Editors:
Mohamed Bahlan Ibrahim
Chazali Ahmad
Mohd Rafi Yaacob
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business,
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan
EnTREPREnEURIAL EDUCATion AnD EnTREPREnEURSHIP In mALAYSIA
BOOK OF READinGS
VOlumE II
Editor
Mohamed Dahlan Ibrahim Ghazali Ahmad Mohd Rafi Yaacob
Facul 'of En repreneur hip and Bu ine
ni er i i ala' ia Kelan an
UNIVERSITI MALAY IA K LA1
UNIVER ITI ilALAY
takan Pertama: 13
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sebelum terlebih dahulu mendapat izin bertuli daripada UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA KELANTAl'l
Reka bentuk, atur hUTUf dan diuru cetak 01 h:
Rimbunan Ilmu
dn.Bhd.
No. 92-G, 92-1, 92-2
Blok2 Wi rna alleh aidin
Jalan Dwi Ta ik, Dataran Dwi Ta ik
Bandar Sri Permai uri. 56000 Kuala Lumpur
CONTE T
Li t of Tabl Li t of Figur
bbreviation Li t of ontributor Foreword
Preface
cknox ledgement
lX Xl
Xll
XVlll X1X xxv
SECTION A: ENTREPRENEURSHIP
1. En repreneurial etwork Organisation in Theor 2 and Practice
.\[ohd Rosli J[ohamad
b tract In roduction
Entrepreneurial Reaction the Environment
En repreneurial Proce of Organi a ional Formation Entrepreneurial Innovative daptability and
Organi ational onfiguration
Iodelling Entrepreneurial Network Organi ation The Economic Per pective
The ocial la Per pective The ocial apital Per pective
Inter-organi ational e work in Practice Indu trial Di trict
Bu ine Group trategic Alliance
ub-contracting Arrangement
2. gropreneur ' Per onali Traits and Entrepreneurial ommitment in Terengganu Pa ar Tani Farmer Market
.\fuhammoo Abi {ian Abdul Halim, Zainuddin Zakaria . Aumi Che Hamid
34
b tract Introduction
F }\.1Aand griculture lndu try
III
Agropreneurs' P r onalit Trait at Pa ar Tani Literature Review
Hypotheses and Theoretical Fram work Methodology
Population and ample Data Analysis
Demographic Profile of Re pondent
Relationship of Agropreneur . Per onality Trait and Entrepreneurial Commitment
3. Entrepreneurial Motivation: The Cases oflndian
Restaurant Owners inSelangor and Kelantan, Mala ia
Mohd Ra/i Yaacob &Jiuitho Ramasamy
Abstract
Background of Study Indian Food inMalaysia Literature Review
Entrepreneur and Entrepreneurship Entrepreneur Motivation
Research Framework Methodology
Data Analysis
Demographic of Respondents
Entrepreneurial otivation of India Entrepreneur Discussion Concl usions
4. The Issues of Capacity Building of Mala ian 64 Woods Furniture Entrepreneurs: Toward
Sustainable Competitive Advantage
Tuan. Mohd Rosh Tuan. Hassan, Dalili Izni Shafie, Nih Kamaruzaman Abdulatiff, Mohd Rafi Yaacob &Rustam haari
Abstract Introduction
The Problem Statement Objectives
Significance of the tudy Outcome of the study Scope of Study Review of Literature
A Proposed Research Model Conclusion
IV
5. The Impact of Personality Traits and Knowledge 8 on Entrepreneurial Performance
Wan Farha IVan Zulki/li &Molid Hafizie uhaimi
Ab tract Introduction
Sale ver u marketing
R&D and the need for commercialization Marketing problems and market con traint Finding the connections
Challenge facing R&D
The R&D world - in the eyes of government agencies, R&D personnel
Current scenarios - issues and challenges hallenges in new product development Why do new product fail?
