COOLING SYSTEM FOR KAMPUNG HOUSE
Paul Marcos Anak Aeron
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)
2010
Faculty of Engineering
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UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul: COOLING SYSTEM FOR KAMPUNG HOUSE
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya, PAUL MARCOS ANAK AERON
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membanguankan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan (√) di kotak yang berkenaan.
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yand berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
___________________________ ________________________
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat Tetap:
No 238, Lorong 28G 1F,
Taman Samarindah, PUAN MAHSHURI YUSOF
94300 Kota Samarahan, Nama Penyelia
Sarawak
Tarikh: _______________ Tarikh: _____________
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda ** Jika tesis ini SULIT dan TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
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APPROVAL SHEET
This Final Year Project report as follow:
Title : Cooling System for Kampung House Name : Paul Marcos Anak Aeron
Matrix Number : 17097
Hereby read and approved by,
________________________ Date: _______________
MADAM MAHSHURI YUSOF (SUPERVISOR)
________________________ Date: _______________
MR. ISKANDAR JOBLI (SUPERVISOR)
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PROJECT REPORT
COOLING SYSTEM FOR KAMPUNG HOUSE
PAUL MARCOS ANAK AERON
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor (Honours) of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Report submitted to Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK (UNIMAS) 2010
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Dedicated to my loving father, Mr.Aeron Rumet, and mother, Mrs. Radik Kudi and all my friends who has supported and
encouraged me
Thank you for all the support and encouragement
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Above all, great thank to God upon His blessing for granting me spiritual strength to complete my thesis.
Millions of thanks to my supervisors, Madam Mahshuri bt. Yusof and Mr.
Iskandar bin Jobli for assisting me with priceless guidance, indispensable ideas and comment through my final year project. Extended appreciation to Mechanical and Civil lab technicians, for lending their cooperation; assistance and guidance from the very beginning of my thesis till the completation of it.
My sincere thanks go to all my delightful friends, course mates and individual for their contribution.
Last but not least, my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents, family, and loves one for their endless love and care, continued moral support and encouragement.
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ABSTRACT
In Malaysia, installing heat insulator at the attic region is not practical in kampung area. This study is carried out to determine the reliability of heat insulator to decrease the heat gain in kampung house. Besides that, the study test lokan shell fiber composite as heat insulator material and to compare its performance with other heat insulator as gypsum board, polystyrene and asbestos. Lokan or to be specific, the family of freshwater mussels and the species known as “Polymesoda Expansa”
or in the local dialect recognized it as “lokan”. This study also determines the effect of attic air space ventilation in decreasing the interior region heat gain by the cell.
For this study five identical test cell were used. Four of it were installed with different insulator including lokan composite, the remaining cell were used as a reference. Analysis of result shows that lokan composite was comparable to asbestos and polystyrene performance in the non-ventilated attic region. When attic region is ventilated, lokan composite shows a better performance than any other insulator tested.
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ABSTRAK
Di Malaysia, pemasangan penebat haba di bahagian loteng tidak dilaksanakan di kawasan kampung. Kajian ini di jalankan untuk menentukan keboleharapan penebat haba untuk menurunkan pengumpulan haba di dalam rumah kampung.
Selain daripada itu, kajian ini menguji komposit kulit lokan sebagai bahan penebat haba dan membandingkan prestasinya dengan penebat haba yang lain seperti kepingan gipsum, polisterina dan asbestos. Lokan atau dengan lebih tepatnya,keluarga kerangan hidupan air tawar dikenali sebagai “Polymesoda Expansa” ataupun dalam bahasa tempatan nya digelar sebagai lokan. Kajian ini juga menentukan kesan pengudaraan di kawasan loteng dalam pengurangkan pengumpulan haba di kawasan loteng oleh rumah kecil. Lima rumah kecil yang sama digunakan untuk kajian ini.empat daripadanya dipasang dengan penebat haba termasuk komposit lokan, rumah kecil yang selebihnya dijadikan rujukan. Dari penganalisaan keputusan menunjukan di kawasan loteng yang tidak ada pengudaraan, prestasi komposit lokan setanding dengan asbestos dan polisterina.
