Influence of Some Key Parameters on Erosion Rate for Composite Materials
Abdul-jabbar Al-Baggoua1*, Abdulhaqq A. Hamid1
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] Accepted: 15 April 2023 | Published: 30 April 2023
DOI:https://doi.org/10.55057/ijarei.2023.5.1.6
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Abstract: Erosion by solid particles, also known as particle erosion or abrasive wear, is a form of mechanical wear caused by the impact and/or rubbing of solid particles on a material surface. The severity of erosion by solid particles depends on several factors, including the properties of the particles (e.g., size, shape, hardness, and velocity), the properties of the material being eroded (e.g., hardness, toughness, and ductility), and the environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, and corrosiveness). This research has two parts. The first part involves the development of a locally manufactured erosion rig, while the second part is theoretical and utilizes a CFD program. The erosion process was carried out with different cumulative weights from impingement solid particles, impact velocities (25.2, 35 and 45 m/s), impingement angles (30°), feed rate (10 g/min), temperature (25 °C) size diameters of solid particles, (350-500) and percentage of reinforcement silicon carbide composites (5, 8 wt.%) of silicon carbide (SiC). Validation and comparison of the results between practical and theoretical analysis. The target materials are unreinforced polyester, polyester -5 wt % SiCp composite and Polyester -8 wt % SiCp composite. The composites with 5 wt.% SiCp shows better erosion resistance than unreinforced polyester and 8 wt.% SiCp composite. And, for 8 wt.% SiCp composite, it could be the loss of ductility associated with more weight percent of SiCp added, which may be attributed partly to increases in erosion rate. The reduction in a material loss in these composites can be attributed to two reasons, one is the improvement in the bulk hardness of the composite with the addition of reinforcing hard SiCp particles.
Secondly, during the erosion process, the reinforcing particle absorbs a good part of the kinetic energy associated with the erodent. These two reasons lead to enhanced erosion wear resistance of the composites.
Keywords: Solid particle erosion (SPE), Composite materials __________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
The effect of solid particles leading to erosive wear is a significant issue in various systems.
Many industries, including petroleum, petrochemical, and power generation, experience problems related to (SPE) [1]. Solid particle erosion of the surface has received considerable attention in the past decades. Erosion studies have been conducted for a variety of reasons and an exhaustive database regarding the influence of impact-related (impact velocity and impact angle, stand-off distance and size of impact erodent particles), particles related (particle hardness, size, shape, strength, and fracture toughness) and material-related (hardness, ductility and microstructure) variables on the erosion behaviour of metals and alloys is already available in the literature [2].
In numerous industrial and engineering applications such as pipelines, hydraulic systems, aerospace components, and liquid impellers, erosion has been identified as a significant problem. Both ferrous and non-ferrous materials are widely employed in situations where erosive wear occurs [3]. Many engineering components are vulnerable to solid particle erosion (SPE), including gas turbine blades in helicopter engines, boilers, heat exchanger tubes, burner nozzles, pumps, valves, compressors, and more [4]. Power plant inspections worldwide have repeatedly revealed severe erosion damage downstream of piping components like flow restriction orifices, valves, and elbows. This is primarily due to the significant changes in flow direction and the development of secondary flow instabilities downstream of these components. Piping downstream of flow restriction orifices, which are commonly present in several power plant systems.
2. Experimental Details
In this research, the effect of the erosion process will be studied in a practical and theoretical way. It will describe how the erosion device is manufactured locally, the method of casting the examination samples, as well as the process will be modelled and simulated using the CFD program.
3. Devices and Equipment Used
The casting mould: Was manufactured in the laboratory in the form of a simple model that is easy to manufacture and maintain, and made of inexpensive materials, to manufacture polyester models and polyester composites reinforced with silicon carbide granules. The mould consists of three layers, as shown in Fig. (1).
Figure 1: Casting mould (a) a schematic diagram showing the casting mould and its dimensions (b) a photograph showing the casting mould consisting of three layers and fixed with iron clips.
The first layer is a wooden board, and the wooden board was chosen because it is light in weight, easy to form, and has good heat resistance compared to plastic materials, and also provides good thermal insulation, as heat is generated inside the mould as a result of the chemical reaction of the polymerization process, and a thin metal plate coated with paint is placed And with a very simple layer of mineral oil between the wood board and the cast resin, and its purpose is to prevent the resin from sticking to the wood board, as well as to facilitate the removal of the cast from inside the mould.