orne po ible bu ine s model Branding
Rem unera tionfReward
Organisational true ure - get the right team Out ourcing
ritical ucce factor
SECTION B: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
6. Adoption of Business Strategy and High 106
Involvement Human Resource Practices: A Study of Small and Medium Enterprises in Malaysia
\Vee Yu Ghee, Kamarul Z<lman Ahmad &Yap Sheau Fen
Ab rae Introduction Literature Re iex Re earch Iethodologie Re ult
Di cu ion and Prac ical Implication Limita ion and Future Re earch Recommenda tion
7. Competency Ba ed Training: A p cial 0 u n 133 Service Quality in SME
Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani Azm" AII1:' habudin &Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahsm
Abstract Introduction
Training and Organizational Performance Training and ervice Qualit '
Training and ervice Quality in ivIE
Competency-ba ed Training and ervice uality in SMEs
Conclusion
8. Relationship Between Political Beha ior in 1-15 Performance Apprai al S stem and Di tributi
Justice: An Empirical tud in the Main Office of Postal Service Compan , Sar awak, Malaysia
Azman Ismail, Awangku Mohamed .\'aj,b &Zelina Ibroium
Abstract In trod uction
Objective of the tud Literature Review Methodology Findings
Discussion and Implications Conclusion
9. Does Innovation Types Moderate the Rela ion hip 163 Between Organization Learning Capability and
Technological Innovation in Manufacturing Process?: A Proposed Framework
Adam Mat &Razli Che Rozak
Abstract Introduction
Propo ed Research Hypothe e Conclusion
vi
SECTION : COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE
10. The Impact of Locu of Control on Competitive 1 2 Advantage and Profitability in Craft Indu try
. fuhommod Abi {ian Abdul Halim, haladiri Muda &IVan Abdul Aziz Wan .l1ohdAmin
b tract Introduction
Kraftangan alay ia and raft Indu try Mala ian raftpreneur and Locu of Control Literature Review
Significance of tudy Methodology
Data Analy i
Di cu ion and Recommendation Conclu ion
11. Malaysian SMEs Competing in Global Business: 200 A Comparative Study
Muhammad. aqib Mat Yunoh
b tract In trod uction Literature Review
lethodology Finding Conclu ion
International entrepreneur hip rategic leader hip and growth Indone ian experience
onclu ion
Vll
SECTION D:
TOURI M D HO PIT LI12. Networking Moti of mall om dati n irrn :..23
Ghazali Ahmad
Ab tract Background
Previou tudy on t\ tworking Among mall Accomodation
Objective of the tudy Methodology
Finding
The Network trategy
Concluding Remark and R commendation
13. The I ues of Hospitali r and Touri m Edu ation 2·H in Malay ia
Mohd Fadil J10hd Yusof iGhazal, Ahmad
Ab tract Introduction
Propo ed Re earch
Objective of the Propo ed Re earch Conclusion
14. "Thank You: Plea e orne Again".
patronage Intention in Hotel Indu
Jamal Abdul 'assir hoari, Nordiano Ahmad. 'ordm Fong
Ab tract Introduction Literature Review Methodology Finding Di cu ion
Implication and onclu ion
5
lOlL
15. De tination Image and Intention to Revi it Tioman I land Pahang
Hazryatt Hashrm
264
Introduction
Literature Re iew
Re arch Methodology and Re ult onclu ion and Recommendation
16. The Bu iness of Touri m:An Overview of Brand 279 De tination Branding and De tination Brand
Equi in Touri m De tination Marketing ommunication
Azilah Kasim &Ashraf Alteehi Alfondi
bract In roduc ion
De tination Branding and It Importance Brand Equity and It Importance
r rea uring Brand Equity
BBE Dimen ion and The C Influence De tination \ arene
Percei ed BrandlDe tination Image Brand Lo 'alty
Pereei ed Quali onclu ion
LX
LIST OF TABLE Table
1.1: General Characteri tic of th Thr arm 0
Organi ation
2.1: The umber of Population and ampl
2.2: Indicators in Depend nt, Ind p nd nt and. ,rod rating Variables
2.3: Reliability Anal i of ariable
2.4: Model Summar ofInve igated ariabl 2.5: ANOVA
2.6: Multiple Linear Regre ion 3.1: Demography of Re pond nt
