Applications of Egg Shell
Noradriana Izzaty Hasrin, Siti Amira Othman*, Siti Nur Idayu Harun, Amirul Azan Mohd Sufian
Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor.
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 15 July 2020 | Published: 31 July 2020
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Abstract: This paper will review about the applications of egg shell including its usefulness as a plant fertilizer, bone tissue and oil adsorbents.
Keywords: egg shell, applications, fertilizer, bone tissue, adsorbents
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1. Plant Fertlizer
The number of chicken eggshells waste is increasing every day as many people consumed eggs in their daily life. They also produced by many factories as they are a major ingredient for many types of food products such as fast food, bakery, and salad dressings. It is reported that about 25,000 tons of eggshells waste is being produced globally and this waste is being disposed of in the landfill site. The disposal cost for this waste is high and currently, they are being cumulative on the landfill site without any pretreatment. This produced another pollution where bad odour from the chicken eggshells waste is released to the environment and disturbed the resident that lives near the landfill site. This also led to the pollution of the soil where it reduces the performance of soil and prevents the growth of plant on it.
Therefore, an alternative way to prevent all of the issues occurred from the chicken eggshells waste in landfill is to modify the chicken eggshells as fertilizer. (Arabhosseini and Faridi, 2018).
Chicken eggshells can be utilized as a fertilizer which is important for the plant in order for them to grow healthy into a big tree and produce various type of fruits for the humankind. A good fertilizer contains nutrient such as calcium which plays an important role in the plant’s growth. Calcium is an essential nutrient for a plant that is needed for their structural roles in the cell wall and membranes (White and Broadley, 2003). The chicken eggshells waste is a good source of calcium compared to another natural source of calcium because they do not contain any harmful and toxic substances. They will not release any harmful gasses on the environment when it is used. Therefore, it is eco-friendly and suitable material to modified to become fertilizer (Arabhosseini and Faridi, 2018).
According to Misau et al., (2012), the chicken eggshells contain a high amount of calcium- based on the result from the electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). Figure 1 and Table 1 shows the EDS spectrum and the EDS analysis of the chicken eggshells respectively. The EDS of the chicken eggshell in Table 1 shows the elemental compositions present by their weight as 64.98% of calcium, 25.31% of carbon, and 9.71% of oxygen. It proved that the chicken eggshells have a good source of calcium that is ideal to be fertilizer.
Figure 1: Electron dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. (Muhammad et al., 2012) Table 1: Electron dispersion spectroscope (EDS) analysis. (Muhammad et al., 2012)
The fertilizer can help to reduce the disease called the plant blossom-end rot (BER) disease which often affects the growth by the decrease of calcium quantity in the plant on their early fruit development. Blossom-end rot (BER) disease effect can be seen on the fruit plant where their lower end becomes dark and have an area that sunken. It is a physiological disorder that can be prevented by feeding the plant with calcium nutrient in the growing parts of plants.
(Zahan et al., 2018). When the BER disease affected the plant, the soils will become acidic where it can cause the death of the plant. Therefore, the chicken eggshells as a source of calcium can be used to remedy the pH of the soil when it is acidic. It also used to reduce the cost for plantation as the chicken eggshells are a waste that being discarded to the environment so that they can be disposed of by themselves. They are also easy to obtain and available worldwide (Arabhosseini and Faridi, 2018).
2. Bone Tissue
Eggshell is formerly consisting of three different layers. The first layer of eggshell composed entirely from calcium carbonate crystals. This crystal that help give shape to the egg. The other two layer of eggshell called outer and inner layer of membrane. These two smooth and transparent membranes made up from protein. They function as a protective layer for the egg yolk against bacterial infection. Among these proteins that made up the wall of outer and inner layer of eggshell is keratin.
Element Weight, g Weight, % Atomic, %
C 1.85 25.31 48.50
O 0.71 9.71 14.10
Ca 4.75 64.98 37.40
Totals 7.31 100 100
Figure 2: Eggs cross sectional region
Eggshell applications can be widely known such as for natural calcium supplement, beverages sweetener, abrasive cleanser, fertilizer and pest control for corps. Recently, scientist team have announced their newest research on the latest application for eggshell.
