The research findings deemed biosorption as a prospective sign of green technology, making it foreseeable at full-scale application in wastewater treatment. The novel biosorbents have the potential to offer commercial purpose, therefore research in greater depths is prioritized on filling the gaps. One of the areas of improvement to this study is to assure that the biosorbents are completely purged of nitrate and phosphate ions before biosorption process. By doing so, the true adsorption uptake
and removal efficiency of nitrate and phosphate ions from aqueous solutions can be determined more accurately. Moreover, real wastewater samples from industrial effluent and water treatment plants, as well as contaminated water samples from polluted natural water bodies can be tested to enhance the practicability of biosorbents in overcoming nitrate and phosphate overdoses at different extents.
More detailed characterization of different types of novel biosorbents from agriculture, household and other industries is required with maximum nitrate and phosphate adsorption capacities to stimulate the use of biosorbents in a large scale.
Some determinant aspects that can be focused are the thermal stability of biosorbents via thermogravimetric analysis, bulk density, moisture content and dry mass (or mass loss after ignition). Furthermore, chemical characterization methods that are suggestible include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), as well as dominant exchangeable cations and anions.
In addition, various pre-treatment methods need to be investigated to strive for the highest efficiency of biosorbents as possible during the nitrate and phosphate biosorption process. For example, the anion exchange mechanism of biosorption can be investigated on the six novel biosorbent candidates in this study by employing weak alkaline and amine-grafting pre-treatment. Also, in this study, further treatment after hydrochloric acid can be investigated. More advanced incorporation methods of both cationic and anionic surface groups such as ionic liquids that are compatible to each other can be contemplated. can be Besides, the initial steps of biosorbent pre-treatment, various physical methods can be compared
on the capability to obtain the desired particle size distribution of the biosorbent particulates based on the pre-treatment conditions. To name a few, the optimum temperature in microwave assisted size reduction, screw speed in extrusion, and frequency of ultrasonication. Due to their specificity, apart from biosorption mechanism at the biosorbent-water interface, the efficiency of novel biosorbents in eliminating nitrate and phosphate from contaminated water with other co-existing cations, anions and organic ligands needs to be investigated and categorized.
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