Int. J. N
the c pape chara oxide weig fibre stren deals reinf plast and t Keyw Scan PAC .
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) For
Nanoelectronic
Mecha
A Arock
1 Lecturer
2 Lecturer
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r also on acterization e nano par ght of the co
. Varying t ngth and the s with two forced plast tic composit thermal stab words: DM nning Electr CS: 83.85.V
1. Intro Nanotech e of applica tion departm ication whe
tance of the ditions [1].
The com astructure de zed in auto m
The hig C so it cou heat produc es because o
r correspondenc
cs and Materials
nical and
kia Linson1
r, Departmen r, School of E
d 16 July 20 ct
er focused material by
study of N n on oxide N rticles were
omposite m the percent ermal stabil categories tic composi te. The sign bility test.
MA; mechan ron Microsc Vb, 87.19.R-
oduction hnology en ations, such ments and a en it is rein e material, i mposite mat eveloping a mobile body gh thermal uld be imple
ced areas su of its less w
ce, Tel: + (255)
s 7 (2014) 93-1
d thermal
, Anbarasu nt of Mechan Electronics a
013; Accept
on the stud adding fibr Nanocompo Nano filler e added in material whic
tage of nan lity of the c
in making ite are comp nificant effe
nical propert opy.
- , 65.80.-g,
nable the cre h as in medi automotive nforced wit it can be us terial is hav areas. Adeq
y parts.
stability ca emented as uch as powe weight [2].
713835715, E- 02
behavior
Paulthurai2 nical Engine and Telecom
ted 21 July
dy to impro re reinforce osite mater rs with epo order to in ch has been no filler wit
composite b comparison mpared with ect of iron o
ties; therma 78.67.Sc, 6
eation of m icine, electr
sectors. Th th the FRP sed in marin
ving less w quate high t auses mater an insulato er plants. Th
-mail: alinson1
r of hybrid
2, Balamuru ering, St. Jos mmunication,
2013
ve the mec ed plastic a rial microst
xy resin an ncrease the n manufactu th epoxy re body for ou n process. T
Nano adde oxide variati
al Properties 68.37.Hk.
many new m ronics, biom he iron oxid
inorganic ne parts wh weight and g
tensile stren rial to with or for the e he material
d nano co
ugan Darmar seph Univers St. Joseph U
hanical and and iron oxi tructures to nd fibre rein
strength w ured with ep esin we can ur desire. C
The ordinar ed resin coa
ion will be
s; composite
materials and materials an de nano fill core. Since en they sub good streng ngth offer th h stand high lectrical an
is also can
m
omposite
araj2
sity in Tanza University in
d thermal st ide nano fi o find the
nforced pla without affe epoxy resin n modify th Composite fa ry resin co ated fibre r
shown by t
e materials,
d devices w nd energy p lers have w e the high bjected high gth could b he material h temperatu nd electronic be used in
ania Tanzania
tability of llers. The effective astic. Iron ecting the and glass he tensile fabrication
ated fibre reinforced the tensile
with a vast production wide range
corrosive h salt bath be used in l could be ure above c devices, wind mill
94 2.
2.
T house, w mol21 an of 900 Nanopart functiona T (curing c propyl m Chemica T Company materials
2.
F was carri solution ensure go T bath unti Nanopart viscous s fiber [5].
fiber used is shown
T the vacuu naturally
. Experime .1. Materia The polymer which is a mi nd 45 wt%
centipoises ticles with alized and u The nano fill catalyst or in methacrylate
l Company The glass f
y with an av s are used w
.2 Curing erric oxide ied out in a was placed ood dispersi The Nanopar il the temp ticles/resin solution wa The numbe d and stick
in Fig. 1.