5.1: The Li t of mes/Entrepreneur inKelantan, 20
5.2: Entrepreneurial haracteristic - Per anal and Manag rial Which Can Lead To Failure
5.3: Reliability alues on Pilot Te t for the Element of P r nality Traits
5.4: Reliability Values on Pilot Te tfor Knowl dge
5.5: Reliability Value on Pilot Test for En repren ur Performanc 5.6: Per anal Background of Re pondent
5.7: Type of Bu ine and Bu ine ector 5.8: Correlation Analysi
5.9: Multiple Regre ion Analy i for ariable Pr dieting Entreprenem Performance
6.1: High Involvement HR I trategy Item 6.2: Reliability Coefficients for Major ariable 6.3: Firm Performance
8.1: Participant Characteri tic
=
13 8.2: Item Validity8.3: Validity and Reliabili e for Iea ur ment cale 8.4: Pearson Correlation Analy . and D cnptive tali ic 8.5: Results for Stepwi e Regre ion Analy i
10.1: The Measurement of ariable 10.2: Population and ample 10.3: The Re ults of Reliability
10.4: The Model Summary of tepwi e Regre Ion 10.5: The Coefficients of tepwi e Regre ion 10.6: Model ummar of tepwi R gr ion 10.7: Coefficients of tepwi e Regr ion
13.1: Undergraduate Touri m and Ho pitality Educa ion inPublic Higher Education In itu ion inMala - ia dapt d From Bagul and Marzuki 2007
14.1: ourc d For Que tionnaire 14.2: Re pondent Profile
14.3: Rotat d omponent Matrix on Employee Performance
14.4: on-elation betw en Emplo ee Performance and ustomer Re- Pa ronage
14.5: Emplo ee Performance and Re-Patronage Intention Variance ummar
14.6: Emplo ee Performance and Re-Patronage Intention Coeffient
ummar
15.1: Pear on on-elation Matrix for IV 0D 15.2: Pearson orrelation Matrix for MV to D 15.3: Group tati tic for Independent ample Te t
15.4: Independent amples Te t
16.1: ixMajor Per pective on Brand Equity Dimen ions in the Literature (1991- 2009)
Xl
LIST OF FIGURE Figures
1.1(a): Entrepreneurial Dynarni 1.1(b): Entrepreneurial Dynami m a
1.1(c): Entrepreneurial Dynami math [a
1.2: Three Forms of Economic rgani arion
1.3: Entrepreneurial etwork Organi ation: lnt grati Framework
2.1: Theoretical Framework of gropreneurs' P r onality Trait and Entrepreneurial Commitment
3.1: Shows the Re earch Framework
4.1: Links Between Firm Re ource apabilitie And or Competencie
4.2: A Proposed Re earch ilodel for a apacity Building and Sustainable Competitive dvantage of Malay ian \ ood Furniture Entrepreneur
5.1: Framework for Research Linking the haract ri tic 5.2: Theoretical Framework
6.1: Research Framework 8.1: Conceptual Framework 9.1: Proposed Framework
10.1: The Path- Iodel of Locu of ontrol, ompe itive dvantage.
and Profitability
11.1: The Utilisation of the e work
15.1: Result From Pear on Correlation Anal . for IV to D\ and For MV to DV
xu
ABBREVIATIONS ni er iti "t\ ala ia Kelantan (UMK) Re earch & De elopment (R&D)
Facult of Entrepr neur hip and Bu ines (FEB) Prim Entrepreneurial Lecture erie (pEL ) Entrepren urial i it EV)
tud nt inEnterpri e Programme ( IEP) tud nt Enterpri e entre ( E )
In titute of Higher Learning (lHL
Federal griculture Marketing uthori y (FAMA) Entrepreneurial etwork Organi ation (E 0) Japan External Trade Organi ation (JETRO)
tati ical Package for ocial cience (P ) Human Re ource Management (HR 1)
Know ledge, kill and bili ie (KS mall edium Enterpri e S E) Re ource-Ba ed iew (RBV) Kno ledge Management (KM) Re ource -Ba ed iew Theory (RBV)
mall and Medium Indu trie Development orporation ( MIDEC) Iala sian Technology De elopment Corporation (MTDC)
Majli Amanah Rak) at (MAR )
E Bank mall edium Enterpri e Bank Perbadanan U aha wan a ional Berhad (PUNB)
Malay ian En repreneur hip Development entre (MEDE ew Economic Policie (NEP)
a ional Development Policy fiP) Total Factor Productivit (TFP
mall & Iedium Indu rie Development orpora ion ( MIDEC) Iinistr of International Trade ITI)
High Performance ork tern (HPW ) To al Quali Ianagernent (TQM)
andard Deviation D
Competenc -Ba ed Training ( BT)
Main Office of Na ional Po tal er tee om pan in arawak.
