33
E-COUNSELING FOR HANDLING THE SELECTION MAJORS PROBLEM FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN WEB-
BASED USING BACKWARD CHAINING METHOD
Betty Dewi Puspasari1*, Hilmi Alauddin Ardani2, Pieter Stephanus3, Andy Pramono4
1,2,3Informatic Engineering, STT Atlas Nusantara, Malang Indonesia
4Fakutltas Sastra, Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author: [email protected], [email protected]
Accepted: 1 October 2019 | Published: 15 October 2019
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Abstract: Counselling guidance is the process of providing assistance carried out through counselling interviews by a counselling expert to individuals who are experiencing a problem in order to find a solution of specialization by using standard values and ability standards if using IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test results. Specialization is a decision made by students to choose a group of subjects according to their interests, talents, and abilities while participating in learning in junior high school. Specialization counselling guidance is carried out so that students obtain interests that are in accordance with students. Therefor an E-Counselling application that uses a backward chaining method was developed to determine the results of specialization from high school students. The data used in determining the results of specialization of students are interest questionnaires, value questionnaires, psychological test questionnaires and junior high school counselling recommendations (BK). Specialization has two choices, namely Science (Natural Sciences) and Social Sciences (Social Sciences). Based on the results of the E-Counselling application trial, the usage of this information system has shown to be able to facilitate BK teachers in the specialization process of students in accordance with the data used in determining specializations such as interest questionnaires, value questionnaires, psychological test questionnaires and SMP BK questionnaire recommendations.
Keywords: Counselling, specialization, web guidance
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1. Introduction
In Indonesia, students who have completed education in junior high school (SMP) will then continue to a higher level, namely high school (SMA) or vocational high school (SMK). In Vocational Schools, Students will be directed to the Expertise Program and ready to work. While in high school, students will be directed to 3 (three) choices of majors namely Natural Sciences (IPA), Social Sciences (IPS), and Language.
Majors are a placement process in selecting student study programs. This course is taken because it will determine the students, both at the time of studying in high school and in college, a guidance course is needed. Because of this, Williamson (1993) asked for assistance provided between guidance on majors with career guidance, which is a free, widespread and sequential one (Gani, 1986).
34 E-counseling is the name of the application to support the time efficiency between the counselor and the counselee, in which implementation the E-counseling is not in accordance with the time and place because the counselor and counselee do not need to meet face to face directly.
Constraints in determining the placement of students is the difficulty of determining the standard values and standards of ability using only the IQ test results (Intelligence Quotient). Related to this study, the additional variables that will be used are interest questionnaire data, psychological questionnaire, questionnaire value, and BK questionnaire. The method that will be used in determining the results of specialization is the backward chaining method. With the Backward Chaining Method, it is expected that the variables will be processed to produce a fact finding hypothesis that is in the basic rules in determining the results of specialization for prospective high school students.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Counseling
Counseling comes from Latin, namely cons ilium which means with or together which is arranged by accepting or understanding. While in the Anglo-Saxon language, the term counseling comes from sellan which means giving up or delivering (Prayitno and Amti, 2004:
99). The word counseling involves working with many people and their relationships may be self-development, support for personal crises, psychotherapy, or problem solving (Pieter, 2012).
(Pieter, 2012) concludes from several expert opinions that midwifery counseling is a more objective and complete process of providing information systematically based on guidance on interpersonal communication skills, guidance techniques, mastery of clinical knowledge, aimed at helping clients recognize their conditions, problems faced client and help him to determine solutions and solutions in an effort to overcome his problems.
According to Arthur J. Jones (1970), guidance is interpreted as "The help given by one person to choices and adjustment and in solving problems". The definition of guidance put forward by Arthur is very simple, namely that in the guidance process there are two people, namely a mentor and a mentor, where the counselor helps the mentor so that the mentor is able to make choices, adjust, and solve the problems he faces (Willis, 2009 : 11).
2.2 Majors
The majors offered at the level of secondary education such as high school equivalent. Majors are introduced as an effort to better guide students based on their interests and academic abilities.
Students who have good scientific skills as a basis for determining the field of study. Students choose majors that are in accordance with their abilities in academic lessons that students master.
Such as majoring in science, social studies, language, excellence, religion, etc. (Gani, 1986).
This early direction is intended to make it easier for students to choose the major / field of science that they will pursue at the University or academy which will certainly lead to their future career. But majors at the high school level do not always guarantee that a student will choose the same field of study at the University. The choice of majors that are different from the fields of study in the high school is reasonable, because children of high school age have not
35 been able to ascertain their careers. The current majors in high school are majors which lead to one goal, which is to continue to high school. Therefore what needs to be prepared is the Higher Education Polytechnic / Academy institution which aims to produce professionals, which provides opportunities for high school students of the same level to develop skills / knowledge / skills that have been obtained at the level of secondary education.
Entering the level of high school education, students are required to choose majors. By choosing the department, students are more focused on learning the knowledge students have. Students are not uncommon in determining interest. So that the schools and related institutions must provide introductions about specific fields of study for students. In this case the characteristics of choosing majors include:
a. Get to know the characteristics of each department.
b. Recognize Interests and Talents.
c. Knowing the Study Plan.
