o f historical developm ent.
The G reat D ecrees o f O ctober adopted at the 2-nd C ongress o f Soviets in 1917 w ere entitled “A bout P eace”, “A bout L and”, and also “A bout N ationalization o f Factories, R ailw ays, and C om m unications” . There w ere also declarations about equality o f nations and th eir right to self-determ ination, on abolishing rank and its privileges, about gender equality, and the separation o f church and state. F or th eir victory against international arm ies they paid in m illions o f lives, destruction o f the econom y, hunger, and continued poverty [8, P.61].
K azakhstan, along w ith the rest o f the country, w as the scene o f fierce m ilitary struggles. In 1918, the southern region o f K azakhstan w as jo in ed to the T urkestan republic w ith its center in Tashkent. In 1919, a Provisional C om m ittee w as form ed in O renburg to m anage the area o f K azakhstan in the ongoing Civil W ar, and to provide for the p eo p le’s needs. H ere, and other places, the population w as largely Russian.
Y et there w ere K azakh supporters o f the B olsheviks, such as T. R yskulov and S. Seifullin, as w ell as m ore dem ocratic national elem ents.
In 1924-1925, on the initiative o f the Central C om m ittee o f the V K P(B ) (C om m unist Party) and the U S S R governm ent, a national- territorial dem arcation w as exercised on K azakhstan and the C entral A sia R epublics. Indeed, for the first tim e in the m odern history K azakhstan now com prised all its historic territory. Thus, K azakhstan form ed its ow n soviet socialist state system , n o t com plete o f course, b u t still the part o f the R ussian Federation.
A ccording to the census o f 1926, K azakhstan had a population, w hich included m ore than six m illion K azakhs. D uring the first decades o f the Soviet po w er in K azakhstan new econom ic policy w as exercised.
K azakhs w ere given back the lands, w hich had earlier been given to the R ussian m igrants. The econom y quickly reconstituted, illiteracy w as reduced, secondary schools and h igh er education centers flourished, new theaters, clubs, m useum s and reading halls w ere opened. Thousands o f K azakhs w ere sent to study in M oscow , Leningrad, Kiev, N ovosibirsk, Saratov and Sverdlovsk to be trained for specialized trades and high er education. In nearly all oblast centers, pedagogical centers opened to train teachers for the national schools in R ussian and K azakh [9, P.47].
D uring W orld W ar II m any m illions o f people w ere evacuated to K azakhstan from the w estern part o f the U SSR, a pattern w hich continued into the 1950-s. By the 1960-s K azakhs constituted only about 32%
o f th eir rep u b lic’s population. The policy o f russification w as established. K azakh language and culture had both suffered: first, the A rabic alphabet variant, used for K azakh, w as replaced by new Latin substitute (distinct from others in C entral A sia), and finally by stylized version o f the C yrillic (Russian) alphabet. Teaching o f K azakh in R ussian schools ceased.
This period saw the creation o f m any institutions, including K azakh State U niversity, the m edical institutes, w o m en ’s pedagogical institutes, industrial, law, and m any other institutes, as w ell as hundreds o f specialized and secondary technical schools. The K azakh D epartm ent o f the A ll U nion A cadem y o f Sciences w as established in 1945 inside the K azakh A cadem y o f Sciences, w ith m any scientific institutions and research laboratories [10, P.179].
T w enty nine years o f K azak hstan’s history as the sovereign state show s the greatest changes in our country. W ithin its fram ew ork, tw o m ain directions can be noted. First, there is state governing o f the ethnic processes. The 1995 C onstitution o f K azakhstan stated such dem ocratic principles as civic approach to defining o f people in the pream ble. The principles o f uniform and equal citizenship w ere fixed. A ll the principles o f the Suprem e Law gave no place fo r injury and claim s o f people against one another.