Apabila kawasan loteng diudarakan, lokan composite menampakkan prestasi yang lebih baik dari penebat haba lain yang diuji.
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LIST OF CONTENTS
Borang Pengesahan Tesis i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment v
Abstract vi
Abstrak
List of Contents
vii viii
List of Tables xii
List of Figures Nomenclature
xiii xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.0 Introduction 5
2.1 Heat Transfer in House Attic 6 2.1.1 Effects of Environmental Variables on Attic Thermal Exchanges
8
2.1.1.1 Radiation Heat Transfer in Attics 8
2.1.1.2 Conduction Heat Transfer Process in Attics 9
ix
2.1.1.3 Convection Heat Transfer in Attics 2.1.1.4 Solar Radiation on Attic Outer Surfaces 2.1.1.5 Net Sky Radiation from Attic Outer
Surfaces
2.1.2 Moisture Transport across Attic Structures 2.2 Structural Elements Affecting the Thermal Collection
2.2.1 Window Orientation and Sizing 2.2.2 Floor Type
2.2.3 Wall Construction 2.3 Zinc Metal Roof
2.3.1 Types of Zinc Metal Roof
2.3.1 Factors Affect the Zinc Metal Roof Run- Off
2.3.1.1 Effect of Orientation 2.3.1.2 Effect of Inclination 2.3.2 The Role of Ventilation 2.3.3 Service Life
2.4 Roof Insulation 2.4.1 Thermal Conductivity 2.4.2 Thermal Conductance 2.4.3 Thermal Resistance
2.4.4 Specific Thermal Resistance 2.4.5 Thermal Transmittance
10 11 11
12 13
13 14 14 15 15 18
18 19 21 22 23 23 24 25 25 26
x
2.4.6 Available Types of Thermal Insulation for Buildings
2.4.6.1 Organic Materials 2.4.6.2 Inorganic Materials
2.4.6.3 Metallic or Metalized Reflective Membranes
26
27 31 32
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 33
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Experimental Apparatus
3.3 The Test Cell Materials Selection 3.3.1 Aluminum
3.3.2 Zinc 3.3.3 Wood
3.4 Polyester resin
3.5 Controlling the polyester curing process 3.6 Test Methodology
3.7 Measuring device
33 34 34 36 37 38 39 41 44 47
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 49
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Insulation effect on indoor thermal comfort
4.3 Ventilated attic effect on the cells
49 50
55
xi
4.4 Results for non-ventilated versus ventilated attics: composite insulation cells
61
4.5 Composite reliability as ceiling heat insulator
64
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 67
5.0 Introduction 67
5.1 Recommendations 68
REFERENCES 71
APPENDIX 75
xii
LIST OF TABLES
No Table Page
1 Table 2.1: Thermal resistance of attic spaces 8
2 Table 2.2: Parts of ventilated and compact metallic roof 16
3 Table 2.3: Forms of the insulators 27
4 Table 2.4: Insulation value and energy requirements of building material
30
5 Table 2.5: Thermal conductivity of inorganic materials for building materials
31
6 Table 3.1:Specification of the test cell 35
7 Table 3.2: Physical and mechanical properties for aluminium 36
8 Table 3.3: Physical and mechanical properties 37
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
No Figure Page
1 Figure 2.1: A standard vented triangular attic design 12 2 Figure 2.2: Ventilated and a compact lightweight metallic roof 16 3 Figure 2.3: The amount of precipitation hitting the surface for a given
panel surface (dark line), largely depends on its inclination from horizon
20
4 Figure 2.4: The used zinc laying technique, roll cap roofing, leads to that a part of the surface is vertically oriented towards the rest of the surface
21
5 Figure 2.5: Fiberglass batts 28
6 Figure2.6: Blow-in fiberglass insulation 29
7 Figure 2.7: Thermal resistance (per 5 cm thickness) of common building insulation materials
32
8 Figure 3.1: The test cell materials 35
9 Figure 3.2: Kampung house wood made structure 39
10 Figure 3.3: Polyester resin matrix and lokan fiber shell mixture 41 11 Figure 3.4: Curing resin by using hot press machine 43