The second layer consists of four pieces of transparent acrylic material (transparent or scientific name (Poly methyl methacrylate-PMMA) with a thickness of (4 mm) and perforated from its edges to fix it to the wooden plank as well as to facilitate the process of opening the mould and extracting the casting and to facilitate the process of lubricating the four pieces to prevent adhesion their resin.
The third layer is a 4 mm thick glass plate, to resist the heat generated, obtaining a smooth surface, and easy monitoring of the distribution of silicon carbide granules and others. A transparent layer of thin (PVC) material is placed to control the process of filling the mould and prevent the formation of air bubbles inside the mould because the rapid filling using the glass plate leads to the receding of some air bubbles inside the mould. And the template is installed and held with iron clips.
The Rotational Rig device: Was manufactured and installed locally, to rotate the casting mold of the particulate composite and try to prevent the sedimentation of silicon carbide particulate on one side of the mold during the hardening process. The device consists of a frame, supports, a wooden floor, steel axles, ball bearings, a continuous electric motor, and a direct current source (battery), as shown in Fig. (2).
Figure 2: Rotational device parts
Vacuum rig: Was manufactured locally, to make a vacuum to get rid of air bubbles trapped inside the resin before the casting process, because part of the air enters during the process of mixing and pouring the resin, so it is necessary to get rid of air bubbles as much as possible because they weaken the structure of the superposition.
The device consists of a pressure chamber connected to an air compressor (pressure-pull) (compressor) through flexible pressure hoses, an additional pressure suction bottle, and a gas pressure gauge to know the pressure required to be reached, as shown in Fig. (3).
Figure 3: A locally made vacuum rig.
Erosion Rig (practical analysis): The erosion testing system consists of the erosion unit, a 250- litre air compressor, a voltage regulator, and connection hoses. The device was manufactured locally according to ASTM G76 specifications to estimate the amount of erosion caused by exposure to itchy granules.
Figure (4) shows the schematic diagram of the erosion testing device, and Figure (5) shows the parts of the erosion testing system. Where the device consists of a closed sand container (vessel) at the top of the device, which is a closed bottle in which erodent sand is placed, and the vessel is connected to two rubber hoses, one of which enters the compressed air coming from the pneumatic compressor, and the pressure of the air inside is controlled by the air pressure regulator valve, It also contains air filters to prevent dust and sand from entering the vessel into the pressure control system. It also contains a one-way valve to prevent the return pressure of air from inside the vessel to the compressor, a lock valve, as well as a pressure gauge.
Figure 4: A schematic diagram of the SPE test rig ASTM G76 [6],[7].
Figure 5: Erosion testing rig made in local
As for the second hose, it works to let air out from inside the sand container (the bottle) to the outside to balance the pressure inside the container through the presence of an air pressure valve at the end of the hose, and it is calibrated according to the required pressure inside the container if the pressure inside the container is greater than the pressure of the applied air On the launcher, it will lead to an increase in the flow of sand from the launcher at a random and unstable rate. If the air pressure inside the vessel is less than the air pressure applied to the launcher, it will lead to a return of sand in the opposite direction and lead to stopping the flow of sand. The second hose also contains air filters, a one-way valve and a gauge.
Pressure and airlock valve to be used when needed or to perform certain maintenance. The container is connected from the bottom to the feeding screw, which carries out the process of feeding sand through iron pipes with a diameter of (3/4″) that transport sand between the parts of the device.
Where the screw pushes the sand coming from the container to the lower part of the device that contains the thrower, and the screw is moved by a direct current electric motor controlled by an electrical control circuit (voltage regulator) consisting of a transformer, a bridge, and a divider to control the feed rate.
As for the lower part of the device, it includes an extruder that is locally manufactured from low alloy steel, as it was turned on a lathe, and the proportions of its chemical composition were taken in a laboratory to choose the appropriate degree of heat treatment to perform the quenching-water process, where the piece was heated to a temperature (870 ˚C), the purpose of hardening is to reduce the wear and tear process that the extruder will be exposed to during the stripping test.
The length of the ejector was (10 cm) its inner diameter was (0.6 cm), and the distance between the end of the ejector and the platform for fixing the test pieces was about (2 cm). The ejector is moved by a movable rail.