Second direction in the interethnic relations is the em ancipation o f the creative potential o f ethnic groups. N ew form o f ethnic self-determ ination principally differs from the previous situation in th at it shifts stress from the collective level o f national rights to a personal level. The role o f legacy m odel, undoubtedly dem anding serious conceptual elaboration and propaganda m easures, grow s respectively.
C o n clu sio n . In the conclusion we w ould like to note, th at the transform ation and m odernization o f K azakhstan’s society is not a single action, bu t rather a long process o f changes, unfolding and yielding a clearer vision o f the m odern, independent R epublic o f K azakhstan.
47
З .К Аюпова1, Д.0. ^ с а й ы н о в 2,
С.С. Джанкадыров2, Ж.К. Мадалиева2, С.Н. Сабикенов2 1 Казак улттык аграрлык университетi, Алматы, Казакстан;
2 Абай атындагы Казак улттык педагогикалык университета, Алматы, Казакстан;
ЦАЗАЦСТАН РЕСПУБЛИКАСЫНДАГЫ К;¥ЦЬЩТЬЩ МЕМЛЕКЕТТЩ ЦАЛЫПТАСУ МЭСЕЛЕЛЕР1НЕ
Аннотация. Казiргi уакытта бул мэселелерге жалпыадамзаттык идеалдар мен кундылыктар тургысынан кезкарас басым. Когамдык санада демократиялык кагидаттарга непзделген кукыктык мемлекет когамда туындайтын жанжалды реттеудщ, онда зацдылык пен кукыктык тэртiптi бекиудщ тиiмдi куралы болуы мYмкiн деген ой орныккан. Кукыктык мемлекет калыптастыру тэжiрибесшщ барлык жерде ез ерекшелЫ бар. Алайда кукыктык когам курылысында жетiстiктерге кол жетюзген елдер азаматы бостандыкка, шынайы кукыкка, ез кукыгы мен бостандыгын камтамасыз етуге, мемлекетпен бiрге кукык басымдыгына умтылганымен, аныкталатын жалпы ерекшелiктердi де атап етуге болады. Бул ушш кукыктык мемлекет калыптастыру кажеттi жагдайлардыц болуына тiкелей байланысты. Олардыц шш де экономика, мэдениет, адамгершiлiк, когамныц рухани элеуетшщ жогары децгейде дамыганы мацызды. Кукыктык мемлекет - дамыган демократиялык институттар жумыс iстейтiн, азаматтардыц жэне уйымдарыныц езiн-езi баскаруы, олардыц бастамасы мен белсендiлiгi керiнiс табатын азаматтык когамды, когамдык емiр саласын саяси рэсшдеу. Бул сала билiк органдары тарапынан еркiн регламенттейтiн зацмен коргалган. Мундай мемлекетте адам, когам кукыгы мен бостандыгы сакталады;
мемлекетке катысты кукыгы басымдыкпен коргалады; мемлекетпен карым-катынасында азаматтыц коргаушысы ретiнде сот тэуелмздщ танылады жэне сакталады. Халыктыц езiн-езi реттеуге жалпы ережелер мен мудделерге багынуга дайындыгы негiзiнде сипатталады. Азаматтык когам - даралыгы мен шыгармашылык бастамасын еркiн керсететiн тец кукыкты адамдар когамы. Белгiленген ережелер мен рэсiмдердi сактап, зац негiзiнде курылатын барлык мемлекеттiк жэне когамдык институттар мен курылымдардыц зацдылыгы жэне олардыц максаты, мiндетi, нысандары мен жумыс iстеу эдiстерi ресми тэртiппен егжей-тегжект регламенттеледi. Белгiлi болгандай, казак халкы тарихи дамуы барысында мемлекеттiлiктiц келес тYрлерiнен еттi. Бiрiншi тYрi - Ресей империясыныц курамына кiргеннен кешн жойылган кешпелi мемлекет. Екiншi тYрi - Казакстан КСРО курамына юргеннен кейiн кецестiк мемлекет атануы. Yшiншi тYрi - тэуелсiз мемлекеттiлiк - егемен Казакстан. Казак мемлекетттпнщ казiргi замангы даму стратегиясы улттык каушмздакп камтамасыз ете отырып, ел бiрлiгiн сактауга негiзделген.
