Design of Transmission Line Tower and Its Performances
by
Mohd Shafiq B. Mohd Zulkifli (10778)
Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Bachelor ofEngineering (Hons) (Civil Engineering)
SEPTEMBER 2011
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar
31750 Tronoh
Perak Darul Ridzuan
CERTIFICATION OF APPROVAL
Design of Transmission Line Tower and Its Performance
Approved by,
by
Mohd Shafiq Bin Mohd Zulkifli (10778)
A project dissertation submitted to the Civil Engineering Programme Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) (CIVIL ENGINEERING)
.... :--!. .: . . ·~ ~ ... .IJ/4 !.~
(A.P Dr. Narayanan Sambu Potty)
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Tronoh,Perak Darul Ridzuan
September 2011
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certifY that I am responsible for work submitted in this project, that the original work is my own concept as specified in the references and
acknowledgements and that the original work contained herein have not been undertaken or done by unspecified sources or persons.
~
...
(MOHD SHAFIQ BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... .
ABSTRACT . . . ... 11
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ... ... ... ... 1
1.1 Background of Project... 1
1.2 Problem Statement . . . ... . . . .. . . ... . . . .. . . .. . . ... 2
1.3 Objectives ... . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... . . .. . . . .. . . ... . . ... . . ... 3
1.4 Scope of Study . . . ... . . .. . . .... 3
1.5 Relevancy of the Project... 4
1.6 Feasibility of the Project within the Scope... 4
And Time Frame CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW... 5
2.1 Introduction . . . ... . . .. . . ... . . ... . . ... 5
2.2 Transmission Line Components... 5
2.2.1 Tower (Types & Materials)... 5
2.2.2 Conductor .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... 6
2.2.3 IDsulator . . . .. . . .. . . ... . . .. . 8
2.2.4 Sag Tension Calculation... 8
2.2.5 Vibration Damper... 9
2.2.6 Over Head Ground Wire (OHGW)... 10
2.3 Ground & Minimum Clearance .. .. .. .. . .. .... .. .... .. .. .. 11
2.4 Design & Optimization Of Lattice Steel Tower... 12
2.5 Average Wind Speed Conversion... 17
2.6 Foundation Design and Type for Transmission Line... 18
Tower CHAPTER3: METHODOLOGY... 19
3.1 Introduction . . . ... . . . ... . . . ... .. . . .. . . ... . . ... 19
3.2 Literature Review ... 20
3.3 Calculation ofload acting on tower based on 3 ... 20
different codes of practice.
3.4 Staad Pro Model & Analysis... 21
3.5 Transmission Line Component for Numerical •••••.•••• 22 Study 3.6 Codes of Practices Parameters .. . . . ... 23
3.6.1 BS 8100 ... 23
3.6.2 IS 802 ... 23
3.6.3 MS 1553 ...••••..•••••..••..••••..••••...••••..•••.•• 23
3. 7 Steps to create tower model using Staad Pro 2007.. ••. 25
3.8 Steps to Perform Analysis on Tower Model Using... 28
Staad Pro 3.9 Gantt Chart and Key Milestone (FYP 1 and FYP 2)... 28
3.10 Tools Required (Software)... 29
CHAPTER 4 : RESULT AND DISCUSSION... 30
4.1 Tower Model using Staad Pro 2007... 30
4.2 Calculation of Load Acting on Tower Body... 32
- - and its components 4.2.1 Wind Speed and Wind Profile . . • • • • . •• • • • • • • •. • • • • • . . 34
4.2.2 Design Wind Speed Percentages Differences... 35
4.2.3 Wind Load Acting on Tower Panel... 38
4.2.4Wind Load Acting on Conductor and Ground... 39 Wire
4.2.5 Gust Response Factor ... .
4.3.1 Sag Tension for Conductor ...•••••.•••.••...•••••..•.•
4.3.2 Sag Tension for Ground Wire .•••.•.•••••.•.••••••..••
4.4 Loading Combination Based on Reliability, •••...••••••
Security and Safety Condition
4.4.1 Reliability Condition ••••••.•••••..••••...•••••.••••.•..•
4,4,1.1 Tr~<~ Pi11grlll11 f<>r BS 810() .,,,,. •• ,. ••. ,. •••• ,.., 4.4.1.2 Tree Diagram for IS 802 ••••••..••••••...••••..••••.
40 42 43 43 45
46 46 46
4.4.1.3 Tree Diagram for BS 8100 ... . 4.4.2 Security Condition ...•••....••....••.•••••••••••.•••••...
4.4.2.1 Tree Diagram for BS 8100 ..••••.•.••••••.•••••••••
4.4.2.2 Tree Diagram for IS 802 ...•••.•••.•••••.••••••..••.
4.4.2.3 Tree Diagram for BS 8100 ... ..
4.4.3 Safety Condition ... . 4.4.3.1 Trt)e Di!!griUII for BS 8100 .,,,,,, ... , .... . 4.4.3.2 Tree Diagram for IS 802 ... . 4.4.3.3 Tree Diagram fQr BS 8100 ... ..
4.5 Tower Deflection Based on Loading Condition ... ..
4.5.1 Reliability Condition ... . 4.5.2 Security Condition ••••••.•••..•••...•••...••••..•••••••••
4.5.3 Safety Condition ... . 4.6 Serviceability Limit States (Deflection) ... .
47 48 48 49 51 52 52 54
55 59 59 60 62 64
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION FOR 65
FUTURE WORK
5.1 Conclusion... 65 5.1 Recommendation for Future Work... 66
~Jr~~~<:~~ ... 67
APPENDIX
69
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Transmission Line Tower. (a) Transverse face (b) Longitudinal 15 face (c) 3D view
Figure2.2 Maximum Wind Speed Average Over ts to Hourly Means Speed 17 Figure 3.1 Sequence of Work for Final Year Project "Design of 19
Transmission Line Tower and its Performance"
Figure 3.2 The methodology for the load calculation for tower design 21 Figure 3.3 Front view of model for modeling and analysis 24 Figure 3.4 Steps to Perform Analysis on Tower Model using Staad Pro 27
Figure 3.5 Gantt Chart FYP I 28
Figure 3.6 Gantt Chart FYP 2 28
Figure 4.1 3D view(Tower with Cross Arm) 30
Figure 4.2 2D view(X direction) 30
Figure 4.3 2D view(Z direction) 31
Figure 4.4 2D view (Y Direction) 31
Figure 4.5 Height from Ground(m) vs Design Wind Speed(m/s) 34 Figure 4.6 Wind Load Acting on Panel based on BS 8100,IS 802 and 38
MS 1553
Figure 4.7 Wind Load acting on Conductor based on BS 81 OO,IS 802 39 andMS 1553
Figure 4.8 Wind Load acting on Ground Wire based on BS 8100, IS 802 40 andMS 1553
Figure 4.9 Gust Response Factor for BS 8100,IS 802 and MS 1553 41
Figure 4.10 Conductor Sag Tension at 33 °C 42
Figure 4.11 Ground Wire Sag Tension at 33 °C 43
Figure 4.12 Reliability (Normal Condition)- BS 8100 46 Figure 4.13 Reliability (Normal Condition)- IS 802 46 Figure 4.14 Reliability (Normal Condition)- MS 1553 47 Figure 4.15 Security (Normal Condition)- BS 8100 48 Figure 4.16 Security (GW Broken Condition)- BS 8100 48 Figure 4.17 Security (TC Broken Condition) - BS 8100 48 Figure 4.18 Security (MC Broken Condition)- BS 8100 48 Figure 4.19 Security (BC Broken Condition)- BS 8100 49