Process of preparing and moulding of particulate composites in this process, moulds (samples) of polyester and its particulate composite are made with dimensions (5 * 5 cm) and thickness (4 mm). The preparation process begins by drying the silicon carbide from the suspended moisture utilizing an electric oven at a temperature of about (140 ˚C) for half a year. hour. Then the polyester resin is prepared by taking the appropriate amount by weighing it and adding the accelerator to the polyester in an amount of (0.2 wt.%) of the total weight of the polyester.
Table (2.4) shows the specifications of the used silicon carbide manufactured by the British company (Avonchem). The granules are added at percentages (5 wt.%) or (8 wt.%) of the weight of the previous mixture, and then the mixture is mixed well. The reason for choosing these aforementioned percentages is Some research concluded that (SiC) exceeding the limit of (10 wt.%) leads to a decrease in erosion resistance [9], and in another research, it was proved that the best percentage is (6 wt.%) from the range (1-9 wt.%) Also, the high percentage leads to a high viscosity, which makes the casting process difficult [10].
After that, it is placed inside the vacuum chamber for a period of (25) to (30) minutes to ensure the exit of air, then the mixture is extracted and the hardener is added to it at a rate of (2 wt.%), then the mixture is mixed with a mixing vane that is in the form of a small fan (impeller), and it is pre-moistened With polyester material to ensure that no air enters the bit, it is fixed to an electric drill head to rotate it as shown in Fig. (6) in a time not exceeding (5) minutes [11], and the bit is rotated at a speed of about (270 to 332 rpm). Where the process took place at room temperature.
Among the problems that appeared during mixing was the difficulty in raising the sedimented granules to the top and making the mixture homogeneous due to the high density of the resin.
The problem was solved by deflecting the direction of the mixing vane downward at an angle that scoops the granules from the bottom of the container and raises them to the top by centrifugal force while moving the vane from the bottom. Vertically upwards to ensure the lifting of the granules and to ensure a homogeneous distribution. After the mixing process is completed, the final mixture is poured into the pre-prepared casting mould in terms of
lubrication and composition, then the casting process begins in a zigzag manner as shown in Fig. (7) to ensure a homogeneous distribution. This method was chosen among several other proven methods, such as pouring the mixture into the centre of the mould, and this method leads to the accumulation of silicon carbide particulate in the middle.
Figure 6: Blending tool Figure 7: Schematic diagram showing the path of the casting method.
After casting, the transparent (PVC) layer is placed very slowly, then the glass plate (the third layer) is placed on top of it, and then the mould is held with iron clamps. And it is loaded to be fixed on the rotating device to let it rotate for a period not exceeding (10) minutes. Then it is left to complete the annealing for (12) hours, after which it is ready for testing.
4. Material
Polyester was used as a matrix material and reinforced with silicon carbide in different ratios and silica sand as solid particle erosion. Characteristics of polyester, silicon carbide and silica sand according to the manufacturer company as shown in tables (1,2 and 3).
Table 1: Polyester values and specifications according to the manufacturer.
Property Description
Density 1.15 – 1.20 g/cm³
Viscosity 350 – 500 N.S /m2
Monomer ratio 31 – 36 wt.%
Sour type Orthophthalic
Glycol type Standard glycol
Table 2: Silicon carbide values and specifications according to the manufacturer.
Property Description
Silicon carbide ratio 98.5 – 99.4 wt.%
Fe2O3 ratio 0.05 – 0.1 wt.%
Density 3.2 g/cm3
Hardness (Mohs) 9.15
Diameter 150-210 µm
Table 3: Silica sand values and specifications according to the manufacturer.
Property Description
Chemical composition Silica sand, gravel powder, salts, sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Salts 2.4 wt.%
Sulfur trioxide 0.30016 wt.%
Density g/cm32.727
Hardness (Mohs) 5-6
Diameter 150-350, 350-500 and 500-710 µm
5. Modelling and Simulation Analysis
An erosion process consists of a distributed set of erodent particles impinging on a target material. In this study, to represent the erosion process, a target has been modelled as a specimen with dimensions 50 X 50 X 4 mms. An air jet nozzle with a size of 100 mm in length and an internal diameter of 6 mm is installed in front at angles 30 and 90° as shown in Fig. (8).