Мунда мемлекеттiц жэне зацды емiрдiц жогары кундылыктары «мемлекет тутастыгы», «мемлекетлк жэне улттык каушмздак», «мемлекеттщ тэуелсiздiгi» сиякты кубылыстар деп танылады. Бул идеялар «Казакстан-2050» даму Стратегиясында» толык бекiтiлген. «МемлекеттЫк» тужырымдамасы «мемлекет» угымынан кецiрек. Мемлекет жэне кукык теориясында мемлекет белгiлi бiр аумакта саяси билiк ретiнде аныкталады. Сонымен бiрге мемлекеттiлiк - когам дамуындагы белгiлi бiр кезецде белгЫ бiр адамдар емiрiнiц элеуметтiк-экономикалык, саяси, рухани жэне адамгершЫк жагдайыныц бiрегейлiгiне байланысты элементтердiц, курылымдардыц, когамдык билж институттарыныц, сондай-ак саяси емес сипаттагы компоненттердiц кYрделi жиынтыгы болып саналады. Сондыктан, мемлекеттiлiк дегенiмiз - когам мен мемлекет мазмунын бiлдiретiн элементтер мен институттар курылымы деп танылады.
Тушн свздер: казак мемлекетi, кукыктык мемлекет, кешпелi еркениет, халыктыц таршЫк эрекетi, ел бiрлiгi, улттык каушмздак, мемлекеттiц тутастыгы, мемлекет егемендiгi, саяси билш, кепшiлiк билiк институттары.
З.К. Аюпова1, Д.У. Кусаинов2,
С.С. Джанкадыров2, Ж.К. Мадалиева2, С.Н. Сабикенов2
1 Казахский национальный аграрный университет, Алматы, Республика Казахстан;
2 Казахский национальный педагогический университет им. Абая, Алматы, Республика Казахстан К ВОПРОСУ О СТАНОВЛЕНИИ ПРАВОВОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА
В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КАЗАХСТАН
Аннотация. В настоящее время преобладает взгляд на эти проблемы с точки зрения общечеловеческих идеалов и ценностей. В общественном сознании все больше утверждается мысль о том, что основанное на демократических принципах правовое государство может стать эффективным орудием урегулирования конфликтов, возникающих в обществе, утверждения в нем законности и правопорядка. Практика формирования правовой государственности всюду имеет свои особенности. Можно, однако выделить и общие черты, определяемые тем, что граждане стран, в которых достигнуты успехи в строительстве правового общества, стремились к свободе, подлинному праву, обеспечению своих прав и свобод, приоритету права над государством.
Формирования правового государства в той или иной мере сопряжено с наличием необходимых для этого условий.
