JLD. 23, BIL. 1, 2021: 83ï100 | VOL. 23, NO. 1, 2021: 89ï100
:ϻЎϽЂЃЈЁ.ЉЌϿϻЈ'ЌϻЇϻЍ<ЉЏЎЂ¶Ѝ
%ϿЂϻАЃЉЏЌϻІ,ЈЎϿЈЎЃЉЈ7ЉБϻЌϾЍ 6ЉЏЎЂ.ЉЌϿϻ
Loke Jingyi
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia [email protected]
Santhidran Sinnappan Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
[email protected] Thinavan Periyayya
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia [email protected]
ABSTRACT
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱśŚŝȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱĚȱ
¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱǯȱǰȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
Keywords: Korean drama, behavioural intentions, cultivation theory, youth, Malaysia
INTRODUCTION
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱŘŖŖŖȱǻ¢ǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱě¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǰȱȱ ǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱǻĜǰȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŞǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
JLD. 23, BIL. 1, 2021: 83−100 | Vol. 23, No. 1, 2021: 83−100
¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ
¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ
ȱ¢ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢Ȃȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻŘŖŗŜǼȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȄȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȄǯȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ǻȱǭȱȬǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ
¢ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŗşŜŖȱǻȱȱȱ
ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ¢ǰȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱWinter Sonata and Autumn in My Heartǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯȱWinter Sonata ȱȱęȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱŘŖŖŘǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǻĜǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ
¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǻǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȯȱ Ȭ ȱȱȯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŖȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱȱȱŘŖŗŜǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱOn the Way to the Airportȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǼȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŜDzȱ¢ǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯȱ
ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯ
LITERATURE REVIEW
ȱȱĚȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŞǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȂȱĴȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ Ȃȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŗǰȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŘDzȱ
ĜǰȱŘŖŗŜDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ Ȃȱ
Watching Korean Dramas
¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱ
ȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱȂǰȱȱǭȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱãȱǭȱ ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱ
Cultivation theory
ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱŗşŜşȱǻȱȱȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǭȱǰȱŗşŞŜǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ȱȱěȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱĚȱ ȂȱĴǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱĚȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǻȱȱȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ Conceptual Framework
Figure 1. Conceptual model Viewing of television
ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱęǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱ ¢ǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŗDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŘDzȱãȱǭȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱ Likability of dramas
£ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱ
¡ȱǻ¢ǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŗşşŘǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ H5
H2
H4 H3 H1
Ěȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ¢ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯȱ
ȱȱȂȱǻŘŖŗŝǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱĚȱ
ȱ ȂȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱǰȱǰȱȱȂȱȱǻŘŖŗśǼȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱȂȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěǯ Attitude toward country of origin
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱǻ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜDzȱǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱ£ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱǰȱǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱ
ȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȂȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
¢Ȃȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşşŖDzȱ
ȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱȂȱǻŗşşŖǼȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȃȄȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȂȱǻŘŖŗŜǼȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĚȱȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯ
RESEARCH QUESTION AND HYPOTHESES
ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢Ȃȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱěǯȱȱ ȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱĚȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ DZȱ
RQȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ¢ǵȱ
H1 ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯ
H2ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱǯ
H3ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯ
Watching Korean Dramas
H4 ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱȱ
H5ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱǯ
H6ȱ Ĵȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
H7ȱ Ĵȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
METHODS
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱŗśȱȱřŖȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘŖŖŝȱǻȱŜŜŞǼȱǻȱǭȱ
ǰȱŘŖŗşDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗşǼǯ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȬȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ The instruments used in this
