DISPOSAL METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE PRODUCED IN RURAL AREA
JASMINE ANAK JOHN
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
2010
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
THESIS STATUS ENDORSEMENT FORM
TITLE DISPOSAL METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE PRODUCED IN RURAL AREA
ACADEMIC SESSION: 2009/2010
I JASMINE ANAK JOHN
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The following Final Year Project:
Title : Disposal Method For Solid Waste Produced In Rural Area
Author’s Name : Jasmine Anak John Matric No. : 16363
has been read and endorsed by:
_______________________ _________________
Jethro Henry Adam Date Supervisor
DISPOSAL METHOD FOR SOLID WASTE PRODUCED IN RURAL AREA
JASMINE ANAK JOHN
This thesis is submitted to Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of
Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2010
Specially devoted to …
My beloved family
&
My loyal friends
Thank you all for showering me with all your love and care.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to express my utmost gratitude to God for His abundant blessings and for the idea for me to successfully accomplish this Final Year Project. Secondly, I am very grateful to my supervisor, i.e. Mr. Jethro Henry Adam for all the idea and guidance without which this study would have been very difficult to complete. I also wish to express my gratitude to Mr. John Lungan for the guidance on solid waste management aspects for Kampung Slabi Entukuh in this study. Next, I also indebted to my friends for their moral and material support. My sincere acknowledgment goes also to the dwellers of Kampung Slabi Entukuh for their generosity in sharing useful information for this study. Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents for their encouragement and financial support upon the completion of this project, in which the hard work and effort behind this project is dedicated for them.
ABSTRAK
Peningkatan populasi dan status ekonomi telah menyumbang kepada peningkatan penjanaan sisa pepejal di Malaysia dan membawa masalah dalam sistem pengurusan sisa pepejal yang sedia ada. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mencari kaitan antara latar belakang penduduk kampung dengan kadar penjanaan sisa pepejal, mengenal pasti jenis sisa pepejal yang dijana, mendapat kadar penjanaan sisa pepejal bagi Kampung Slabi Entukuh dan mencadangkan cara pengurusan sisa pepejal yang dijana di Kampung Slabi Entukuh. Skop kajian adalah untuk menunjukkan corak penjanaan sisa pepejal di kawasan luar bandar berdasarkan latar belakang penduduk yang mempengaruhi kadar penjanaan sisa pepejal. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan menyediakan borang soal selidik dan data terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science). Tinjauan penjanaan sampah adalah untuk mengenal pasti jenis sisa pepejal yang dijana dan mendapat kadar penjanaan sisa pepejal. Daripada analisis, jenis sisa pepejal yang major adalah bahan organik dan kadar penjanaan sisa pepejal ialah 0.185 kg/orang/hari. Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi penjanaan sisa pepejal adalah latar belakang penduduk seperti pendidikan, pendapatan dan saiz keluarga, kekerapan penyediaan makanan dan pembuangan sisa pepejal.
ABSTRACT
Increasing population and economy status have contributed to the increasing volume of solid wastes produced over Malaysia create problems on the existing solid waste management system. The purpose of this study is to relate the villagers’
background with generated solid waste rate, to identify the composition of solid waste generated, to obtain the solid waste generation rate for Kampung Slabi Entukuh and to propose disposal method for solid waste produced in Kampung Slabi Entukuh. The scope of study is to show the pattern of solid waste generation in rural areas on villagers’ background that can affect of solid wastes disposal rate. Data collection was conducted by preparing questionnaire and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS method. The waste survey is conducted to identify type of solid waste composition and to achieve the solid waste generation rate. From the analysis, the major type of solid waste produced is organic matter and the solid waste generation rate is 0.185 kg/person/day. The major factor that affects the solid waste generation is villagers’ background such as education, family income and size, frequency of food preparation and frequency of waste disposal.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page Dedication
Acknowledgement Abstrak
Abstract List of Table List of Figure List of Photo
List of Abbreviation
ii iii iv v vi vii
ix x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Aim & Objective 1.4 Scope of Study
1 3 4 4 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
2.1.1 Solid Waste Classification 2.1.2 Solid Waste Generation 2.2 Solid Waste Management (SWM)
2.2.1 Waste Hierarchy
2.2.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management 2.3 Rural Area Waste
2.3.1 Rural Solid Waste Collection Alternatives 2.3.2 Waste Stream Reduction
2.3.2.1 Recovery
6 8 10 12 12 13 15 16 18 18
2.3.2.2 Composting 2.4 Solid Waste Data Collection 2.4.1 Types of Solid Waste Data
2.4.2 Waste Disposal Characterization Method 2.5 Solid Waste Management In Rural Areas 2.5.1 Solid Waste Management In Oklahoma 2.5.2 Solid Waste Management In Ilorin, Nigeria
