CITATION:
A Guideline
Citation: How?
DETERMINE YOUR CITATION
STYLE
1
CREATE IN-TEXT CITATION
2
FORM FULL REFERENCE
CITATION
3
DETERRMINE YOUR
CITATION
STYLE
1. DETERRMINE YOUR CITATION STYLE
Standard & guideline that provide
relevant information of peculiar way in
citing origin source–organise, format
and presentation.
CITATION STYLE: TYPES
AUTHOR-
DATE/PAGE NOTE NUMERIC
CITATION STYLE: TYPES
AUTHOR- DATE/PAGE
• Place source’d information (author last name with the publication date and/or page number) directly in your writing.
• Examples:
Kele (2021) states XXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXXXXXX (Kele 124).
References
Kele, A, (2021). This is just an example.
Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130.
https://doi.orgXXX
CITATION STYLE: TYPES
NOTE
• Place source’s information in a footnote or endnote.
• Examples:
The data XXXXXXX¹.XXXXXXX. XXXXXXXXX² Footnote
¹Andi Kele “This is just an example.” Journal of Nothing. 120, no.1 (2021): 123-130, https://doi.orgXXX
²Kele, “This is just and example.” 123-130.
Bibliographies
Kele, Andi. “This is just an example.”
Journal of Nothing. 120, no.1 (2021):
123-130, https://doi.orgXXX
CITATION STYLE: TYPES
NUMERIC
• Assign a number for each source’s information in the reference list and use the number to cite a source.
• Examples:
Kele [1] states XXXXXXX.
XXXXXXXXXXXXX [1].
References
1. A. Kele. This is just an example.
Journal of Nothing. 2021, 120(1), 123-
130. https://doi.orgXXX [Accessed 1
Apr 2021].
CITATION STYLES
MOST COMMON CITATION STYLES
HARVARD APA
American Psychological
Association
MLA
Modern Language Association
Chicago
The University of Chicago
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers
*Not officially linked with Harvard
University
▪ is not an actual citation style
▪ better known as Author-Date Citation Style.
▪ no official source documents for the “Harvard style”.
▪ However, a few variations on Harvard guides are available, for instances
Snooks & Co. (2002). Style manual for authors, editors and printers (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
▪ Some institutions have issued their style guides for Harvard:
British Standards Institution
Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS)
Citation Style Type Discipline/Area References
Harvard Author-Date
Humanities Natural Science
Social Science
(especially in England and the Commonwealth countries)
Snooks & Co. (2002). Style manual for authors, editors and printers (6th ed.).John Wiley & Sons.
(American Psychological
Association) APA
Author-Date
Psychology Education
Business Economics Linguistic Studies
Nursing
https://apastyle.apa.org/
Modern Language Association
(MLA)
Author-Page
English Literature Languages Communication Religious Studies
https://www.mla.org/
The Chicago Manual Style
(CMS)
Note &
Bibliography
History Art Anthropology
Philosophy
https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_cita tionguide/citation-guide-1.html
Author-Date Science https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_cita
tionguide/citation-guide-2.html Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Numeric
Engineering Information Technology
https://www.ieee.org/
Citation Style Type Discipline/Area References
Vancouver Numeric Medicine https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK725
6/
Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)
Notes Law
https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/sites/files/oxlaw/osc ola_4th_edn_hart_2012.pdf
American Medical Association (AMA)
Numeric Medicine https://www.amamanualofstyle.com/
American Political Science Association (APSA)
Author-Date Political Science https://www.apsanet.org/
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Numeric, Author- Page/Number or Notes
Chemistry https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en.html
Associated Press (AP) Stylebook
Sources are typically cited within the writing
Journalism https://www.ap.org/en-gb/
1. DETERMINE YOUR CITATION STYLES
▪ Determined based on one's discipline and area
✓ Check your university/department requirements
✓ Check the submission guidelines of the
journal you aim for
CREATE
IN-TEXT
CITATION
2. CREATE IN-TEXT CITATION
▪ Add a brief citation in the text.
▪ Usually appear in the parentheses - stating the author's last name and year/page number (depending on the citation style).
▪ Some styles cite using footnotes, endnotes, or bracketed numbers that match reference entries
( )
[ ]
2. CREATE IN-TEXT CITATION
Parenthetical
▪ When you cite the source outside of the sentence.
▪ Place the author-date/page information within
parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Narrative
▪ Source information is embedded within the
sentences itself
Style Type Parenthetical Citation Narrative Citation
APA Author-Date The research XXXXXXXXXX (Kele & Idris, 2021).
Kele and Idris (2021) state XXXXXXXX.
Harvard Author-Date The research XXXXXXXXXX
(Kele and Idris, 2021).
Kele and Idris (2021) claim XXXXXXXX.