'!ala ia 10 NP 0 ~
Xlll
Exploratory Factor naly i EF) Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin Te t(KM ) Multinational Corporation (M r
Pernasaran Rahman Mahir dn Bhd Orange Kuala Holding I) dn Bhd
=nformation and Communication T chnology Jood Manufacture Practice G IP
Jrange Kuala Holding KH B
3LI (Electronic Library Information a igator
=.tIalaysia Development uthority 1ID Malaysian Association of Hotel (MAR
Ministry of Culture, Art and Touri m T ational Productivity Corporation I:P
lU
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
bdul Rahman bdul Rahim PhD, nior Lecturer Faculty of Bu ine Managem nt, Univ r ityof Technology MARA
or, Facul yof Bu ines anagement, Univer ityof Technology MARA
B linda Bong iaw Fong arketing . Department of ommerce. Poli eknik Kota KinabaJu. abah
dam Mat
Alwi habudin
PhD, lrbid ationaJ Univer it wangku Mohamad ajib BSc (Hon ) in Human Re ource
Development, Research A istant, Facultyof ognitive cience &
Human Development niversiti Mala ia arawak
Azemi he Hamid PhD, A ociate Profes or, Faculty of Bu ine s Management, Terengganu Branch Univer ity of Technology MARA
Azilah Ka im PhD. ociate Profes or, chool
of Touri m, Ho pitality and Environmental Management,
ni er iti tara Mala ia. isiting cholar at niver it of Briti h
ancouver. Canada
Azman I mail PhD, As ociate Profe sor. Faculty of Economic and Bu ine ,Univer iti
x
Dalili Izni hafie latrofHumanR of Bu in Branch, MAR
Ilhaamie Abdul Ghani Azmi PhD. nt
Ghazali Ahmad r,
Hazzyati Ha him MB ,Faculty of Entr pr n and Bu in
Kelantan
Jamal Abdul
Jivitha Rama am
Kamarul Zaman Ahmad
Mohd Fadil Mohd Yu of
urer.
Mohd Hafizi uhaimi
K Ian an
Mohd Rafi Yaacob PhD Profe or D an of Faculty of Entr pren urship and Bu ine ,Universiti Mala ia Kelantan
Mohd Ro li lohamad PhD, A ociate Prof or Head Department of Finance and Bu ine Faculty of
Entrepreneur hip and Bu ine , Univer iti Malay ia Kelantan Muhamad bi ofian Abdul Halim PhD, enior lecturer, Faculty
of Bu ine s Management
Terengganu Branch Univer it of Technology MARA
Muhammad aqid Mat Yunoh MSc.(International Busine Facul y of Entrepreneur hip and Busines Universiti Malaysia Kelantan ik Kamaruzarnan Abdul Latiff
ordiana Ahmad ordin
Razli he Razak
PhD Associate Professor Facult of Bu ine s
PhD, As ociate Profe or, Facul of Entrepreneur hip and Bu ine Univer iti Malaysia Kelantan
Ru tam haari ME (Finance. enior
Lecturer, Facult of Bu ine anagement, Kelantan Branch, ni er itv of Technology MARA
KVll
haladin Muda d
Zainuddin Zakaria
1
Y
Tuan Mohd Ro IiTuan Ha an
Wan Abdul Aziz
Wan Farha an Zulkifli
Wee Yu Ghee
Yap Sheau Fen PhD. nior Lee ur r, Auckland
ni r ity of Technolo r ,
Zalina Ibrahim M c. t rnational Bu in
Faculty of Bu in
Manag m n. arawak Branch.
niv r iy of Technolo i:vIARA
XVlU
FOREWORD
Thi b ok. Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurship in Mala.' io: Book of Readings, Volume II i a compilation of article wri t, n b lee ur r of the Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business,
ni er iti ala ia Kelantan and lecturers of variou in titution of high rlearning hroughout the country a well as their counterpart from other countrie. ariou theme of entrepreneurship in thi book are augur well wi hthe University's philo ophy of entrepreneurial education a an engine of economic growth. Without a slighte t doubt thi book will be a u eful resource for academic communities, students and al 0for entrepreneur and future entrepreneurs.
