Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between self-efficacy, parent-child attachment, and romantic relationships. The Pearson correlation showed that there was a non-significant and positive relationship between attachment to parents and children and romantic relationships among college students in Malaysia (r = .079, n = 138, p = 0.361). In addition, the person correlation findings showed that there was a significant relationship and a positive relationship between parent-child attachment and self-efficacy among Malaysian students (r = .198, n = 138, p = .021).
This research had highlighted the important manners regarding the relationship between self-efficacy, parent-child attachment and romantic relationship.
- Background of Study
- Problem Statement
- Research Objectives
- Research Questions
- Research Hypothesis
- Conceptual Definitions of Terms
- Parent-Child Attachment
- Romantic Relationship
- Self-Efficacy
- Undergraduate Student
- Operational Definition of Terms
- Parent-Child Attachment
- Romantic Relationship
- Self-Efficacy
- Undergraduate Student
- Significance of Study
- Parents
- Students
- Society and Knowledge Contribution
- Conclusion
In a nutshell, this study aims to examine the relationship between Parent-Child attachment and Romantic Relationship Involvement and the mediating role of Self-Efficacy in Romantic Relationship Involvement. To determine the relationship between parent-child attachment and self-efficacy among undergraduate students in Malaysia. H2: There is a significant relationship between Parent-Child attachment and Self-Efficacy among undergraduate students in Malaysia.
H3: There is a significant relationship of parent-child attachment and self-efficacy towards romantic relationships among undergraduate students in Malaysia.
- Attachment Theory
- Secure Attachment
- Anxious Attachment
- Avoidant Attachment
- Disorganised Attachment
- Parent-Child Attachment and Romantic Relationship
- Self-Efficacy and Parent-Child Attachment
- Self-Efficacy and Romantic Relationship
- Conceptual Framework
- Theoretical Framework
In addition, parent-child attachment shows an impact on self-efficacy, as an individual's early attachment will be included in the psychological concept of self, others, and interpersonal relationships (Maltais et al., 2017). An important role in the formation of an individual's self-efficacy beliefs can be seen in the positive relationship between attachment styles and academic self-efficacy (Tavakolizadeh et al., 2015). In addition, parent-child attachment even affects an individual's self-efficacy in making career decisions.
Similarly, they found that someone with secure attachment tends to have higher Self-Efficacy as they see themselves as worthy of being loved and have the ability to complete things independently (Pan et al., 2021) . This study attempts to investigate the mediating role of self-efficacy between parent-child attachment and romantic relationship among Malaysian undergraduate students. Parent-child attachment is the independent variable (IV), Romantic Relationship is the dependent variable (DV), and Self-Efficacy is the mediating variable, as shown in the conceptual framework.
- Research Design
- Research Sample
- Sampling Method
- Research Location
- Plan to obtain ethical clearance approval
- Sample Size
- Research Instruments
- Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment - Revised (IPPA-R)
- Relationship Involvement Scale (RIS)
- New General Self Efficacy Scale (NGSE)
- Research Procedure
- Pilot Study
- Data Analysis
It included a cover sheet, informed consent, the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Relationship Involvement Scale. University and at East Carolina University in 2006 to measure the degree of one's romantic relationship. NGSE was developed by Chen, Gully, and Eden in 2001 and provides a measure of Self-Efficacy, improving on the original version of the General Self-Efficacy Scale, which consists of 17 items developed in 1982 by Sherer and colleagues.
Basic participant demographic information, such as gender, age, and ethnicity, along with responses to the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment – Revised (IPPA – R), the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE), and the Relationship Involvement Scale (RIS). ), gathered. The result showed that there is a non-significant and moderate positive relationship between parent-child bonding and romantic relationship. While the romantic involvement scale showed the Cronbach alpha coefficient result (α= .719), and finally, the self-efficacy scale showed the Cronbach alpha coefficient results (α= .768).
All in all, the reliability of the romantic relationship scale and self-efficacy scale are in an acceptable range as the results showed 0.719 and 0.768 respectively, while the reliability of the parent-child attachment scale was considered moderately high. This study aimed to look at the mediating role of Self-Efficacy between Parent-Child Attachment and Romantic Relationship Involvement, the data was analyzed using different tests including Pearson Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression to identify the hypothesis. And, finally, a multiple linear regression was used to identify the relationship between Parent-Child Attachment and Self-Efficacy to Romantic Relationship Involvement.
H1: There is a significant relationship between Parent-Child Bonding and Romantic Relationship among university students in Malaysia. H3: There is a significant relationship of parent-child attachment and self-efficacy toward romantic relationships among university students in Malaysia.