Overall, the geometry of the model is a critical step in creating an erosion model for composite materials using ANSYS software. A well-defined and accurate geometry, along with a high- quality mesh and appropriate material properties, is essential for simulating erosion and predicting the performance and durability of the composite material.
A meshing independence or (grid independence) study is very important to get an accurate result in FEA models, To achieve high-rated results. This study was done appro on one configuration to reduce time. Also, all specimens had identical unit cell sizes and the meshing size was compatible with all of them. Mesh convergence was performed by monitoring reaction force while changing the total number of elements. the finer the finite element mesh the value of error is reduced. Figure (9) shows a mesh independence plot for the value of erosion at 60 min required for unreinforced polyester at an impact angle 30 °, Vp 25.2 m/s, solid particle size (350 - 500) µm. It can be seen stability of the curve at mesh between (0.05 - 0.025) size and the type of mesh tetrahedron.
Figure 8: Geometry of the target material at angle 30°.
Figure 9: Mesh independence
Meshing is a crucial step in finite element analysis (FEA) that involves dividing the geometric model into smaller sub-regions called elements. The accuracy and efficiency of FEA results, as well as the computational resources required, are significantly impacted by the meshing process. Ansys is one of the most widely used software tools for FEA, providing various meshing options and techniques. The meshing process in Ansys involves selecting the appropriate mesh type, element shape, and size, as well as defining the mesh density and quality. Finnie erosion model is used to calculate the erosion rate, The air flow and solid particles with Z- direction, and turbulent flow are simulated using the K-Epsilon, The simulation type is transient, with the fluid temperature at 25 C. The general parameters and boundary conditions used for simulations are summarized in Tab. (1). The wall-enhanced near- wall treatment with pressure gradient influences option is selected. In this study, a lagrangian method is used to trace the path of the solid particles in the air jet within the particle transport model, the total flow of the particle phase is modelled by tracking a small number of particles through the continuum fluid. While using Lagrangian tracking in ANSYS CFX, particle tracks across the discretized domain are integrated. Particles are monitored from the moment of injection until they leave the domain or a certain integration limit criterion is reached. To average all particle tracks and provide source terms for the fluid mass, momentum, and energy
equations, each particle is injected one at a time. The tracking method applies to steady-state flow analysis since each particle is traced from its injection site to its ultimate location. Solid particle analysis and modelling are advantages of the Lagrangian technique [8].
Table 3: Silica sand values and specifications according to the manufacturer.
Target Material: Unreinforced polyester:
ρ = 1.175 g/cm3 , σu = 44 MPa 𝜀 =0.041
Polyester -5 wt % SiCp ρ = 1.2762 g/cm3 σu = 49 MPa 𝜀 = 0.026
Polyester -8 wt % SiCp ρ = 1.337 g/cm3 σu = 62 MPa 𝜀 =0.0275
Erosion model: Finnie model
Solid particle Silica sand (SiO2)
Solid particle size: (350-500) µm
Solid particle speed Zero slip velocity
Inlet (impact velocity): 25.2 m/s
Wall: No slip wall
Jet: No slip wall
Outlet: 0 Pa
Open: 0 Pa
Turbulence model: K-Epsilon
Impact angle: 30°
Feed rate: 10 g/min
Time: (2 -60) min
Temperature: 25 °C
Setup in Ansys involves defining the boundary conditions, material properties, and other parameters required for the analysis. This step is crucial as it ensures that the simulation accurately reflects the real-world conditions of the problem being analyzed.
Boundary Conditions: The first step in setting up a simulation in Ansys is to define the boundary conditions. These include the loads and constraints that are applied to the model.
Solver Settings: After the mesh settings are defined, the solver settings must be set up. This includes choosing the appropriate solver, defining convergence criteria, and setting other solver parameters. In Ansys, solver settings can be defined using the "solution" feature.
Overall, setting up a simulation in Ansys involves several steps, each of which is crucial to ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of the simulation. The specific settings and parameters.
chosen will depend on the problem being analyzed and the desired outcome of the simulation.
Figure (10 from a to b) represents some setups of the simulation.
Figure 10: Some setups of the simulation for the erosion model.
6. Results and Discussion
The outcomes of the erosion process resulting from the impact of solid particles on the target material are presented. The results included the influence of the cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles and the influence of impact velocity.