Their claim came with a complete analytical documentation state that eggshell can assist in bone tissue repairing and healing. They used powdered eggshell that made up mainly from calcium carbonate crystals and enhanced these microscopic powders purposely to support hydrogels matrix made from gelatin which afterward serve as stable 3-dimensional framework or support for osteoblast process (bone cells growth).
Figure 3: Framework of eggshell to produce hydrogels
Figure 4: The framework of hydrogel matrix inside bone and cartilage tissue
Bone graft can be done by material from donor and patient itself. However, there is limitations of bone graft material and method that exist and act as barrier for the experts to
solve this problem. For examples, infection, rejection by the body’s defense system and lacking of donors. This process is needed for the patients to gain its confidence and functions.
This treatment can be done to cure patients that facing or suffered from injuries such as aging, cancer and others.
The procedures are being explained by the experts as follow. Firstly, when the biomaterial is combined with the cells from the patient’s body and it gets cultured hence allowed to mature in a tissue incubator before being implanted back to the patient’s body. The current issue now is the rejection effect by the body that accept foreign material due to the body defense system. Bone implant can also be applied to other body part such cartilage, teeth, tendons, rebuilding surgeries around skull, jaw and face.
3. Oil Adsorbents
A. Definition of Adsorbents
Adsorption is classifying as the process of removing the substances from form of gaseous or liquid solution by using the solids undergoes. This creates a layer of the adsorbate on the exterior adsorbent and it is a surface based process while the absorption involves the whole volume of the material. The process of adsorption itself involves the separation of a substances from one phase accompanied by the concentration or accumulation on the surface of another. This adsorption happened cause by the force that activate the energy which are electrostatic forces and van der Waals forces. The force reacts between adsorbate molecules and the atoms which make up the adsorbent surface. Thus, it can be categorized by surface properties because of the surface area and their polarity. The higher the area of adsorbent, the higher the adsorption capacity (Iskandar & Ridzuan, 2014).
B. Eggshell as an Adsorbent
Most of the researcher nowadays find the method to evaluate the use of chicken eggshell.
Chicken eggshells can be as green and economical adsorbents for removing hydrogen sulphide instead of oil from wastewaters. Furthermore, physical and chemical properties of the treated eggshell have been investigated and it have highly potential applicability in the removal of heavy metals and oil from both synthetic and real wastewaters.
Moreover, pre-treatment process need to be undergo in order to prepare the reused material from the waste eggshell by performing calcination in the high temperature furnace at 800°C for two hours the dried waste eggshell have been crush. Hence, the natural eggshell had some removal capacity of Cadmium (Cd) and Cromium (Cr) which can be classified as heavy metals. A complete removal both of the substances cannot be accomplished even after 60 minutes because of eggshells have slower rate of removal. In contrast, instead of Cd and Cr, lead (Pb) have been observed as the efficient removal with the eggshell compared with the calcined eggshell.
Application as oil adsorbent shows that calcined eggshell has highly promising removal capacity of heavy metal ions as well as it also has a good neutralization capacity in the treatment of strong acidic wastewater. Chicken eggshell also can be determined as green and economical adsorbents for the treatment of hydrogen sulphide from the wastewaters.
Hydrogen sulphide might be dangerous and can be fatal to benthic aquatic lives because of it can depletes the dissolved oxygen in the ecosystem. Therefore, calcinate eggshell had the highest adsorption capacity compared with others.
As conclusion, chicken eggshells was very important and might be useful and economic adsorption because of the availability to remove any toxic, oil and hazardous elements from all adsorbents. The modification of the calcinate from the eggshell was the most suitable followed by the activated carbon modified adsorbent. The ground chicken eggshell without any treatments was the least efficient for the removal from wastewaters especially for H2S.
instead of removal heavy it is feasible to utilize the ground eggshell waste as an effective adsorbent for removal of anionic dye from aqueous solutions (Faridi & Arabhosseini, 2018).
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia for facilities provided and make the research possible.
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