The curing p uum hot ov
.
ental al
ric matrix u ixture of 55 Epichloroh s (Cps) at
an average used as an N ler was purc nitiator, wa e (MPS), T . All the che fibre compo verage glas without any f
Process Nanopartic an ice–wate d into an 85
ion quality.
rticle/resin erature coo
solution, w s applied on er of layers
with each
Fig process was
en the resu
used was an 5 wt% bisph hydrin mole
room tem diameter o Nano filler fo
chased from as purchased etrahydrofu emicals wer osite cloth s particle o further mod
cles of 3 wt er ultrasoni
°C oven fo solution wa oled. Then which was n a wax coa
depends on other by the
. 1: Sample H performed ulting comp
n epoxy res henol-A wit ecules mono mperature.
of 50nm and for the Nano m sigma-Ald d from Elan uran (THF), re used as re
has been f 98% and dification or
% were dis ic bath for or 15 minut as ultrasoni 2.0wt% ca stirred and ated glass l n thickness o
e hand laye
Hybrid Nano at 85 °C for posite was
sin, 520 f, E th an averag omers. The Ferric oxid d a specific ocomposite drich chemi ntas beck In , were purc eceived wit
purchased 440 mesh o r reactions [
spersed into about 1 ho es under va ically stirred atalysts (init d degassed ayer for lay of composit er making m
o composite.
r 1 hour and allowed to
Elantas beck ge molecule
liquid resin de (iron II c surface are fabrication ical compan ndia. Ltd. 3- chased from thout further d from Hi-
of particle s [4].
o 30ml resin ur. The Na acuum to re d in an ice–
tiator) were for 2 minu yer formatio te needed. 1 method used
d post cured cool to ro
k India ltd.
e weight of n has a visc
II oxide), ea of 44m2
[3].
ny. Hardene -Trimethoxy m Sigma-Al
r treatment.
-Tech Insu size all the a
n. The dispe anoparticles
emove gase –water ultra e added int utes. The m on with the 12 layers of d in this res
d at 120°C i oom temper
beck 970 g cosity as a were er 758 ysily- ldrich .
lation above
ersion /resin es and asonic to the mixed
glass f glass search
inside rature
sub l becau we ar
manu test t get tr the sp smal have the e due comm point comp maxi separ the th mach value for te
After app layer assem
use the resi re adding fo
2.3 Ten Tensile ufacturing p the special
rue value o pecimens ar
Brittle m l strains. Th a defined engineering Testing o to the Wei mon engine
t [6].
The test puter progra imum loade
rately and th The shap hin sheet fa hining and g
es of the do esting the co
plying the s mbly of the n will react our layer of
Fig nsile Testing test is a k process and kind of spe f ultimate t re produced materials, su hey often fa yield point
stress and t of several i ibull Modu eering para ting was ca ammed soft ed condition he ultimate pe of tensile abrication a grinding pro og bone sha
omposite ha
solution the resin coate t with the fib f fiber reinfo
g. 2: Sub Lay g
kind of me determines ecimens has tensile stren d based on A uch as conc
ail while sti . Because s the true stre identical spe ulus of the ameter when
arried out ftware to dra
ns were fou tensile stren e specimen i and it can b
ocess for lin ape will foll
as the maxim
setup is fre ed composit ber reinforc orced plasti
yers of Hybr
echanical p s the further s been manu ngth. The A
ASTM D 63 crete and car ill behaving strains are l ess.
ecimens wi brittle mat n design b
by normal aw the stres und out the
ngth can be is normally e developed near and the low the fort mum loaded
Int. J. Nano
ee for 2-6 ho te. The cur ced plastic b
c.
rid Composit
property th r usage of th ufactured af ASTM stand
38.
rbon fiber, g in a linear low, there i ill result in terial. The brittle memb universal ss-strain cu values of s e found out y “Dog bone
d by any ki e arc forma th coming s d capacity o
oelectronics and
ours for cur ing process by step by s
te Body.
at displays he hybrid co fter the thin dards are act are charac r elastic man
s negligible different fa ultimate t bers, becau
testing ma urve based o
stress and st from those e shape.” It ind of conv ation in the d
specification of 40 tones.
d Materials 7 (2
ring. Fig. 2 s should be step level al
s the qualit omposite. F n sheet fabr t as vital ro cterized by anner and th
e difference ailure stress
tensile stren use there is achine with on the input
trains will b values.
can be dev ventional pro
dog bone sh n. The mac
2014) 93-102
95 shows the e effective lone since
ty of the For tensile
rication to ole and all failure at hus do not e between ses; this is ngth is a s no yield h attached ts and the be plotted velop after ocess like hape. The chine used
96
2.4 Thermal Testing
Differential scanning calorimetry or DSC is thermo analytical technique in which the difference in the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of a sample. The reference is measured as a function of temperature. Both the sample and reference are maintained at nearly the same temperature throughout the experiment.