Since it inception Univer iti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) ha been entru ted to explore, develop and ill erninate entrepreneurial knowledge and informa ion in Malay ia. UMK aspires to materialize the taglines which are Entrepreneurial niversity, Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurship is Our Thrust. UMK hopes to deliver entrepreneur hip education at it be t. Entrepreneurial education at U1vlK i delivered through variou means such a teaching and learning re earch & development (R&D), seminars, workshop and conven ions writing and publi hing which will fulfil the needs of the industr and the nation. Prominent entrepreneurs as well as well-known academician are invited to the campus to hare their experience. novel approach to entrepreneurship learning that combine outcome ba ed learning and tudents centred learning are inculcated in eaching at the univer ity will accelerate the aspiration of our countr to be a developed country inthe ear 2020.
Thank ou
Profe or Da uk Dr. Raduan Bin Hj. he Ro e ice hancellor
niver ii Iala ia Kelantan
Karung Berkunci 36, Pengkalan hepa 16100 Kota Bharu. Kelantan ilalay ia
XlX
PREF
Apart from teaching, lecturer of h facul y al 0 con ribu domain of entrepreneur hip and bu ine hrough 0 h r They dis eminate th ir knowledge and exp rti hrou h r seminar, work hop, conference a well a c n ul ali n. Thi
xx
i th 2nd. olume of a compilation of variou articl writt n b 1 ctur r of Faculty of Entr pr n ur hip and Bu ine Univer ii Malay ia Kelantan and other lectur r in entrepreneur hip and bu in in various Institute of High r Learning (IHL in l1ala ia.
The aim of this book i to help la the groundwork for n r pr n urial education and en repreneurship in IHL in particular and in
alaysia in general. Unlike with he 1t. Volume which i heavil focu ed on entrepreneurial education thi volume focu e more on entrepreneur hip and other i sues in bu ine .
Altogether there are 16 chapter of thi book. It comprises 4 main section under different theme - entrepreneur hip human re ource management, competitive advantage and touri m and ho pitali . The first theme con ist 5 chapter, chapter 1 to 5. The fir t chapter by Mohd Ro li Mohamad debates theory and practice of entrepreneurial network organi ation. He argue that the burgeoning intere t of cholars in the area of entrepreneur hip has complicated he interpretation of the word entrepreneurship. Each and every cholar eem to engage inthe Indian parable of a blind man with an elephant. As uch the in erpretation of entrepreneurship is narrowly focu ed on specific area and fails to look at entrepreneurship a a whole. a result the author argues that the literature incapables to integrate entrepreneur hip with network and organisation into a
ingle and coherent framework. oining the Entrepreneurial Network Organi ation concept, the author how how the entrepreneur a a prime d namic factor adapts to it need and the environment change , which ultimatel hape certain form of organization. By examining indu trial di tricts, bu ine group, trategic alliance and sub- contrac ing arrangement as the ca e he author conclude how and wh the are formed in the real world. A chapter b Muhammad
bi ofian bdul Halim, Zainuddin Zakaria and Azemi Che Hamid inve tigated gropreneur personality traits and entrepreneurial commitment. The au hor used entrepreneur at Pasar Tani in Terengganu a their ca e. U ing the ampling frame of agropreneur regi tered under Federal griculture Marketing uthority FAMA) in the ta e 24 e of que tionnaire were di eminated. They conduct d a multiple regre ion analy is to determine he influence le el of per onality trai on entrepreneurial commitmen . Their re ult bowed that hat more than thir percent of the ariance in entrepreneurial commi men could be predicted from the factor of per onali trait. The finding of heir tud i importan for FAMA Tel' ngganu in de igning entr pr neurial developmen programme
XXI
for the agropreneur e pecially on th d and entrepreneurial commitm nt. Thi
Mohd Rafi Yaacob and Jiviha dlo Rama am' wh inv
motivate Indian entrepreneur to operat Indian r t ur n in Kelantan and Selangor? They u ed David Me I Hand motivation I theory to an wer the re earch qu tion. ccording to th th rv the four motivation of entrepreneur hip ar : n d 0 achi v m nr.
authority and power affiliation and af ty and curity. I th r four Indian re taurant owner in langor and Klan n \ r approached and data were gathered u ing face to fac int rvi w .