Chicago (Footnote/
Endnote)
Notes &
Bibliography
Full Note (First Mention) Andi Kele and Amirshah Idris, "This
Is Just An Example." Journal of Nothing120, no 1 (April 2021):123-
130. https://doi/orgxxx
Short Note (Subsequent Mention) Kele and Idris, "This Is Just An
Example." 124
Chicago
(Author-Date) Author-Date (Kele and Idris 2021)
MLA Author-Page
Number
The paper XXX (Kele and Idris 123)
According to Kele and Idris XXXXXX (123).
IEEE Numeric The paper XXXXXX [1]. Kele and Idris [1] mention XXXX.
FORM FULL REFERENCE
CITATION
3. FORM FULL REFERENCE CITATION
▪ Provides the detailed information of the source cited.
▪ References are usually listed at the end of the
paper on a page called References, Works
Cited, or Bibliography (depends on the citation
style).
Style Type Term Used Full Reference
APA Author-Date References Kele, A., and Idris, A. (2021). This is a testing tittle. Journal of Nothing, 120(1), 123-130. https://doi/orgxxx
Harvard Author-Date References
Kele, A. and Idris, A. (2021) ‘This is a testing tittle'. Journal of Nothing, 120(1), pp.123-130. Available at: https://wwwXXXXXXX (Accessed: 1
April 2021) Chicago
(Footnote/
Endnote)
Notes & Bibliography Bibliography Kele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is A Testing Tittle." Journal of Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx
Chicago
(Author-Date) Author-Date Bibliography Kele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris. 2021. "This Is A Testing Tittle."
Journal of Nothing 120, no. 1 (April): 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
MLA Author-Page Number Works Cited
Kele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris. "This is a Testing Tittle." Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, April 2021, pp. 123-130, doi:xxxxx. Accessed
1 April 2021
IEEE Numeric References [1] A. Kele and I. Amirshah, "This is a testing tittle," Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 123-130, 2021, doi:XXXXXX
Reference
Andi, A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Bandi, A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Candi, A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Dandi, A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Eandi, A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Fandi, A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Gandi A, (2021). This is just an example. Journal of Nothing. 120(1), 123-130. https://doi.orgXXX
Bibliography
Aele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is A Testing Tittle." Journal of Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx Bele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is A Testing Tittle." Journal of
Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx Cele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is A Testing Tittle." Journal of
Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx Dele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is A Testing Tittle." Journal of
Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx Eele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is Testing Tittle." Journal of
Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx Fele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is Testing Tittle." Journal of
Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx Gele, Andi, and Amirshah Idris, "This Is Testing Tittle." Journal of
Nothing, 120, no.1 (April 2021):123-130. https://doi/orgxxx
Works Cited
Andi, and Amirshah Idris. "This is a Testing Tittle." Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, April 2021, pp. 123-130, doi:xxxxx. Accessed 1 April 2021
Bandi, and Amirshah Idris. "This is a Testing Tittle." Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, April 2021, pp. 123-130, doi:xxxxx. Accessed 1 April 2021
Candi, and Amirshah Idris. "This is a Testing Tittle." Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, April 2021, pp. 123-130, doi:xxxxx. Accessed 1 April 2021
References
[1] A. Kele and I. Amirshah, "This is a testing tittle," Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 123-130, 2021, doi:XXXXXX
[2] A. Kele and I. Amirshah, "This is a testing tittle," Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 123-130, 2021, doi:XXXXXX
[3] A. Kele and I. Amirshah, "This is a testing tittle," Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 123-130, 2021, doi:XXXXXX
[4] A. Kele and I. Amirshah, "This is a testing tittle," Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 123-130, 2021, doi:XXXXXX
[5] A. Kele and I. Amirshah, "This is a testing tittle," Journal of Nothing, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 123-130, 2021, doi:XXXXXX
Citation: Why?
▪ The full reference format depends on the type of source.
▪ Example:
❑ Book reference – publisher & edition
❑ Journal article reference – volume, issue numbers and the page range.
FULL REFERENCE CITATION: TYPE OF
SOURCE
Type of Material In-Text Citation References
Book (Kele, 2021) Kele, A. (2021). This is a testing example. Penguin Books.
Chapter in an edited book (Kele, 2021)
Kele, A. (2021). This is a testing example. In B. Oli, A. Roney, & J.
Bryan (Eds.), Covid-19 effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 120–129). Routledge.
Journal article (print) (Kele, 2021) Kele, A. (2021). "The market testing." Classy Market, 120(1), 120-129.
Journal article (electronic) (Kele, 2021) Kele, A. (2021). "The market testing." Classy Market, 120(1), 120-129. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185
Website (Kele, 2021) Kele, A. (2021, April 1). Testing only. https://www.huffpost.com/
Examples used – APA Style
Thanks
Does anyone have any questions?
[email protected] Universiti Malaysia Sabah
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