20 34 34 35 38 38 41 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Background 3.1.1 Initial Study 3.1.2 Data Collection
3.1.3 Method of Waste Weighing Analysis 3.1.4 Data Analysis
3.1.5 Result and Recommendation 3.2 Study Area
43 44 44 45 48 48 49 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 General
4.2 Villagers’ Background Analysis 4.3 Solid Waste Disposal Method
4.4 Type of Solid Waste Generated Analysis 4.5 Proposed Solid Waste Management for Kampung Slabi Entukuh
51 52 64 69 74
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 80
5.2 Problem Faced 5.3 Recommendation
81 82
REFERENCES 83
APPENDICES 88
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Table Page
1 Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable Wastes:
Designation Time
10
2 Waste to Include In or Exclude from The Compost Pile 30
3 Troubleshooting Composting Problems 32
4 Classification of Characteristics of Waste 35
5 Relationship of Education Level and Age Range 53 6 Relationship between Education Level and Occupation 54 7 Relationship between Family Size and Family Income 56
8 Type of Communication 58
9 Frequency of Food Preparation 62
10 Different Methods Used In Disposing Solid Waste 69 11 Estimated Weight of Solid Waste Compositions
Generated Per Day
71
12 Estimated Weight of Generated Solid Waste Composition
72
vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
1 Study Structure 5
2 Materials Flow and the Generation of Solid Wastes in a Technological Society
11
3 Maine’s Hierarchy from Highest to Lowest Priority 13
4 Composting in a Pile 22
5 Structures for Backyard Composting 23
6 Wire-Fencing Compost Bin 25
7 Cement Block Compost Bin 26
8 Portable Wood and Wire Compost Bin 27
9 Wood Slat Compost Bin 28
10 Cross Section of Layering in Compost Bin 29
11 Sampling At a Disposal Site 36
12 The Role of Scavenger in Waste Recycling, Nigeria 42
13 Plan for Methodology 43
14 Percentage of Villagers’ Family Income 55
15 Location of Houses 59
16 Frequency of Waste Disposal among Houses 63
viii
Figure Page
17 Composition of Generated Solid Waste 72 18 Proposed Solid Waste Management for Kampung Slabi
Entukuh
74
19 Proposed Structure for Composting 77
20 Composting In a Pile 78
ix
LIST OF PHOTO
Photo Page
1 Respondent Filling Up the Survey Form 45
2 A Bin of Generated Solid Waste to Be Weighed into Compositions
47
3 Location of Kampung Slabi Entukuh 50
4 Single Storey Concrete House 56
5 Double Storey Concrete House 57
6 Single Storey Wooden House 57
7 Mountain Stream Water Supply Dam 58
8 (i) Location of Houses In Kampung Slabi Entukuh 60 (ii) Location of Houses In Kampung Slabi Entukuh 61
9 Floating Solid Waste during Flood 62
10 Solid Waste Is Dump into the River from the Suspension Bridge
64
11 Solid Waste Is Dump at Riverside 65
12 Open Burning 66
13 Open Dumping 66
14 Burn in Fire Place 67
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ADB - Asian Development Bank ASTM - American Standard Test Method
CIWMB - California Integrated Waste Management Board ISWM - Integrated Solid Waste Management
SMART - Start Managing All Resources Today SWM - Solid Waste Management
TORTA - Terms of Reference Technical Assistance
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Currently, Malaysia is among fast forward developing country with its rapid economy growth. Increasing population and economy status have contributed the increasing volume of solid wastes produced over Malaysia. Human enthusiasm of using natural resources for daily activities, economy and development purposes have indirectly causing environmental problems. More and more waste products such as household waste and farm waste are generated. Even worse, present disposal sites are not enough to support solid wastes produced in our daily lives (Haris, 2004).
In Malaysia, according to Chandravathani (2006) about 7.34 million tonnes of solid wastes were generated in Malaysia in 2005, enough to fill up 42 buildings the same size as that of the world-renowned Petronas Twin Towers.
This shows that if we did not do something to manage our solid waste, our earth will be overwhelmed with pile of rubbishes which not only raising discomfort
2
like visual and odour nuisance to the public, but also endangers our health. Such environment reflect how half-heartedly sense of our community on the solid waste generation issue.
The urban population, which constitutes more than 65% of the total population, is the main waste generator (Periathamby et. al., 2009). Comparing rural to urban area, there is only few areas that have planning for domestic waste management from the authorities. While the other areas, every single waste that they produced will end in the bins. Due to lack of knowledge about the impact caused by their innocent act, they tend to use river as their best method to dispose their waste.
To solve this problem, rural communities require major changes in establishing disposal practices and in public attitudes and behavior. As part of the government policy towards sustainable development, sustainable waste management techniques, which will reduce environmental impact, at an affordable cost and also require to be accepted by the public need to be applied in order to manage the waste (Adam, 2003). Therefore, everyone in our community including government and private sectors plays an important role to protect our mother nature before it turns to dumps for the sake of our future generation.
