As mentioned above in the first limitation, although this study had removed the peer subscale and remain the father subscale and mother subscale, it is more encouraged to use the Inventory of Parents and Peer Relationship (IPPA) as this study focused on Parent-Child Attachment as one variable instead of mainly Father-Child Attachment and Mother-Child Attachment separately as two variables.
Along with the second limitation mentioned, it is encouraged to recruit equal distribution of races following the Malaysian population and ethnicity to have more reliable insight as a whole instead of mainly from one Chinese race. In the same vein, the gender of the respondents was mostly female, which contribute to 74.6% of the respondents compared to male respondents which only contribute 25.4%. The inequality of gender distribution may lead to reduced external validity in this study. It is encouraged to recruit equal distribution of gender to have more
validity in interpreting the data and results from both gender viewpoints equally instead of mainly female respondents.
Incoherent with the third limitation aforementioned, it is encouraged that future studies can recruit more respondents from different regions of the country and different socioeconomic status backgrounds among the country’s university students.
As aforementioned in the fourth limitation, it is encouraged to include responses from parents’ perception of their attachment with children and their partner’s perception towards the relationship.
In corresponding with the fifth limitation, it is encouraged to have a longer duration in data collection to have more responses across the year time which might have changes in different times of years and months. For instance, a longitudinal study is recommended to be carried out in future to explore the impacts of one partner’s Parent-Child Relationship’s
background quality on the other partner’s romantic relationship attitude and to elaborate on the extent to which Parent-Child Attachment Style shows relationship between Parent-Child Attachment and Romantic Relationship.
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Appendices Appendix A
Appendix A1: Calculation of Sample Size using G*Power
Appendix B
Appendix B1: Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA)
This questionnaire asks about your relationships with important people in your life; your mother, your father, and your close friends. Please read the directions to each part carefully.
Part I
Some of the following statements ask about your feelings about your mother or the person who has acted as your mother. If you have more than one person acting as your mother (e.g. a natural mother and a step-mother) answer the questions for the one you feel has most influenced you.
Please read each statement and circle the ONE number that tells how true the statement is for you now.
1 2 3 4 5
Almost Never or Never True
Not Very Often True
Sometimes True Often True Almost Always or Always True
1. My mother respects my feelings. 1 2 3 4 5
2. I feel my mother does a good job as my mother. 1 2 3 4 5
3. I wish I had a different mother. 1 2 3 4 5
4. My mother accepts me as I am 1 2 3 4 5
5. I like to get my mother’s point of view on things I’m 1 2 3 4 5
concerned about.
6. I feel it’s no use letting my feelings show around my mother.
1 2 3 4 5
7. My mother can tell when I’m upset about something. 1 2 3 4 5 8. Talking over my problems with my mother makes me feel
ashamed or foolish.
1 2 3 4 5
9. My mother expects too much from me. 1 2 3 4 5
10. I get upset easily around my mother. 1 2 3 4 5
11. I get upset a lot more than my mother knows about. 1 2 3 4 5 12. When we discuss things, my mother cares about my point
of view.
1 2 3 4 5
13. My mother trusts my judgment. 1 2 3 4 5
14. My mother has her own problems, so I don’t bother her with mine.
1 2 3 4 5
15. My mother helps me to understand myself better. 1 2 3 4 5 16. I tell my mother about my problems and troubles. 1 2 3 4 5
17. I feel angry with my mother. 1 2 3 4 5
18. I don’t get much attention from my mother. 1 2 3 4 5 19. My mother helps me to talk about my difficulties. 1 2 3 4 5
20. My mother understands me. 1 2 3 4 5
21. When I am angry about something, my mother tries to be understanding.
1 2 3 4 5
22. I trust my mother. 1 2 3 4 5
23. My mother doesn’t understand what I’m going through these days.
1 2 3 4 5
24. I can count on my mother when I need to get something off my chest.
1 2 3 4 5
25. If my mother knows something is bothering me, she asks me about it.
1 2 3 4 5
Part II
This part asks about your feelings about your father, or the man who has acted as your father. If you have more than one person acting as your father (e.g. natural and step-father) answer the question for the one you feel has most influenced you.
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Almost Never Not Very Often Sometimes True Often True Almost Always