The student specialization process is carried out when the Career guidance teacher (BK) gives an interest questionnaire form to each student, then students fill out the interest questionnaire form according to their respective interests. Counseling teachers will give time for 2 weeks so that students can fill interests according to their abilities. After the interest questionnaire is returned to the BK teacher, the BK teacher checks what interests match the criteria of each student and student. The data used in this specialization included interest questionnaires, value data, psychological data, recommendations for junior high school career guidance. After the data is processed, students can see the results of specialization in accordance with the criteria and abilities possessed by students.
2.3 Expert System
Expert system is an information system that tries to adopt knowledge from humans to computers, so that computers can solve problems like an expert (Kusumadewi, 2003). While the notion of information systems is a collection of elements that are interconnected with one another to form a unity to integrate data, process and store and distribute information (Sutedjo, 2006).
Expert systems are commonly called knowledge-based systems. This system works with knowledge and analytical methods that have been defined in advance by experts who are in accordance with their fields of expertise. This system is called an expert system because of its function and role as an expert who must have knowledge and experience in solving a problem or problem.
2.5.1 Inference Method
According to Kusrini (2006), in general there are two kinds of inference methods, namely:
a. Forward Chaining.
Forward chaining is a decision-making strategy that starts from the premise (fact) to the conclusion (final conclusion) (Kusrini, 2006). Forward chaining is a group of multiple inference that searches for a problem to its solution. If the premise clause matches the situation (value TRUE), then the process will assert the conclusion. Tracking ahead looking for facts that are appropriate from the IF section of the IF-THEN rule.
36 Fact 1 Rule C Chance 1
Rule A Rule D Chance 2
Observation 1 Fact 2 Chance 3
Rule B Fact 3 Rule E
Observation 2 Chance 4
Figure 2.1 Forward Chaining Process (Source: Kusrini, 2006)
b. Backward Chaining
According to Joseph Giarattano and Gary Riley (1998, p143) backward-chaining is a search method that starts from the hypothesis and then the supporting facts of the hypothesis are searched. Backward-chaining is the opposite method of forward chaining. The right form of tree to backward-chaining is narrow and deep.
Observation 1
Rule A Fact 1
Observation 2 Rule D
Rule B Fact 2 Aim
Observation 3 Rule E
Rule C Fact 3 Observation 4
Figure 2.2 Backward Chaining Process (Source: Kusrini, 2006)
3. Method
3.1 Problem Analysis
Determination of student specialization placement always encountered obstacles in the form of difficulties BK counselor in determining the standard of values and ability standards if using IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test results.
Other data needed in determining student specialization results such as interest questionnaires, value questionnaires, psychological test questionnaires, junior high school BK recommendation questionnaires.
The data used in student specialization is then processed using the backward chaining method by following the rule base in the backward chaining method, the backward chaining method is used because in determining the results, the supporting facts that are in accordance with the final objectives are sought.
Table 3.1. is a rule base that is in the specialization process using the backward chaining method.
Table 3.1 Rule Backward Chaining
Rule Hipotesa Result
1 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R1, IF P=1, IF M=1 H1 2 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R1, IF P=1, IF M=2 H2 3 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R1, IF P=2, IF M=1 H1 4 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R1, IF P=2, IF M=2 H2
37 5 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R2, IF P=1, IF M=1 H1
6 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R2, IF P=1, IF M=2 H2 7 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R2, IF P=2, IF M=1 H1 8 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R2, IF P=2, IF M=2 H2 9 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R3, IF P=1, IF M=1 H1 10 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R3, IF P=1, IF M=2 H2 11 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R3, IF P=2, IF M=1 H1 12 IF RBK=1, IF RT=R3, IF P=2, IF M=2 H2 13 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R1, IF P=1, IF M=1 H1 14 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R1, IF P=1, IF M=2 H2 15 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R1, IF P=2, IF M=1 H1 16 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R1, IF P=2, IF M=2 H2 17 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R2, IF P=1, IF M=1 H1 18 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R2, IF P=1, IF M=2 H2 19 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R2, IF P=2, IF M=1 H1 20 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R2, IF P=2, IF M=2 H2 21 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R3, IF P=1, IF M=1 H1 22 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R3, IF P=1, IF M=2 H2 23 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R3, IF P=2, IF M=1 H1 24 IF RBK=2, IF RT=R3, IF P=2, IF M=2 H2
Information:
RBK = recommendation for Career Guidance.
RT = average value.
R1 = the average IPA is equal to the IPS average.
R2 = The average IPA is greater than the IPS average.
R3 = the average IPS is greater than the average IPA.
P = psychological test M = interest
H1 = recommendation for specialization of science.
H2 = recommendation for social studies specialization.
3.2 System Architecture
The system architecture in the E-Counseling application can be seen in Figure 3.1.