3 1.2 Problem Statement
Unsystematic wastes disposal in rural areas has became a major concern due to its cumulative and hazardous effect in the long run. This issue has to be addressed before the situation is getting worse and much difficult and costly to manage. The usual method of solid wastes disposal in rural area are disposed at the river, stream and anywhere at their will. The consequences of this habitual littering are dangerous to human health, safety and well being.
Disposal method for solid waste produced in rural area case study focuses on the management and disposal of municipal solid waste produced in rural area.
Because of this, it is important to conduct this research to study solid waste generation rate and composition generated by rural community and propose the best solution to resolve the waste mismanagement in rural areas besides ensuring environment cleanliness and more peaceful community life.
The area to be studied is Kampung Slabi Entukuh which is located in Serian District, Samarahan. This village is 8 kilometer from Serian town and is along Sadong River. The villagers dispose their domestic solid wastes into this river and do open burning and have causes pollutions to air, land and water.
4 1.3 Aim & Objective
The aim for this study is to identify the types of domestic solid wastes produced and disposal methods used in rural areas to reduce pollutions.
The main objectives to be achieved are:
a) To study the relationship between villagers’ background with generated solid waste rate
b) To identify the composition of solid wastes generated
c) To obtain the solid waste generation rate in Kampung Slabi Entukuh d) To propose the suitable disposal method to Kampung Slabi Entukuh
1.4 Scope of Study
This study is important to show the pattern of solid waste generation in rural
areas on several aspects such as villagers’ education level and their social life and population's awareness can affect of solid wastes disposal rate. From this study, we can identify the possible root of the problem and find solution to solve it.
Interview is made to find out the villagers’ background, types of solid waste generated, how frequent do they throw rubbish and how they disposed their solid wastes. A survey on waste generation and composition is conducted. Sample of
5
solid wastes will be weighed up using weighing scale to get the weight of the solid waste generated and isolate the solid waste by in-situ to get the composition of the solid wastes. Based on the result from the compositions of the solid waste generated, the type of solid waste that is frequently produced can be identified and propose the suitable disposal method for Kampung Slabi Entukuh solid waste management. Figure 1 shows the study structure.
Figure 1: Study Structure Data Collection
Questionnaire - Villagers' background
- Frequency of waste disposal
- Disposal method used
Waste Weighing Analysis - Solid waste composition -Waste generation rate
Propose Disposal Method
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Solid wastes can be defined as the disposal of items that are spoilt, degraded or no longer used by the owner. As Ramachandra (2006) stated, solid wastes are the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted.
According to Britannica Online Encyclopedia (2009), waste disposal is the collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste materials of human society. Disposal methods include collection, processing, recycling, composting or deposition of solid waste materials. Improper solid waste management will lead to pollutions to air, land and water in some extent.
SMART Ranger (2009) classified type of waste commonly generated in Malaysia as municipal solid waste and hazardous and industrial waste. Municipal
7
solid waste includes domestic waste, commercial waste, community waste, construction and renovation waste and institutional waste.
There are few constraints applied to solid waste management described as follows (Pfeffer, 1992).
a. Protection of public health
The consequences of improper disposal of solid waste such as food waste will attract disease caring vector like rats and flies.
b. Minimum cost
Some parties prefer to dump their waste in a used gravel pit, volatilizing it into the atmosphere or any method that was minimum cost.
c. Environmental acceptability
Solid waste disposal practices were contributing to the deterioration of environmental quality and this has been a steady increase in the control exercised over solid waste disposal.
d. Resource recovery and conservation
Recycling is a process where used products is recovered and made into new product although the quality might not be as good as virgin products.
8 2.1.1 Solid Waste Classification
Solid waste is not only being deleterious to a single part of the environment, it also contributes to environmental pollution. Solid wastes include the organic and inorganic waste material such as furniture, clothing, bottles, kitchen refuse, paper, etc. According to Triverdi and Raj (1992), solid waste can be classified as follows:
a. Garbage - decomposable wastes from food, slaughter-houses, canning and freezing industries, etc.
b. Rubbish - non-putrescible wastes, either combustible or non-combustible.
Combustible wastes include paper, wood, cloth, rubber leather, and garden wastes. Non- combustibles would include metals, glass, ceramics, stones, dirt, masonry, and some chemicals.
c. Ashes - residues (such as cinders and fly ash) of the combustion of solid fuel for heating and cooking or the incineration of solid wastes by municipal, industrial, and apartment house incinerators.
d. Large wastes – demolition and construction (rubble pipes, lumber, masonry brick, plastic, roofing and insulating materials), automobiles, furniture, refrigerators and other home appliances, trees, tires, etc.
e. Dead animals – household pets, birds, rodents, zoo animals, etc. There are also anatomical and pathological wastes from the hospitals.
f. Sewage treatment process solids – screenings settled solids, sludge.