- Descriptive Statistic
- Normality Assumptions
- Inferential Statistics
- Exploration of Assumptions for Multiple Linear Regression
Parent-child attachment and romantic relationship were shown to have values lower than zero in the current study with values of -.337 and -.562. RO1: To determine the relationship between parent-child attachment and romantic relationship involvement among undergraduate students in Malaysia. H1: There is a significant relationship between parent-child attachment and involvement in a romantic relationship among undergraduate students in Malaysia.
Pearson's correlation test was conducted to determine the relationship between parent-child attachment and romantic relationship. According to Table 4.5, Pearson correlation findings showed that there is a non-significant and positive relationship between parent-child attachment and romantic relationship among undergraduate students in Malaysia (r = 0.079, n = 138, p = 0.361). . The magnitude of the association between parent-child attachment and romantic relationship was analyzed using Guildford's rule.
RO2: To determine the relationship between Parent-Child attachment and Self-Efficacy among undergraduate students in Malaysia. Pearson Correlation was performed to show the relationship between Parent-Child attachment and Self-Efficacy. The strength of association between Parent-Child attachment and Self-Efficacy was analyzed using Guildford's Rule of Thumb.
There is a significant relationship between parent-child attachment, self-efficacy towards romantic relationships among university students in Malaysia. Multiple linear regression was used to test whether Parent-Child Attachment and Self-Efficacy significantly predict romantic relationships among university students in Malaysia.
Introduction
Constructive discussion of findings
- Statement for hypotheses and Results Analysis
On the contrary, the findings from this study did not show that individuals with insecure attachments have a strong relationship with a lower involvement in a romantic relationship. The second research objective of this study was to determine the relationship between parent-child attachment and self-efficacy among college students in Malaysia. The results of the current study have shown that there is a significant and positive relationship between parent-child attachment and self-efficacy.
This result supports the hypothesis proposed in this study, which stated that there is a significant relationship between Parent-Child attachment and Self-Efficacy among. This finding is consistent with Banik et al. 2021) as a parent has a certain effect in enabling the Self-Efficacy of their children when the interaction in the parent-child dyad is positive and healthy. This emphasizes the role of parents in providing family support and can instill a good sense of self-efficacy in one, as self-efficacy tends to vary across their development when the frontal lobe has begun to mature more.
At this stage, parental behavior can further enhance their self-efficacy by providing adequate social support and self-regulation. 2021) also suggested that the better the quality of parent-child bonding, the better self-efficacy will develop as they grow up with the ability to regulate their emotions and feel confident that they can handle the challenges in their lives. Attachment is the relationship between the child and its parents. It would have a major impact on children's mental model in how they develop social interactions and interpersonal relationships. The third research objective of this study was to determine the relationship between parent-child attachment and romantic relationship self-efficacy among college students in Malaysia.
The results of the current study had suggested that self-efficacy is a significant predictor of romantic relationships compared to parent-child attachment in the current study, as it has a greater effect on the romantic relationship among Malaysian students. This finding is consistent with that of Julal Cnossen et al. 2019) because lower self-efficacy will show lower commitment and satisfaction in a romantic relationship, which will affect the quality of the romantic relationship as a result, they have less beliefs towards themselves in performing the ability to commit to their partner in terms of actions such as showing love and caring emotions.
Implication of the study
- Theoretical implication for future study
- Practical implication for programs and policies
They tend to face challenges in expressing their love through actions and physical behavior towards their partner when they are in an intimate and close relationship. It can help with better understanding to avoid possible conflicts between parents and children and children with their partner in romantic relationships along with Self-Efficacy. At an early stage, parents and children can gain better insight into how their attachment will affect one's Self-Efficacy and engagement with partners in the future.
For practical implications for programs and policies, given the knowledge of the relationship between Parent-Child Attachment, Romantic Relationship Involvement and Self-Efficacy. It can play a role as a guide for the Ministry of Education, schools and parents to work hand in hand in a joint effort to cultivate better attachment between parent and child, which will have an impact on the child's future self-efficacy and involvement in a romantic relationship. In addition, from the findings of this study, effective education and communication skills to have secure attachment are encouraged to have in a country's programs and policies to raise a future generation with secure attachment, higher self-efficacy that can be a good maintain.
Limitations of the study
Third, the distribution of this survey was mainly circulated through an online platform among the students of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, we estimated that a majority of the respondents are from similar socio-economic status. Fourth, the IPPA - R and Romantic Relationship Involvement (RRI) are self-reported instruments, which may be a limitation as there may be a discrepancy between the self-reported and the actual attachment as perceived by the parents, the point of view of the romantic relationship partner. Fifth, this study's research was only distributed online, which started from February 16, 2022 to March 14, 2022, only about 4 weeks duration of data collection, which may only reflect this short period as this study was conducted with time constraints.
Recommendations for future study
Dating violence among college students: The role of self-esteem, perceived relationship self-efficacy, and attachment styles.