Generally the temperature program for a DSC analysis is designed such that the sample holder temperature increases linearly as a function of time. The reference sample should have a well-defined heat capacity over the range of temperatures to be scanned [7, 8].
Thermal stability is a mechanical test to ensure the hybrid composite at high temperature operation. Differential scanning calorimetry will show the quality of the hybrid composite. For thermal stability test minimum quantity of material (20mg) is required to find the output.
The Glass transition temperature (Tg) and complete decomposition temperature is a two different panels measured by the weight reduction of mass of the specimen and based on the peak formation by the endothermic and exothermic reaction based on the heat supplied. The stability process of the scanning calorimetric operation is used to determine the thermal behavior of the composite. All values of peak and thermal values will carry over by degree Celsius. The NETZSCH DSC 200 F3 Maia differential scanning calorimeter covers a temperature range from –170°C to 600°C. The instruments work according to the heat flow principle and are characterized by a three- Dimensional symmetrical construction with homogeneous heating. Sensors with high calorimetric sensitivity, short time constants and a condensation – free sample chamber in the differential scanning calorimetry cell guarantee high detection sensitivity.
Automatic sample changers for up to 64 samples are available; however the configuration available in the lab covers a temperature range of -70 to 600oC by using Intercooler. Instrument control and data acquisition are accomplished via a 32-Bit MS- Windows software and electronics system.
Data evaluation is carried out by a comprehensive PC software package allowing computation of peak and onset temperatures, inflection points, partial area integration, specific heat, transformation energetic, etc. The tests were performed according to, ASTM D 3418-82(88). The varying parameters described below
Mass of initial sample : 32.502mg
Temperature range : 30°C to 500°C
Rate of heating : 10°C/min
Crucible : Al, pierced lid
Protective gas : Nitrogen
Flow rate of gas : 20ml/min
Time consumption : 45 min ( total process)
Checking parameters : Tg and complete decomposition temp 2.5 Nano Fillers
Iron oxide is the inorganic compound used as nano filler. It is one of the main oxides of iron. The magnetite particle (Fe3O4) size varies from 1-100nm. The organic and inorganic combination will effectively carry out by surface modification of inorganic materials such as iron oxide, aluminum oxide to produce the coupling effect between the particle and the resin product.
signi The p
mate prope obser and a boxe visua elect for d data
brea used plas com
Fig. 3 s ificance for particle size
Nanopar erials and at erties regar rved. Thus, as the perce The part es, star sha alized and tron microsc dispersion q
[9].
3. Resu 3.1 Mec The test aking load, d with the stic been us mposite.
hows the m r determinin
e has used h
Fig. 3 rticles are o tomic or mo rdless of its , the proper entage of ato
ticles are h apes and lo
characterize copy (TEM quality and
lts and Dis chanical Pr
results hav ultimate te resin also sed the Tab
microscopic ng the outp here is < 50
: Electron M of great sc olecular stru s size, but a rties of mat oms at the s aving differ ong tube li
ed by diffe M) for find th
atomic for
cussion roperties N ve been plot ensile streng
been plotte ble 1 shows
c image of put of the N
nm for mor
Microscopic Im cientific int uctures. A b at the nano terials chan surface of a rent shapes ike carbon erent kind o the particle
rce microsc
Nano-Comp tted for furt gth. The am ed, for all s the values
Int. J. Nano
f Nano part Nanocompo re surface a
mage of Nan terest as th bulk materia o-scale size nge as their
material be s such as N Nano tub of electron
size, scann copy (AFM
posites ther analysis mount of fib samples eq s of differen
oelectronics and
ticle. The p site becaus rea in at lea
no Particles.
hey are a b al should ha -dependent size approa ecomes sign Nano sphere e. The Nan
microscop ing electron M) for surfac
s which con ber reinforc qual amount
nt character
d Materials 7 (2
particle size se if its sur
ast one dime
bridge betw ave constan
properties aches the n nificant.
es, Nano re ano particle pes like tran
n microscop ace level en
ntains the v ced plastic c nt of fiber r rs of the as
2014) 93-102
97 e is more
face area.
ension.
