I hereby certify that I am responsible for the work submitted in this project, that the original work is mine except as specified in the references and acknowledgments, and that the original work contained herein was not performed or performed by -specified sources or persons. . The oil recovery experiment shows that ZnO gives the highest recovery factor, namely 31% compared to CoO and AbO3, which only have a recovery factor of 12.5% and 10% respectively. This is a new contribution to the industry, as the role of EM wave to the ZnO is significant. In addition, I would like to thank my colleagues for their constructive comments and sharing of knowledge during the progress of this thesis.
To my beloved parents, I would like to express my sincere gratitude for their continuous support and encouragement towards the success of this project. Oil will continue to make up the largest share of the world's primary energy mix until at least 2030. According to the World Energy Outlook 2004, there are sufficient oil resources in place for the period up to 2030, provided that sufficient investments are made and that new technologies for enhanced oil recovery (lOR) or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are available (lEA 2004 ) [1].
Oil recovery can be classified into three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary, which is EOR. Primary oil recovery is limited to hydrocarbons that rise naturally to the surface or those that use artificial lifting devices such as pumps. Secondary recovery involves the injection of water and gas, which displaces the oil and drives it to the surface.
Problem Statement
Objective and Scope of Study
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Hardware
A Fluxgate magnetometer was used to detect EM waves and a DAS is used to store data on the transmitted EM waves. A viscometer was used to measure the viscosity of water, brine and oil. This measurement can be made by placing liquid under the spindle and allowing the spindle to rotate as set before reading the viscosity values.
Synthesis of Metal Oxide
Experimental Procedure
Calculation ofMetal Oxide Using Sol Gel Method
Characterization of Nanopowder
X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Results
Both samples have the same intensity of 380.95. Thus, ZnO annealed at 450°C is chosen because of its high intensity and small crystallite size. The tables below show that the atomic and weight percentages of the corresponding elements are zinc, cobalt and oxygen. The intensity of the Raman shift of the metal oxide samples decreased as the annealing temperature was increased.
Permeability is the measurement of the ability of a material, most often rock or unconsolidated material, to transmit fluids. L= length of the cylindrical PVC column (em) A= area of the cylindrical PVC column (cm2). Porosity is the ratio between the pore volumes and that of the rock.
Volume of the rock can be calculated the volume of the PVC column by calculating the diameter times the height of the column. This is because we want to test the ability of the dielectric nanoparticles to recover oil in low porosity and permeability medium. After that, these samples were left for a month and every week observation was made to make sure which of the combinations had a higher suspension layer.
For the first step, the l6452A test fixture was mounted and connected to the monitor. After a short compensation has been performed, the air capacity is measured. Next, nanofluids are poured into the inlet of the armature. Then the Cp-Rp measurement is performed with the liquid in the armature, followed by the dielectric constant calculation. Data has been recorded. Figures 64, 65 and 66 show the result of the dielectric characterization for ZnO, CoO and Al 2 O 1 respectively. Then we moved on to the second brine injection. This time, brine will displace some of the oil until no more oil comes out of the tube and the brine begins to flow. The volumes of oil displaced from the core sample represent the volume of oil recovered from the secondary extraction (flooding by water).
The difference between OOIP and the volume of oil recovered from secondary recovery equals Residual Oil In Place (ROIP). The experiment continues until no more oil is collected at the oil collection section. This oil amount is the total oil that can be recovered using nanofluids and transmitter. Figure 66 shows the setup of the oil recovery experiment. The amount of brine out of the PVC column is equal to the amount of oil injected into the column.
5 ml of oil remains in the column to be recovered in the 3'd recovery stage or in EOR. 4 ml of oil remains in the column to be recovered in the 3'd recovery stage or in EOR. The amount of brine from the PVC column is equal to the amount of oil injected into the column. This represents the amount of OOIP.
From the oil recovery experiment, ZnO gives the highest percentage of oil recovery, which is 31%, while for CoO and Ah03, they obtained about 12.5% and 20.
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX )Result
The weight of the cylindrical PVC column with glass beads is recorded for each sample A, B, and C. The cylindrical PVC column was then set up as shown in Figure 45, using a JASCO PU-2080 Plus pump to keep the brine constant. to flow. flow rate, 2 ml/min. Both tests show that sample A has the lowest value compared to sample B and sample C. It can be concluded that permeability and porosity depend on each other.
Higher suspendability is very important and necessary for nanofluids to be suspended further down the well to recover more oil. The purpose of performing the magnetic characterization is to analyze the dielectric constant, relative loss factor (RLF) and dissipation factor (D-factor). First, nanofluids of I% concentration with I% sodium dodecyl sulfate were prepared to perform the dielectric characterization using LCR Impedance Analysis along with the 16452A fluid test fixture as shown in Figure 63 below.
The dielectric constant is used to determine the ability of an insulator to store electrical energy. These atmospheres are experimented to estimate the percentage of oil that can be recovered when applying each electromagnetic wave PVC column initially saturated with 20 kppm brine until it reaches constant pressure. After that, the oil is injected into the column. The brine is collected until there is no more. the brine was distributed. This volume of brine is equal to the amount of oil injected into the core. This amount of oil is called Original Oil In Place (OOIP). After constant pressure is reached, the PVC column is injected with oil until oil drop is seen in the brine collection section.
This step is stopped when there is no more oil dripping from the plug. During this step, the nanofluid was injected into the column until no more oil drops could be seen in the collection section. During this step, nanofluid was injected into the column until no more oil drop could be seen in the collection section.
From this experiment, ZnO nanofluid successfully recovered about 31 % of oil from OOIP compared to AhO1 and CoO which recovered 20 % and 12 5 % respectively. During the stability test, 1% nanofluid was mixed with and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). This SDS acts as a stabilizer. There are many parameters that can be changed to improve the design and get more accurate results.
Ensure that the particle size is approximately the same to ensure that all particles can be suspended in water during core flooding.
RAMAN Spectroscopy Result