Figure 3.1 E-Counseling Application System Architecture
38 3.3 Implementation of Backwards Chaining
The implementation of the formula for backward chaining (like Figure 2.1) that will be used in determining the final results of student interest in the application of E-Counseling is as follows:
a. Recommended Middle School Career Guidance.
b. The average IPA value and IPS average score.
c. Psychological Tests.
d. Interest.
3.4 System Analysis
3.4.1 Use Case e-Counseling
The E-Counseling use case in Figure 3.2 describes the features of the E-Counseling application.
Use Case E-Counseling consisted of adding interest questionnaires, editing interest questionnaires, adding scores, editing scores, adding psychological tests, editing psychology tests, adding recommendations from SMP BK, editing SMP BK recommendations, adding students, specialization results. Users have access rights. Users can only access interest questionnaires, edit interest questionnaires. User admin can access add value, edit values, add psychological test, edit psychological test, add recommendation for SMP BK, edit SMP BK recommendations, add students, result of specialization.
Figure 3.2 Use Case e-Counseling
Add Interest Form
edit Interest Form
Add Grade
edit Grade
add psychological test
Edit psychological test
Add Recommended BK SMP
Edit Recommended BK SMP
Add Student
edit Student See Student Data
See Recommended BK SMP
39 4. Results
The application created has the following features:
a. Displays the final result of the system.
b. Displays interest questionnaire data, grades, recommendation for Junior High School (SMP) BK, specialization results.
c. Change data on interest questionnaires, grades, recommendations for SMP BK, specialization results.
For Input Student interest data, Student Psichologicat Test data, Student Grade and recommendations for SMP BK can be seen on figure 4.1 and 42.
Applications that are made based on the needs for specialization of students such as student interest, student grades and recommendations for Junior High School (SMP) BK. From these data the system will display the results of specialization from high school students
(a) (b) Figure 4.1 (a) Student Interest Data, (b) Student Psychological Tests Data
(a) (b) Figure 4.2 (a) Student Grade Data,
(b) Career Guidance Recommended Data of Student Junior High School (SMP)
40 Figure 4.3. Student Specialization Results
The data needed for student specialization result are based on student interest questionnaire data, student psychological data, student value data and student junior high school (SMP) career guidance recommendations data. Tested using 10 student data, the results shown are as shown in Figure 4.3
Table 4.1 Data Before Testing
Name Gender major Psychological Tests
Grade Average
IPA
Grade average
IPS
Recommended BK from SMP
Result
Abrar Axl Ghufran Male IPA IPA 77 75 IPA IPA
Ade Said Yurcel Male IPA IPA 76 77 IPA IPA
Aldika Nugraha Male IPA IPA 81 81 IPA IPA
Ammanda Ratu
Amalia Female IPA IPS 82 80 IPA IPA
Aurelia Sherissa Female IPA IPA 79 80 IPA IPA
Bagus Ananta
Abiyasa Male IPS IPA 70 82 IPA IPA
Darla Saskia
Salwanisa Female IPS IPS 77 79 IPS IPS
Diva Carissa
Ramasuci Female IPS IPS 77 79 IPA IPS
Aulia Rochman Male IPA IPA 82 82 IPA IPA
Ismail Azizi
Martalogawa Male IPA IPA 76 79 IPA IPA
41 Table 4.2 Test Results
No. Reg Name Gender Major Psychologi
cal Tests
IPA Grade Average
IPS grade average
Recomme nded BK from SMP
Results
11111113 Abrar Axl Ghufran Male IPA IPA 77 75 IPA IPA
11111114 Ade Said Yurcel Male IPA IPA 76 77 IPA IPA
11111115 Aldika Nugraha Male IPA IPA 81 81 IPA IPA
11111116 Ammanda Ratu Amalia Female IPA IPS 82 80 IPA IPA
11111117 Aurelia Sherissa Female IPA IPA 79 80 IPA IPA
11111118 Bagus Ananta Abiyasa Male IPS IPA 70 82 IPA IPA
11111119 Darla Saskia Salwanisa Female IPS IPS 77 79 IPS IPS
11111120 Diva Carissa Ramasuci Female IPS IPS 77 79 IPA IPS
11111111 Aulia Rochman Male IPA IPA 82 82 IPA IPA
11111112 Ismail Azizi Martalogawa Male IPA IPA 76 79 IPA IPA
The data in Table 4.2 are the results obtained using the E-Counseling application. The data used were interest questionnaire data, psychological test questionnaire, value questionnaire, and junior high school BK recommendation questionnaire. The results obtained using these data, the data is then processed using the backward chaining method that is in the E-Counseling application.
From test results, 90% of the results of the application are in accordance with the interests of students.
5. Conclusion
The conclusions that can be drawn from the research that has been done are as follows:
a. Making a specialization process for prospective high school students with a backward chaining method using interest questionnaire data, value questionnaire data, psychological test questionnaire data, and recommendation data from Middle School Career Guidance.
b. The E-Counseling system is implemented in the specialization process. The data used are interest questionnaire data, value questionnaire data, psychological test questionnaire data, and recommendation data from Middle School Career Guidance. Furthermore, the data is processed using the backward chaining method which results in student recommendations. From Test Result 90% of the results of the application are in accordance with the interests of students.
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