The results of the tud are in line with mo t motivational acto! 0
David McClelland .
xxu
p opl comp tency. All the will Iad to u tainabl comp titi ad antage in th indu tr . In the la t part of th chapt r a mod of apacity building toward u tainable comp titiv advantag
propo d b the author to explain th i ue in th context of alay ian wood furniture of Bumiputra entrepr n ur .
econd them i human re ource management, pecially bu ine trategy and high human re ource practice, competenc ba ed- training and performance apprai al tern are di cus ed in Chapter 6, 7 and 9 re pecti el . The fir t chapter under this theme is written b Wee Yu Ghee Kamarul Zaman Ahmad and Yap Sheau Fen who in e tigated the linkage between bu ine trategy and invol ement human re ource management and their impact on firm performance.
sing 42 SMEs in Malay ia, the finding how that there were ignifican relation hip among the e variable. Their finding
rengthen the need to implement high involvement human re ource trategie. econd chapter under this theme is written b IIhaamie
bdul Ghani Azmi Alwi Shabudin and Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim.
In their concept paper the tres the importance of the introduction of Competenc -Ba ed Training to enhance quality of service provided by an organi ation. Enhancement of ervice quality in turn has a po itive impact on organi ation performance. The authors sugge t empirical tud on SME to upport their hypothesis. The chapter by zman I mail and Zalina Ibrahim examines the relationship between poli ical behaviour in performance apprai al system and job atisfaction of 137 emplo ees of a po tal service in Sarawak. They found hat political behaviour in performance appraisal sy tern determine the distributi e justice in the tudied organi ation. As far a heore ical contribution of the tud i concerned, the finding reveal hat he abili of appraiser to properly implement political behaviour in performance apprai al terns can lead to increa e apprai e feeling of di tribu i e ju tice inthe studied organization
111 arawak.
The hird heme of thi book rel a e to organi ational competitive ad antage. dam Iat and Razli he Razak concern for inno ation
ype a moderator be ween the relation hip between organi ational learning capabilit and technological inno ation implementation in manufac uring pro . The author tre hat innovation i an importan tool for W' . al in toda compe iti e environment. ing r ourc -ba d vies th ory he de eloped heir propo ed framework.
ccording to th ir propo ed framework wo type of innovation are
xxiii
The last theme of the book i
lQUV
hospitality curriculum particularl
further chapter under thi them i written by Jamal bdul haari ordiana Ahmad ordin and Belinda Bong iaw Fong. ing ER Q AL dimen ion, the chapter aim to examine the r lation hip between employe p rformance and cu tomer re-patronag in ntion in hotel indu tr in Kuching, Sarawak. Th re ul of the tud
howed that employee' a titude empath re pon ivene a urance are trongl a ociated with cu tomer re-patronage intention. But further analy i through the multiple regre ion
how onl attitude and empath that significantly affect cu tomer re-patronage intention. far a the implication and conclu ion i concerned hotel management not only should focu on the efficiency of the service but also on the effectivene e pecially to make cu tomer really happ . In thi respect frontline staffs that have high interaction with cu tomer should be more caring and ensitive to customer need and want. chapter by Hazzyati Hashim provide more in ight into inten ion to revisit amongst tourists to white sandy beache and clear cr tal water of Tioman Island, Pahang. U ing 240 self-administered que tionnaires he found that cognitive image had ignificant and direct influences on tourists intention to revisit the island. Implication of her stud is both destination manager and marketer to co-operate in understanding what i image i all about and develop pecial a tribute and activitie 0 reinforce touri t
ati faction in order to increase the intention amongst touri t to revi it the i land. The la t chapter under this theme by Azilah Kasim and hraf Alteehi Alfandi provides an overview of brand destination branding, and de ination brand equity in tourism destination marketing communication. The author conclude their chapter by empha izing all the e three con truct in order to attract tourist in he curren cenario of touri m very globalization fierce competitions and new de tination coming up in the market place.
