Project Dissertation submitted to the Civil Engineering program of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS in partial fulfillment of the requirement for. The aim of the project is to assist in an oil spill response plan and actions that are quick and effective, thus reducing the environmental impact and severity of the spill. The response includes stopping the flow of the oil slick, containing the oil, and cleaning the affected area.
Prevention methods are undoubtedly the most important measure to reduce the risk of oil spills. An appropriate response method within the allowed time frame is critical to minimize the impact of the oil spill incident. Oil spill response strategies are often time-dependent; the faster, the less complication the methods of recovering and cleaning up the spill.
Thus, initial spill incident information must be analyzed and followed up immediately before scientific support can take its course. The scope of the study will cover Malacca Road, a sensitive area in terms of Environmental Sensitivity Index maps and also economic activities as well as the likelihood of occurrence. Effective strategy is highly dependent on initial information and the state of the entire incident.
Since the seriousness of an incident is often not known in the initial phase, one of the first priorities is to determine the size of the oil and its potential impact.
OIL FATE ON WATER
If the wind is more than about 20 km/h, in an open sea, the wind is then the dominant factor in the smooth motion. The most significant factor is the inability to obtain accurate wind and current speeds at the time of casting. The other, very small factor is a phenomenon commonly known as the Coriolis effect, where the rotation of the earth deflects a moving object slightly to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
Eddy formation is a phenomenon when foam, seaweed and floating debris tended to collect in parallel ribbons aligned with the wind direction (Douglas Cormack, 2001). The rate and extent of evaporation loss from the surface of the stain is dependent on the vapor pressure of its volatile components and the concentrations in which they are present. Wind speed and ambient temperature can be expected to significantly affect evaporative loss, but high wind.
SPILL MODELLING
Today's sophisticated spill models combine the latest information on the fate and behavior of oil with computer technology to predict where the oil will go and what state it will be in when it gets there. In addition to predicting the trajectory, the models can also estimate a) the amount of evaporation, .. c) the amount of dissolution and trajectory of the dissolved component, d) the amount and trajectory of the naturally dispersing fraction, and e) the amount of oil deposited and left on the shores. GNOME is a trajectory model that can estimate the trajectory of spills by processing information about wind and weather conditions, circulation patterns, river flow, and oil spills to be simulated.
Predicting trajectories that can be steered when there is inaccuracy (uncertainty) in current and wind observations and predictions. This software uses weather algorithms to make simple predictions about the changes the oil will undergo as it is exposed to the environment. In addition, trajectory output (including uncertainty estimates) can be provided in a georeferenced format that can be used as
GNOME then creates and displays a "movie" of the spill, showing how the oil spilled in the scenario is expected to move and spread across the water. The "best guess" solution shows the model result assuming all input data is correct. That's why we've integrated into GNOME our understanding of the uncertainties (such as variations in wind or currents) that can occur.
Both trajectories are represented by "patches", which are statistically independent pieces of the modeled pollution. ADIOS2 integrates a library of approximately one thousand oils with a short-term oil fate and cleanup model to help estimate the amount of time spilled oil will remain in the marine environment and develop cleanup strategies. It is also important to note that many oil weathering processes depend on the extent of the oil's emulsification.
Once the distribution of the oil is dominated by land borders or restricted by fallows, ADIOS2's answers may not be accurate. ADIOS2 assumes that the temperature of the oil remains unchanged at the user-entered seawater temperature. If the temperature of the oil changes due to solar radiation, sea-air interactions, or any other process, ADIOS2 results may not be accurate.
REMOTE SENSING
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
DESCRIPTION
Collect all previous data and research related to the oil spill incident and review what should have been done. The software that is available is tested and checked for compatibility with the selected location to run the oil spill modeling simulation. The software used can be suitable with easy adjustment and modification to suit the local area.
The data for the analysis will be taken from the information available in the software (oil type and properties).
CHAPTER 4
INCIDENT INFORMATION
REMOTE SENSING
As the oil slick moved northwards from the collision site to the Strait of Malacca, the entire west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, from Johor to Selangor, was exposed to the threat of the oil spill. Different types of oil react differently due to the properties of the oil and also the environment.
PROPERTIES OF THE FUEL OIL
As can be seen from Table 3, fuel oil viscosities are usually specified at elevated temperatures. In the case of MDOs, the already low viscosities are not likely to increase significantly at the lower temperatures typically encountered in the environment.
INCIDENT SIMULATION
0 . ii) Wind and wave conditions for the northern region of the Malacca Straits were obtained from the Malaysian Meteorological Department. The typical pattern on October days shows the wind speed from 10 - 20 km/h in an easterly direction and the wave height can be up to 0.5 to 1.0 meters. This is because the fuel tank system is multiple tanks, so it won't flow out for too long before it dries up.
Evaporation, as detailed further in Figure 12b, occurs on the first day up to 45%. In general, lower density oil floats in water, however, emulsification can occur and increase density. Benzene in air is important because of the toxic properties that are normally emitted from hydrocarbons, either crude oil or fuel oil.
Since evaporation happens quickly, the presence of benzene is also not significant, so the area is not harmful.
TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS
The analysis of oil fate on water from the ADIOS2 spill scenario shows significant evaporation and dispersion occurs naturally in the first two days and quite quickly. However, the other type of oil may behave differently and another simulation would need to be run. From the literature review, the formula for the calculation is given, whereby the resultant must be 3% from the wind component and 100% from the current component.
Therefore, the calculation is made according to the state of the pour; the remaining oil. In addition to monitoring satellite images, trajectories must be carried out to keep the movement of the spill under control. This page is constantly growing' Given the start point, initial bearing and distance, this will calculate the destination point and final bearing traveling along a great circle arc (shortest distance).
This page is growing steadily) Given a starting pant, initial Dearing, and distance, this will calculate the destination point and Tmal Dearing traveling along a (shortest distance) great circular arc. Given a starting point, initial bearing and distance, this calculates the destination point and final bearing along a (shortest distance) great circular arc. Given a starting point, initial bearing and distance, this will calculate the destination point and final bearing traveling along a (shortest distance) great circular arc.
As mentioned earlier, the GNOME application could support this calculation by performing the trajectory modeling. However, given time and budget constraints, it is not possible to obtain the necessary data for this project. Therefore, the software needs further testing to check compatibility with another location.
Thus, the map of the Straits of Malacca is yet to run the correct simulation. Thus, the simulation is run first and neglects the location just to see the pattern or model of the real location later. The positions will thus be determined later on the basis of the economic activity and environmental sensitivity index (ESI).
RECOMMENDATION
With the location map from the Marble Desktop Globe application, the location file can be used to make the manual trajectory.
CHAPTER 5