ween bulk nt physical
are often nano scale efs, Nano es can be
nsmission py (SEM) ngineering
values like composite reinforced s-received
98
Table 1: Test Report for Composite Material
Formulation of samples
Ultimate breaking load (N) Area inmm2 Ultimate tensile Strength (MPa)
S.no Resin matrix Glass Fiber in Wt (grm)
1. Epoxy 28 4900 27.5 179
2. Epoxy 28 4300 22.5 191
3. Epoxy 28 4316 23 188
Table 2: Test Report for 5wt% of Nano Composite
Formulation of samples
Ultimate breaking load (N) Area in mm2 Ultimate tensile Strength (MPa)
S.no Resin matrix Glass Fiber in Wt(grm) Nano filler wt%
1. Epoxy 28 5 6350 26.4 240
2. Epoxy 28 5 6307 26.5 238
3. Epoxy 28 5 5865 25.5 230
The Table 2 shows the value of tensile strength varies from 230 MPa to 240 MPa.
The adding of 5wt% surface functionalized nano iron oxide particles produced the significant improvement in the tensile strength and the Fig. 4 and 5 shows the stress-strain distribution and the elongation, in two images we could see that the material has offer less yield strength since it is brittle. The value of young’s modulus also quite same that shows there is no improvement in the ductility of the material.
Glass temp
R
3.2 Mec The test s transition perature in °
Formulat
Resin matrix Epoxy
Fig. 4:
Fig. 5:
chanical Pr results hav temperatur
°C. Table 3 Table 3
tion of sampl Glass fi Wt(g 28
Stress-Strai
Stress-Strain roperties N ve been plot e (Tg) in °C shows the v 3: Test Repo
les
tem ber in gm) 8
in Curve for
n Curve for Nano-Comp tted for furt C and Comp
value of Tg ort of Therma
Glass trans mperature (T
63.2°C
Int. J. Nano
5wt% Nano
as-Received posites
ther analysis plete decom and melting al Testing for
sition Tg) in °C
d
C
oelectronics and
Composite.
Composite.
s which con mposition tem
g temperatu r Composite
Complete decompositio
temperature in °C 322 °C
d Materials 7 (2
ntains the v mperature o ure.
on e
Specif capac J/ (g 0.0
2014) 93-102
99 values like or melting
fic heat city in g*K) 045
100 T DSC/(mW glass tran the mid v the comp with 322
Resin
Ep
The tempera W/mg) in y nsition is ob value. Fig. 6 posite the c
°C that show Ta
Formul
Resin matrix
poxy
ature in deg - direction w bserved with
6 shows the complete de ws the mate able 4: Test R
lation of sam
Glass fiber in Wt (grm)
28
Fig. 6: DSC
gree Celsiu with the ma h change in e glass trans ecompositio erials is hav Report of Th
mples
Nano filler wt%
5
C Graph for A
us value be aximum hea n specific he sition and c on starts fro ving the dec hermal Testin
Glass transition temperature(Tg) 51
As-received
een taken i at supplying eat capacity complete de om the tem omposition ng for Nano C
temperature (Tg) in °C Complete
.7
Composite.
n the x- d g of 500°C.
y of 0.045 J/
composition mperature of
rate is nom Composite
p decomposition ° Ctemperature in °C
358
direction an . The exoth /(g*K) by t on temperatu
f 220°C and minally high
Specific heat capacity in J/ (g*K)
0.045
nd the ermic taking ure of d end h.