6.1. Influence of the Cumulative Weight
The influence of the cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles on the erosion rate for unreinforced polyester is shown in Fig. (11). The test parameters for this case are solid particles that size (350-500) µm at the angle 30°, feed rate 10 g/min, temperature 25 °C and impact velocity 25.2 m/s. The results of the erosion rate modelling are clarified in the data displayed in Fig. (11). It is evident from Fig. (12) that the erosion rate varies when the cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles increases from 20 g to 600 g.
Figure 11: The variation of erosion rate with a cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles for unreinforced polyester.
Figure 12: Erosion rate results for unreinforced polyester at impact angle 30° with increasing cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles; (a): 20g and (b): 600 g.
(b): 600 g (a): 20 g
The variation of erosion rate with an increasing cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles for polyester -5 wt % SiCp composite is seen in Fig. (13). The test parameters for this case are solid particles that size (350-500) µm at the angle 30°, feed rate 10 g/min, temperature 25 °C and impact velocity 25.2 m/s. With increasing the cumulative weight from (20 g to 540 g). The results of the erosion rate are clarified in the data displayed in Fig. (14).
Figure 13: The variation of erosion rate with a cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles for polyester -5 wt % SiCp.
Figure 14: Erosion rate results for polyester -5 wt % SiCp at impact angle 30° with increasing cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles ; (a): 20g and (b): 560 g.
Figure (15) shows how the erosion rate changes as the cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles increases for polyester -8 wt % SiCp composite. The test conditions for this scenario include solid particle size (350-500) µm with impact velocity 25.2 m/s, a feed rate of 10 g/min, temperature 25 °C, and impact angle 30 °. When cumulative weight is increased from 20 g to 450 g, the erosion rate fluctuates between 〖1.127 X e〗^(-5) and 〖2.097 X e〗^(-5).
The data are shown in Fig.(15) with makes the erosion rate's results clear in Fig. (16).
(a): 20 g (b): 560 g
Figure 15: The variation of erosion rate with a cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles for polyester -8 wt % SiCp at impact angle 30° for practical and theoretical analysis.
Figure 16: Erosion rate results for polyester -8 wt % SiCp at impact angle 30° with an increasing cumulative weight of the impinging solid particles ; (a): 20 g and (b): 450 g.
For comparison, the steady state erosion rate for three different materials is shown in Fig. (20).
According to literature review studies [12]. The erosion rate is nearly stable with the passage of time and the stability of the feeding rate; but jumps in the erosion curve occur due to an instantaneous change in the rate of silica (SiO2) flow the effect of changing the size of sand grains is a result of using a range of sand sizes, such as (350-500) µm, or the occurrence of a sudden collapse of the polyester and its composite resin [25]. However, polyester -5 wt % SiCp composite shows a greater erosion resistance compared with the others as shown in Fig. (17).
Figure 17: Steady state of erosion rate comparison between; unreinforced polyester, polyester -5 wt % SiCp and polyester -8 wt % SiCp composite at different cumulative weights by angle 30°
(a): 20 g (b): 450 g
The effect of cumulative particles on the erosion rate for composite materials is an important consideration in understanding and predicting the erosion behaviour of these materials.
Cumulative particle erosion occurs when a composite material is subjected to multiple impacts of solid particles over time. As the number of particle impacts increases, the amount of material removed from the surface also increases, resulting in a higher erosion rate. the cumulative effect of particle impacts can significantly increase the erosion rate of materials. This is due to the progressive damage caused by each particle impact, which weakens the material and makes it more susceptible to subsequent impacts. The increased erosion rate due to cumulative particle impacts can result in reduced component life and increased maintenance costs in various applications.
The effect of cumulative particles on erosion rate can be predicted using various modelling techniques, such as finite element analysis (FEA). FEA allows for the simulation of particle impacts and the resulting erosion of composite materials over time. By modelling the cumulative effect of particle impacts, FEA can predict the erosion rate of composite materials under different operating conditions and identify design improvements that can mitigate erosion damage.