Среди них важное значение имеет достаточно высокий уровень развития экономики, культуры, нравственности, духовного потенциала общества. Правовое государство - политическое оформление гражданского общества,
48
сферы общественной жизни, где действуют развитые демократические институты, имеют место самоуправление, инициатива и активность граждан и их организаций. Эта сфера ограждена законами от произвольной регламентации ее со стороны властных органов. В таком государстве соблюдаются права и свободы человека и общества; право приоритетно по отношению к государству; признается и соблюдается независимость суда как защитника гражданина в его отношениях с государством. Население характеризуется определенной способностью к саморегулированию готовностью подчиняться общим правилам и интересам. Гражданское общество представляет собой общество равноправных людей, свободно проявляющих свою индивидуальность и творческую инициативу. Легитимность всех государственных и общественных институтов и структур, которые создаются на основании закона, с соблюдением установленных правил и процедур, и их цели, задачи, формы и методы функционирования детально регламентируются в официальном порядке. Как известно, в ходе своего исторического развития казахский народ прошел следующие типы государственности. Первый тип: кочевое государство, которое было упразднено после вхождения в состав Российской империи. Второй тип: советская государственность, где Казахстан был частью Союза ССР. Третий тип государства: независимая государственность, суверенный Казахстан. Стратегия современного развития казахской государственности основывается на всемерном поддержании единства страны, обеспечении национальной безопасности. Здесь высшими ценностями государственно-правовой жизни признаются такие явления, как «целостность государства»,
«государственная и национальная безопасность», «суверенитет государства». Эти идеи были всецело закреплены в Стратегии развития Казахстан- 2050. Понятие «государственность» является более широким, чем «государство». В теории государства и права государство определяется в качестве политической власти в рамках определённой территории. В то же время государственность - это сложнейший комплекс элементов, структур, институтов публичной власти, а также компонентов неполитического характера, обусловленных уникальностью социально
экономических, политических, духовно-нравственных условий жизнедеятельности конкретного народа на определенном этапе развития общества. Таким образом, государственность - это структура элементов и институтов, выражающая содержание общества и государства.
Ключевые слова: казахское государство, правовое государство, кочевая цивилизация, жизнедеятельность народа, единство страны, национальная безопасность, целостность государства, суверенитет государства, политическая власть, институты публичной власти.
Information about authors:
Ayupova Z.K., Doctor of Science in Law, Professor of Law, Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-1619;
Kussainov D.U., Doctor of Science in Philosophy, Professor, Kazakh national pedagogical University named after Abai, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-5986;
Dzhankadyrov S.S., Senior Teacher, Kazakh national pedagogical University named after Abai, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0446-4868;
Madalieva Zh.K., Senior Lecturer, Candidate of Science in Philosophy, Kazakh national pedagogical University named after Abai, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan; [email protected], https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-4301;
Sabikenov S.N., Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Science in Law, Professor of Law, Kazakh national pedagogical University named after Abai Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan, [email protected], https://orcid. org/0000-0002-2251 -1835
REFERENCES
[1] Martha Brill Olcott. The Kazakhs. 2-Edition. Stanford. California. USA. 1995.
[2] Kliashtornyi S., Sultanov T. Kazakhstan: The Chronicle of Three Millenniums. St.Perersburg. 2002.
[3] Irmuchanov B.B. Kazakhstan: Historical and Public Views. 2016.
[4] Kussainov S. The State of Kazakhs: Adat and Shariat. Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. October 30. 2015.
[5] Zubareva Ju.V. Recognition and enforcement of judgments of foreign family courts in the Russian Federation // Young Scholar. 2017. V.15. P.254-258. URL https://moluch.ru/archive/149/42253/ https://doi.org/10.32014/2018.2518-1483.
[6]. Маrysheva N.I. Family relations with foreigners: legal regulation in Russia. М.: Walters Kluver, 2007 https://doi.org/10.32014/2018.2518-1483.
[7]. Ayupova Z.K, Кussainov D.U., Winston Nagan. To the question of pre-trial adjusting of the conflicts in the modern legal system of the Republic of Kazakhstan // Reports of the Academy of sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2018. Vol. 6.
P.49-56. https://doi.org/10.32014/2018.2518-1483.26
[8]. Ayupova Z.K, Кussainov D.U. Features of formation of statehood and law in the Republic of Kazakhstan // Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2018. Vol. 5. P.61-65 https://doi.org/10.32014/2018.2518- 1483.8
[9]. Ayupova Z.K., Kussainov D.U., Nagan Winston. On the state mechanisms of ensuring social policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan // Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2019. Vol. 1. P.47-51 https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1483.6
[10]. Issayeva A.Z., Aitimov B.Zh. Some issues of the procedural peculiarities of reviewing civil cases on labor disputes in courts of appeal/ / Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2019. Vol. 1. P.179-184 https://doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1483.30
49