DSC glass the m the n 358°
comp Base been MPa has n brittl brittl impr diffe absor comp temp This energ
great and t that chan
The tem C/(mW/mg)
s transition i mid value. F nano compo C that show
The test posite mater ed on the te n studied. T a with the ad
noticed. Si le and has leness. The rovement in rential scan rbed and t posite and 5 perature of
shows the gy with the
4. Conc As per t t job in imp thermal stab
is 21% of nged that sho
mperature in in y- direct is observed Fig. 7 show osite. The d ws the mater
reports and rial have be ensile test a he maximu ddition of 5 ince the as not display
Nano part n tensile st nning calori the glass tr 51.7°C for 322°C for e material h
resin and N
clusion and the earlier r proving of m
bility. The improveme ows the ma Fi
n degree C tion with th with chang s the glass t ecompositio rials is havi d other rele een taken fo and stress-s um tensile s 5wt% functi received co y significan icle added trength in imetry test ransition te
Nano comp as received has adopted Nano particl
d Future W reports and mechanical improved v ent and the aterial can p
ig. 7: DSC G
Celsius valu he maximum
ge in specifi transition a on starts fro ing high dec evant data o or analyzing strain curve strength of ionalized ir omposite ha nt effect in
Nano comp its class. B
the endoth emperature
posite. The d composite
d by good le and also t
Work
discussion properties values of te
modulus o produce mor Graph for 5wt
Int. J. Nano
ue been tak m heat suppl
ic heat capa and complet
om the temp composition of the resin g the results e the effecti the compos on oxide N as produced n the yield posite mate Based on th hermic and
occurs at complete d e and 358°C curing pro the glass fib
the adding such as ten ensile stren of the Nano re durable a t% Nano Com
oelectronics and
ken in the x lying of 500 acity of 0.04 te decompos perature of n temperatur coated non of the proj iveness of t site has bee ano particle d only 190 stress and erial could he studies exothermic the temper decomposit C for Nano ocess and h ber.
g of Nano p nsile strengt gth from 19 o composite against the e
mposite.
d Materials 7 (2
x- direction 0°C. The ex 45 J/ (g*K)
sition temp f 340°C and ure.
n added Nan ect in the fi the tensile en observed e and the yi Mpa, the p d necking c
offer the s of thermal c reaction h rature of 63 tion will sta
composite having good
particles hav th, young’s 91MPa to 2 e value hav external loa
2014) 93-102
101 n and the xothermic
by taking erature of d end with no hybrid irst phase.
specimen d that 240 ield stress product is caused by ubstantial l stability have been
3.2°C for arts at the material.
d binding
ve done a modulus, 240 MPa, ven’t been ad. Finally
102
the thermal stability in that also we could able to see the significant improvement by Nano particle addition hence the complete decomposition temperature improved 10% from 322°C to 358°C.
This values has shown that the adding of Nano particles have improved the mechanical properties. The scored values after adding the Nano particles are the evidence for good and reasonable bonding of Nano particle with resin matrix and glass fiber since the CH2 group in the iron oxide Nano filler have been reacted with the resin matrix (amine group) and also with the glass fiber in the OH group. That imparts the significant improvement in the Nano composite after adding the iron oxide Nano particles
The same methods can be implemented to reinforce the particles like Al203, Sio2, and other metal oxides. Aluminum Nano particle once added the tensile and toughness of the composite change. Similarly SiO2 is used to improve the thermal stability rate of the composite. Hence the adding of Nano particles will produce substantial improvement in the composite material without changing its physical dimensions.
Reference
[1] Anbarasu Paulthurai, Balamurugan Dharmaraj, A Arockia Linson, International Journal of Materials Engineering 3 (2013) 29-35
[2] Changzhong Jiang, Wei Wu, Quanguo He, Nanoscale Res Lett. 3 (2008) 397–415 [3] Pedro Henrique Cury Camargo, Kestur Gundappa Satyanarayana, Fernando Wypych,
Materials Research 12 (2009) 1-39
[4] Pranav Nawani, Priya Desai, Matt Lundwall, Mikhail. Gelfer, Benjamin S. Hsiao, Polymer 48 (2006) 827-840
[5] Thomas Hanemann, DorotheeVingaSzabo, Journal of Materials 3 (2010) 3468-3517 [6] Takashi Kashiwagia, Zammarano, Szabolcs Matko, Krzysztof K. Koziol, Alan H.
Windle, Marc Nyden, Polymer Degradation and Stability 95 (2007) 870-879
[7] Yu-Hun Lin, Shinn-Shyong Tzeng, Mechanical properties of carbon-carbon composites reinforced with carbon Nano tubes or Nano fibers (2007) 16th International Conference on Composite Materials
[8] Zhanhu Guo, Tony Pereira, Oyoung Choi, Ying Wang and H. Thomas Hahn, Journal of Material Chemistry (2006) 2800-2808
[9] Zhanhu Guo, Kenny Lei, Yutong Li, Ho Wai Ng, Sergy Prikhodko and H. Thomas Hahn, Journal of Composite Science and Technology 68 (2007) 1513-1520