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǻȱ ǭȱ¡ǰȱŗşŞśDzȱǰȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŚDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŜDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȬǼȱ
ȱȱřǯȱ Instruments
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȂȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱ¡ȱǻŗşŞśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
¡ȱǻŗşŞśǼȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ
¡ȱěȱǻȱǭȱ¡ǰȱŗşŞśǼǯ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǻŘŖŗŝǼȱ
ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȂȱǻŘŖŗŘǼȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȂȱȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱȬȱǻȱȱȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȂȱȱǻŘŖŗśǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱĴȱȱǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱśȬǯȱȱȱ ȱȃǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȄǰȱȃǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȄǰȱȃǰȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȄǰȱȃǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȄȱȱȃǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȄǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱśȬȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȃ¢ȱȄȱǻŗǼȱȱȃ¢ȱȄȱǻśǼǯȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱŖǯŞşŖǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǼȱȱȱŖǯŜśŝȱ ǻȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȂȱǻŘŖŗŜǼȱǯȱȱȱřȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŖȬȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǻřȬǼǰȱȂȱȱǻřȬǼȱȱȱȱ ǻŚȬǼǯȱȱřȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȄǰȱȃȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ¢Ȅȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȅǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱśȬȱǰȱȱȱȃ¢ȱ ȄȱǻŗǼȱȱȃ¢ȱȄȱǻśǼǯȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ȱŖǯŞřŚǰȱŖǯŞŘŜȱȱŖǯŝŜŜȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ǰȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱŖǯŜşśǰȱŖǯśŞşǰȱŖǯśŘŖȱ
¢ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȂȱ
¢ȱǻŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȂȱ¢ȱǻŘŖŖśǼȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱȱȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱęȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱĚȱȱĴȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ ȱęȱȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȄǰȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȄǰȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȄǰȱȃȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱȄȱȱȃȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱ
ȄǯȱȱȱȱȱśȬȱȱǰȱȱȱȃȱȄȱ ǻŗǼȱȱȃȱȄȱǻśǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ΅ȱƽȱ ŖǯŝŞȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ
RESULT
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱśŝśȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱŘŞȱȱ ȱ
¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻŗśȱȱřŖȱ¢ȱǼȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱśŚŝȱǯȱ
ȱȱȂȱȱ ȱŘŗǯŞŞřȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱŗŜȱǻŘǯşƖǼȱȱ
ȱȱśřŗȱǻşŝǯŗƖǼȱȱǯȱŚŝřȱǻŞŜǯśƖǼȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱŚŝȱ ǻŞǯŜƖǼȱȱǰȱŚȱǻŖǯŝƖǼȱȱȱȱŘřȱǻŚǯŘǼȱȱȱȱȱ
£ǰȱǰȱǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱřřŚȱǻŜŗƖǼȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱǰȱŗŜŚȱǻřŖƖǼȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱŚşȱǻşƖǼȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱśŚŝȱǰȱŚŚŖȱǻŞŖǯŚƖǼȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱŚȱ¢ǯȱ
Watching Korean Dramas
Table 1.ȱ
Constructs Items Factor
Loadings Cronbach’s
ǰȱ΅ Composite Reliability AVE
ȱ
ȱȱ
Ŗǯśśŗ ŖǯŞŖŜ ŖǯŜŝŗ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ Ŗǯşŗś
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱ ȱȱ ŖǯŝŘŗ
¢ȱ
ȱȱ
ŖǯşŘş ŖǯşŚŝ ŖǯŝŞŘ
ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ ŖǯŞŘŜ
ȱȱȱĴ ŖǯŞŞŝ
ȱȱȱ ŖǯşŘŜ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ
drama ŖǯşŖŘ
ȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ŖǯŞŝŘ
Ĵȱ toward
ȱ
ŖǯŞřŞ ŖǯŞŝŗ ŖǯŚŖś
ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ Ŗǯśŝş
ȱȱȱȱ
Ŗǯśŝś
ȱȱȱȱȱ ŖǯŜŝŖ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ Ŗǯśśş
ȱȱȱȱ
are trustworthy ŖǯśŚŞ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ ŖǯŜŜŜ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ ŖǯŜřś
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ŖǯŜŜş
ȱȱȱ ŖǯŝŘŚ
ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ ŖǯŝŗŖ
ȱ toward
ȱ
ŖǯŞŜş ŖǯşŖś ŖǯŜśŜ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ŖǯŞŗś
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŖǯŞŚř
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ŖǯŞŘř
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ŖǯŞŖŚ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ŖǯŝŜŘ
DZȱȱȱȱȁ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱ¡ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱŖǯśŖŖǯ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱŗǯȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱŖǯśŖŖǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱŖǯŝŖŖǯȱ ǰȱȱȱ££ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǯǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȬȱǻȱȱȱǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱǰȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱŖǯŜŖȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǼȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱŖǯśŖǯȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱŖǯŚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱŖǯŜȱǻȱǭȱǰȱŗşŞŗǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱ ȱȱǻȱŗǼǯ
¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱŘȱȱ ȱŗǯŖŖǯȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱŖǯŞŖȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱǯ
Table 2. Discriminant validity Ĵȱ ȱȱ
Korea Behavioural Intentions
ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ
ŖǯŜŖŗ
¢ȱȱȱ ŖǯŚŚŞ ŖǯŚŞŚ
ȱȱȱ ŖǯŗŞř ŖǯŘřŚ
Watching Korean Dramas
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘȱ ȱ ȱŖǯşŖǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱŖǯşŖȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ
Figure 2. Conceptual model for viewing of Korean dramas
ȱȱǻȱŘǼȱ ȱ¢ȱę¢ȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱěǯȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ.
ȱřǯȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
Path H Path
Ĝ ȱ T
P Values Result
ȱo
ȱȱ ŗ ŖǯŗŝŜ ŖǯŖřŝ ŚǯŝŚŚ ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported ȘęȱȱȱŖǯŖś
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱŖǯŗŝŜȱȱĜȱ ǻȱřǼǯȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱěǯȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱ ȱȬȱ ȱȱȱŖǯŖśȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱ
ȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱȱȬȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱǀŖǯŖŖŖȱ ȱȱęȱȱ ǻȱřǼǯȱǰȱŗȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱęǰȱȱǰȱĴȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱĜȱȱȱǯȱ
H5 H1
Attitude toward South Korea Behavioural Intentions towards South Korea
ȱŚǯȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
Path H Path
Ĝ CI T
P
Values Result
ȱo
ȱ
Intentions ŗ ŖǯŖŞŞ ŖǯŘŜŘ ŖǯŖřś ŘǯśşŞ ŖǯŖŖş* Supported
ȱo
Ĵȱ Ř ŖǯŗŜŗ ŖǯŘśŞ ŖǯŖŚŘ řǯŝřś ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported
Ĵȱo
ȱ
Intentions ś ŖǯśřŘ ŖǯśŖŜ ŖǯŖŘŞ ŗşǯŘŖŗ ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported
*ęȱȱȱŖǯŖś
ȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱŖǯŖŞŞȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱǰȱ
ȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĜȱ
ȱŖǯŗŜŗȱȱŖǯśřŘȱ¢ȱǻȱŚǼǯȱ
ȱęȱȱǻǼȱȱşśƖȱ ȱȱȱȱŚǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱ ȱȬǀŖǯŖŖŖȱȱȱȱěǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱ ȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱǰȱȱŘȱȱśǯȱȱȱȱȱěǰȱȱȬȱ ȱŖǯŖŖşȱ
ȱŗȱǻȱŚǼǯȱ
ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱęȱǰȱ Ŝȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱ¢ǰȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǰȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱęȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱ
ęȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ
Ĵȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱśǯȱĜȱȱȱǻŘǼȱȱȱȱǻŘǼȱȱ viewing of Korean dramas model
Construct R2 Q2
ȱȱ ȱȱ ŖǯřŖŝ Ŗǯŗşŝ
Ĵȱ ȱȱ ŖǯŖŖŞ
93
Watching Korean Dramas
ȱŜǯȱěȱ£ȱǻŘǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱȱ
Korea Behavioural Intentions
ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱ
Ŗǯřşş
ȱȱȱ ŖǯŖŘś ŖǯŖŗŘ
ȱǻŗşŞŞǼȱȱȱȱŘȱȱȱŖǯŖŘǰȱŖǯŗřȱȱŖǯŘŜȱȱ ǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ǯȱȱśȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ
¡ȱřŖǯŝƖȱǻŘȱƽȱŖǯřŖŝǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱȱěȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱȱśȱȱȱŜȱ
¢ǯȱ
Figure 3. Conceptual model for likability of Korean dramas
ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱǻȱřǼȱ ȱęȱ¢ȱ ȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěǯȱ
ȱŝǯȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱ of Korean dramas on behavioural intentions toward Korea
Path H Path
Ĝ ȱ P Values Result
¢o
ȱȱ ř ŖǯŚřŞ ŖǯŖŚŗ ŗŖǯŝŚ ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported
*ęȱȱȱŖǯŖś
ȱȱĜȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱŖǯŚřŞȱ ǻȱŝǼǰȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ
ǀŖǯŖŖŖȱǻȱŝǼǯȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȬȱ ȱȱȱŖǯŖśȱǻȱȱǯǰȱ H5
H3
ŘŖŗŝǼǯȱǰȱřȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱěȱ ȱęǰȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱěǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢£ȱȱȱĜǯ
ȱŞǯȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ likability of Korean drama on behavioural intentions toward Korea
Path H Path
Ĝ CI T
ȱ P Values Result
¢ȱo
ȱ
Intentions ř ŖǯŘśŞ ŖǯŚŖş ŖǯŖŚŚ śǯŞŝŗ ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported
¢ȱo
Ĵȱ Ś ŖǯŚŖŝ ŖǯśŘŘ ŖǯŖřŝ ŗŖǯşŗş ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported
Ĵȱo
ȱ
Intentions ś ŖǯŚřř ŖǯŚŖŜ ŖǯŖřś ŗŘǯřŗř ŖǯŖŖŖ* Supported
ȘęȱȱȱŖǯŖś
ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱĜȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱŖǯŘśŞǯȱ
ǰȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱ
Ĝȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ŖǯŚŖŝǰȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ŖǯŚřřȱǻȱŞǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱ
ȱęȱȱǻǼȱȱşśƖȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŞǯȱȱȬȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱǀŖǯŖŖŖȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱęǰȱȱřǰȱŚȱȱśȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱęȱȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŖDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱǰȱŝȱȱǰȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱǯȱ
ȱşǯȱĜȱȱȱǻ2Ǽȱȱȱȱǻ2Ǽȱȱ likability of Korean dramas model
Construct R2 Q2
ȱȱ ȱȱ ŖǯřŚś ŖǯŘŘŚ
Ĵȱ ȱȱ ŖǯŖŜŚ
Watching Korean Dramas
ȱŗŖǯȱěȱ£ȱǻŘǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
Ĵȱ ȱȱ
Korea Behavioural Intentions
ȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
ȱ ŖǯŘřş
¢ȱȱȱ ŖǯŗşŞ ŖǯŖŞś
The RŘȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻŗşŞŞǼȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ
¡ȱřŚǯśƖȱǻŘȱƽȱŖǯřŚśǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱǻŘǼȱȱěȱ£ȱǻŘǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱşȱȱ
ȱŗŖȱ¢ǯȱ
DISCUSSION
ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĚȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱęȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱěȱȱ Ȃȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱ
Viewing of Korean dramas
ȱęȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ ȱǭȱ ǰȱŗşŝŜǼǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱ
ȱ ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱǻãȱǭȱ ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ¢ȱ ȱ
¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ
ȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱȱęȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱěȱǰȱȱȱ ǰȱ
ȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřDzȱãȱǭȱ ǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱȱȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŚDzȱǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ
Likability of Korean dramas
¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱ Ȃȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ Ȃȱ
Ĵȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ
ȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱĚȱ¢ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ ǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ
Attitude toward Korea
ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
ěȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱǯȱȱěȱȱȱ Ȃȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱǰȱĴȱ ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ
Ĵȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ
CONCLUSION
ǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȂȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĚȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱ ȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖşDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŗDzȱȱȱǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŚDzȱǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱȱǭȱǰȱŘŖŗŝǼǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢Ȃȱ Ȃȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱǯȱ
Ĵȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱĚǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǻǰȱŘŖŗŞǼǯȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱ
¢ȂȱȱȱȱĚȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱęǯȱ¢Ȃȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢Ȃȱǯȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱĚǯȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
ȱȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ
Watching Korean Dramas
ȱ¡ȱǻȁ¢ȂǰȱȁȂǰȱǼȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ
¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ ǰȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱěȱ
ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯǯǯȱȱǻȱȱ¢¢ǰȱȱ
ȱ¢ȱȱ¢Ǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ
REFERENCES
ǯȱǻŘŖŗŜǰȱȱŘřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȁȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ
ȂǯȱAirAsiaǯȱȱȱĴDZȦȦ ǯǯȦȦȦȬȦ
ȬȬȬȬȬȬȬ ¢ȬȬȬǯ
¢ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗşǰȱ¢ȱŘşǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱThe Malaysian Reserveǯȱȱ
ȱĴDZȦȦ¢ǯȦŘŖŗşȦŖŝȦŘşȦȬȬȬȬ
¢Ȭ Ȧ
ǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŜǼǯȱȬȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ
¢ȱȱǯȱȱȬęȱǰȱ14ǻŝǼǰȱŗïŗřǯ
ĜǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱDZȱȱ¢ȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ3ǻŝǼǰȱřŞïŚŘǯȱDZȱ ŗŖǯŘŗŘŝŜȦǯŘŖŗŞǯśǯŗǯřǯȱ
ĜǰȱǯȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǯȱǭȱǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĚȱ
¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
ǰȱ5ǻŗǼǰȱŗŖïŗŚǯȱ
ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗşǰȱ¢ȱŗŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȬǰȱ¢ȱȂȱȱȱȱ ǯȱStar2.
comǯȱȱȱĴDZȦȦ ǯŘǯȦȦŘŖŗşȦŖŝȦŗŞȦȬ ȬȬȬȦ
ǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŜǰȱȱŗŚǼǯȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱŗȱǽǾǯȱNew Straits TimesǯȱȱȱĴDZȦȦ ǯǯǯ¢Ȧ
ȦŘŖŗŜȦŗŖȦŗŞŖřŜŚȦȬȬȬȬ¢ȬȬȬ Ȭ ŗȬ
ǰȱǯǰȱǭȱ¡ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŞśǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ29ǻřǼǰȱŘśşȬŘŝřǯȱDZȱŗŖǯŗŖŞŖȦŖŞŞřŞŗśŞśŖşřŞŜśŞŚǯ
ǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱǰȱȱǰȱ
ȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȃ¢ȱȱȱȱȄǯȱȱȱȱȱ Social Science Researchǰȱ6ǻŘǼǰȱŝŚïŝşǯ
ǰȱǯȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȬ¢ȱ.
¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ12ǻŗǼǰȱŗïŗŚǯȱ
ǰȱǯȱǯǰȱǭȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱǵǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱǰȱ6ǻŗŖǼǰȱŜŗȬŝŚǯȱDZȱŗŖǯŗşŖřŖȦǯŜŗŖǯřŚŗŞǯ