12 Figure 3.5: Test cells 45
13 Figure 3.6: Test cell’s attic installed with chimney 46
14 Figure 3.7 Kyowa UCAM Data Logger 60B 47
15 Figure 4.1: Temperature at the Attic Region on Day 1 51 16 Figure 4.2: Temperature at the Interior (room) Region on Day 1 52
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17 Figure 4.3: Temperature Different Between the Interior and Attic Region on Day 1
54 18 Figure 4.4: Temperature at the Attic Region on Day 6 56 19 Figure 4.5: Temperature at the Interior (room) Region on Day 6 58 20 Figure 4.6: Temperature Different Between the Interior and Attic
Region on Day 6
60 21 Figure 4.7: Temperature Different for Ventilated and Non-Ventilated
Attic
62
22 Figure 4.8: Temperature Differences in Composite Cells Attic 62 23 Figure 4.9: Temperature Differences in Composite Interior Cells 63
24 Figure 4.10: Health Effects of Asbestos 65
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NOMENCLATURES
ACM - Asbestos containing material
cm - Centimeter
EPS - Expandable Polystyrene
hc - Mean heat transfer coefficient K - Thermal conductivity of the material
L - Thickness of the material
M - Meter
psi - Pascal-square-inch
Q - Heat flow
Qs1 - Temperature of hot face Qs2 - Temperature of cold face q conv - Convection heat transfer SO2 - Sulfur dioxide
T - Temperature
μm - Micrometer
oC - Degree celsius
% - Percentage
xvi Greek Symbols
l - Thermal conductivity
e - Emmissity of the surface
α - Stefan-Boltzmann constant
τ - Transmittance
ρ - Reflectance
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Nowadays in kampung area, many kampung houses in Malaysia and also in other surrounding countries were still built without insulation at the roofing region.
Kampung is a Malay word for village. Village is a small rural population unit, held together by common economic and political ties. Based on agricultural production, a village is smaller than a town and has been the normal unit of community living in
most areas of the world throughout history.
(http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/kampung).
In Malaysia, traditional kampung house is cool, comfortable and relaxing although it was simple. House functions not only for shelter where they can live inside, take arrest and nurture their family (as living place) but also for place that can
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function to collect resources the settlers have by looking at the available chances.
Generally, house is a must for human beings to complete their basic needs.
Architectural and physical properties of building such as structural material, thermal mass, and its shape are the most important elements which influence the house thermal load. Nowadays zinc is preferred for the roofing material replacing clay tiled and thatch in the back days. Zinc is easy to install, cheap, easy to get and has a longer lifespan. Although it has a lot of advantages, zinc is not a heat insulator.
The heat absorbed by the zinc will warm up the house and create a thermal stress situation inside the house. Another factor causing discomfort in the interior spaces of the kampung houses is the local tropical humid climate.
The typical design approach in the tropical region house construction mostly considering the natural ventilation, thus the house is designed with many openings.
However the most important component that contributes to the indoor thermal comfort is the roof region. As stated by Abdessalam et al (1998), sixty percent of the thermal transfers occur in the roof .By focusing on the roof region a high percentage of thermal heat transfer may be avoided and more energy can be saved due to the decreasing in cooling loads. The kampung house cooling load consists of heat gains through the lack of roofing and building material thermal resistance.