Profe or Dr. Mohamed Dahlan Ibrahim Associate Profe or Dr. Ghazali Ahmad Dr. Mohd Rafi Yaacob
xxv
ACKNOWLED ElVIE T
We are grateful to Almighty Allah. or hi m rei uln .. and bl 10 First of all we would like to expre gratitud to all taff and c II at Universiti Malay ia Kelantan. e pecially to PI" r tuk Raduan Hj. Che Ro e the ice- hancellor of ni r i i _lal y i Kelantan for encouragement, help and con tant upport to n UI the completion of thi book. 1K Pub Ii h I'd our gratirud for the publication of thi book.
v
e would al a lik to xprsincere gratefulness to all contributor of th book and 0 academic and non academic taff of the Facult ' of En r pr n ur hip and Bu iness. We would like to expre inc r thank- o J nna Tan Ying Min, Sekolah enengah Teknik Kuala Krai who proo -r ad our manuscript.
Last but surely not lea t to our wive and children. 0\ a gr at deal for understanding, acrifices unwa ering upport and moti ation t
enable us to complete this book.
SECfION A
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
h pt r 1
E TREPRE
. I. .Iohd 0 II
AB TRACT
The upsurge of intere t of the cholar on ntr pr n ur hip in Ih / few decades has een th unprec d nt d in r a in lh numb r 0 - studies in this area. on qu ntly, ntr pr n ur hip in th« Iii ratur becomes elusive as different cholar II dif], r ntl; Th LLor part is that the literature fail a J t to tnt rat Ih can pi 0-
entrepreneurship, network and organ; allOn into a in I from lark.
Coining the Entrepreneurial etuiork rgom allOTl can pi, thi»
paper shows how the entrepr n ur a prim d;nomic
It
lor d p' to his need and the enuironment chong • uhlch ultima! I_ h p ~ certain forms of organization. Indu trial di trict , bu. in roup . strategic alliances and subcontracting in indu trial productio Ihot characteristics of the organisational cone pi and u.arran peci I attention in this paper.Keywords: Entrepreneurship, network, organ; ation
2
INTR D TI
ntr pr n ur hip in th pa t wa link d to th found r and own r of firm (Rieple and akarnam, 1994. uch
1 of analy i is a common view in th tudy of ch nd 1. 1990. In the later developm nt, orne cholar doted th ir intere t to organi ational (corporate) ntr PI' n ur hip a a n \ 1 vel of anal is ( te en on and Jarillo, 1990: hang. 199 ), owing to the ignificant pre ence of e pecially larg corporation in contemporary bu ine activities characteri d by th eparation of 0\ ner hip and management or control. Thi corporat entr preneur hip. to a certain extent. i identified in two form, nam 1 - intrapreneur hip and exopreneur hip ( hang, 199 ).
Th fir t entrepr neur hip c nter around entrepreneurial action of \ hich inno ation are gen rated in ern ally to revitali e largely bureaucrat" ed organi ation to become trategically entrepreneurial performer. while the latter acquire innovation from external
ource . par icularly from bu ine counterpart.
De pi e the po itive de elopmen inthe theory of entrepreneur hip early literature. probabl ub tantiall influenced b economic viewpoint, tend to treat n repreneur hip, a independent entity.
In the r cent p riod. however a group of scholar have begun to gain intere tin inter-organi ation network. They fail a yet to how how entrepreneur hip. ne work and organi ation are interrelated to one another. Thu ,thi paper attempt to integra e the concept of entrepr neur hip. network and organi ation in a ingle framework which i r ferred to a Entrepr neur hip etwork Organi ation and explain ho thi organi ational configuration could occur in theory and practice.
E TREPRE EURIAL REA TIO TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Entrepr neurial factor are no tatic but ad "TIamicactor. They would activ 1 . react to any change in internal and external environment
urrounding them. The only problem i how to identify thi dynamic factor when bu ine or economic organi ation exi . The olution to thi probl m could b achiev d by examining hi torical and analytical d v lopm nt of he cone pt of en repreneur hip and organi ation them 1
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