6.2. Influence of Impact Velocity
The erosion rate for unreinforced polyester, polyester-5 wt % SiCp and polyester-8 wt % SiCp are affected by impact velocity, as shown in Fig. (18). The test conditions for the simulation of this case consist of a range of impact velocities of 25.2, 35, and 45 m/s, solid particles with a size between 350 and 500 µm, an impact angle 30°, temperature 25 °C and feed rate of 10 g/min. As the impact velocity is increased from 25.2 to 45 m/s, the erosion rate increases. The information in Figs. (19,20 and 21) illustrate the results of the erosion rate.
Figure 18: The variation of erosion rate with impact velocity for unreinforced polyester, polyester-5 wt % SiCp and polyester-8 wt % SiCp.
Figure 19: Erosion rate results for unreinforced when impact velocity ; (a): 25.2 m/s and (b):45 m/s.
(a): 25.2 m/s (b): 45 m/s
Figure 20: Erosion rate results for polyester-5 wt % SiCp when impact velocity ; (a): 25.2 m/s and (b):45 m/s.
Figure 21: Erosion rate results for polyester-8 wt % SiCp when impact velocity ; (a): 25.2 m/s and (b):45 m/s.
The relationship between impact velocity and erosion rate in solid particle erosion is typically described by an erosion rate equation. The most commonly used equation is the power law model, which states that the erosion rate is proportional to the power of the impact velocity [12].
…… ………….. (1) [12].
Comparing the erosion rates at different impact velocities can help to determine the critical velocity, which is the impact velocity at which the erosion rate is the highest. This is an important parameter in designing materials and structures that are resistant to solid particle erosion. In these cases, the rate of erosion increases with increasing velocity.
7. Conclusion
Solid particle erosion (SPE) is a common phenomenon that occurs when the impact and movement of solid particles cause damage to the surface of a material. This type of erosion can have significant economic and safety implications in various industries, including oil and gas, mining, aerospace, and power generation. The severity of the erosion depends on several factors, including the properties of the material, the size, velocity, and shape of the particles, and the angle and duration of the impact.
In this context, this current research has provided the main conclusions related to solid particle erosion. We have discussed the factors affecting erosion, and the need for further research in this area. Overall, a better understanding of solid particle erosion is crucial for designing more durable and resistant materials and for optimizing equipment and processes in various industries. The conclusions from the current research in erosion modelling are listed below:
i. The impact velocity had a pronounced influence on the erosive materials. The steady-state erosion rate (E) has been related to the particle velocity (Vp) as E = K.Vn. The velocity exponents for various materials studied at impact velocities (25.2 m/s, 35 m/s and 45 m/s) are equal to 2.
(a): 25.2 m/s (b): 45 m/s
ii. An increase in impact velocity by 40% from 25 to 35 m/s resulted in a 65% increase in erosion rate for unreinforced polyester. Similarly, when the impact velocity was increased by 28.5% from 35 to 45 m/s, the erosion rate increased by 57%.
iii. For polyester-5 wt % SiCp, an increase in impact velocity by 40% from 25 to 35 m/s resulted in a 28% increase in erosion rate. Likewise, when the impact velocity was increased by 28.5% from 35 to 45 m/s, the erosion rate increased by 50%.
iv. An increase in impact velocity had a significant effect on the erosion rate of polyester-8 wt % SiCp. Specifically, when the impact velocity was raised by 40% from 25 to 35 m/s, the erosion rate increased by 91%. Similarly, when the velocity was increased by 28.5%
from 35 to 45 m/s, the erosion rate increased by 64%.
v. The impact velocity data provided is that the erosion rate of the materials tested is affected by changes in impact velocity, and this relationship is not linear. As the impact velocity increases, the erosion rate also increases, but the rate of increase is different for different materials. Furthermore, the addition of SiCp to the polyester matrix reduces the effect of impact velocity on erosion rate, with a higher percentage of SiCp resulting in a lower impact velocity sensitivity. Therefore, the impact velocity should be considered when designing materials that will be subjected to high-velocity impact, and the addition of reinforcing particles, such as SiCp, can improve the material's performance under such conditions.
vi. The maximum strength against erosion rate for polyester + 5% SiC indicates that the composite materials give good mechanical properties at the same time the increased ratio of reinforcement for composite materials does not mean an increase in strength against erosion. If it is not well studied, for example, the least erosion rate polyester composites for 5% reinforcement from SiC is not 8%.
vii. The erosive wear performance materials are dependent to a greater extent on different parameters such as the cumulative weight of the impinging particles, impact velocities, etc.
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