Insulator needs to be added in the kampung house roof components in order to deal with the thermal stress problem. The insulation system is relatively inexpensive, durable and functions on both hot and rainy times in the tropic seasons;
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suitable for the kampung house. Insulator is easy to install during the initial construction of the house.
The insulator material itself holds the important characteristic of insulating material. It’s thermal resistance needs to be considered as it will affect the insulator efficiency. According to Al-Homoud (2004), insulation materials can be made in different forms including loose-fill form, blanket batt or roll form, rigid form, foamed in placed or reflective form. To choose the proper and suitable insulator for the kampung house insulation system, types and form of the material which is depending on the type of application as well as the desired materials physical, thermal and other properties need to be considered. Ulgen (2002) mentioned that material frequently used for building insulation is chosen for their low thermal conductivity and their ability to block the conductive heat flux. For this research, the insulator will be installed at the roof attic, which is located on top of the ceiling.
1.1 Objective
The first main objective of this research is to determine the effectiveness and the efficiency of insulator in reducing the heat flow at the kampung house roof attics. Second aim of this research is to compare lokan shell polyester matrix composite with other insulators such as asbestos, gypsum board and polystyrene as thermal heat insulator for kampung house under Malaysia tropical humid climate.
Lastly, this research will analyze how the air ventilated roof effect the insulator thermal resistance performance. To obtain those objectives, four test cells (kampung house prototype) will be build up. Four different insulators will be installed in the
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four test cells attics and the last one will be reserve as a referent cell. The data in terms of temperatures will be recorded simultaneously by using thermocouples attached with data logger.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.0 Introduction
This chapter notifies and gives some reviews to the general component of the roofing system in the existed buildings. Some research done on the metal roof and performance of the insulator used recently in real life also is included in this chapter.
Problems and limitations of the recently components used for the roofing system is focused, a list of axioms to construct a better natural ventilated building also is being highlight for a more better living with a minimal cost. Besides that, this chapter describes the factors that affecting extra heat addition in the buildings and the effectiveness of the insulation system.
6 2.1 Heat Transfer in House Attic
Attic is a space between the ceiling of the top floor of a building and the roof of a house or other buildings, in other words attic also known as space located below the pitched roof of a house. In the western country, attic is modified into room with multi-purpose. The attics complete with windows and staircases function as bedroom, reading room or space for storage .In tropical climate country as Malaysia, attic is not a suitable place to do any activity because it is an extremely warm area and most attics remain hard to get to and neglected. Attic zone is important to control the house temperature. Attic is categorized as unconditioned zones. According to Sparrow et al. (1995) the temperature level that is attain depends on the intensity of the insulation, the present or absence of the insulations and of a radiant barrier at the interior surface of the roof ,and the strength of the wind-based forced convention heat transfer at the exterior surface of the roof. Ventilation is used to control moisture accumulation and excessive temperatures in attics region. The airflow movement from house to the attic is very significant for the heat and moisture transport. The attic air temperature depends on the meteorological conditions, attic ventilation rate, insulation level, and interior-attic exchange mass flow rate. Walker et al. (2004) reported that the insulator material must be installed to the highest heat thermal transfer occurs to make sure the insulator work efficiently. Referring to Al-Homoud (2005), the best performance can be achieved by placing the insulating material close to the point of entry of heat flow. For the warm humid country, the best place to install the thermal insulator is at the attics. As the insulator works to retarded the heat transfer, at the same time it will be protected from rain pour, sun ray and wind by the
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roof. The convected heat transfer between the attic air and the insulation is given by the stated equation:
q” conv =h c (T insulation – T attic ) ---(2.1)
q” conv = convection heat transfer hc = mean heat transfer coefficient T insulation = insulation temperature
T attic = attic temperature
Chen et al. (1992) proved that hc is greater for upward heat flow. These two factors tend to bring about an increase in convection heat transfer, q” conv, from the top of the insulation to the attic air (Medina and Young, 2005). Table 2.1 below shows the attic space thermal resistance value.
