The ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development is the journal of the ASEAN Committee on Science and Technology (ASEAN COST). It reports on scientific and technological policies and programs and research activities carried out by COST in support of the social and economic development of ASEAN Member States. For example, ElTayeb, Zailani and Jayaraman (2010) found that customer pressure is one of the drivers of green shopping in Malaysia.
Some business strategies have not worked well due to focusing on the wrong issues, the market is misunderstood, customer responses to green products are misinterpreted, so the implementation of environmental thinking in the company has not been successful. Management's belief in the derived benefits of environmental practices would ultimately determine the degree of commitment to green efforts. A study by ElTayeb et al. 2010) focused on green activities in relation to suppliers, while this current research went beyond purchasing activities and examined the overall green practices of firms.
Diabat, A & Govindan, K 2011, 'An analysis of the drivers influencing the implementation of green supply chain management', Resources, conservation and recycling, vol. ElTayeb, TK, Zailani, S & Jayaraman, K 2010, ' The investigation of the drivers of green procurement among EMS 14001 certified companies in Malaysia', Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, vol.
Generalized Fuzzy Filters in Ordered Ternary Semigroups
Chinram & Saelee 2010)
Chinram & Saelee 2010)
Los 1955)
Yuan, Zhang, and Ren gave a definition of fuzzy subgroup with thresholds in Shabir and Khan (2008), which is a generalization of Rosenfeld's (1971) subgroup and Bahakat and Das fuzzy subgroup. A fuzzy subset n of an ordered ternary semigroup T is a fuzzy filter with thresholds ^ hr s, T if and only if nt^ h!0 is a filter T for all t!^r s, @. Suppose n is a fuzzy filter with thresholds ^ hr with T. Since x is y# and nt is a filter of T, we have y!nt implies that n^ hy $t, a contradiction. Consequently, n is a fuzzy filter for T. 1) By definition 4.17, we have the following conclusion: If n is a fuzzy filter for T with thresholds r s,.
A fuzzy subset n of an ordered ternary semigroup T is a fuzzy left (respectively right) filter with thresholds r s . Pu, PM & Liu, YM 1980, 'Fuzzy topology I, neighborhood structure of a fuzzy point and Moore-Smith convergence', J. Chinram, R & Saelee, S 2010, 'Fuzzy ideals and fuzzy filters of order ternary semigroups', Journal of Mathematics Research, Vol.
Yuan, X, Zhang, C & Ren, Y 2003, 'Generalized fuzzy group and many-valued impplications', Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol.
Effects of Oil Palm (Elais guineensis) Fruit Extracts on Glucose Uptake Activity of Muscle,
A known mechanism to reduce hyperglycaemia is by glucose uptake in peripheral cells (muscle, adipocytes and liver) (Patel & Mishra 2008). In the liver, glucose is taken up through GLUT2, while GLUT4 plays its role to take up glucose in adipocyte and muscle cells (Troy & Glenn 2009). Insulin sensitizers such as thiazolidinediones and metformin have been reported to enhance insulin-mediated glucose uptake in peripheral cells (Zangeneh et al. 2003).
But the drugs exert some negative effect, where these drugs were reported to cause gastrointestinal problems, peripheral edema and can cause. The antihyperglycemic properties of plants were reported to be associated with the content of polyphenols and flavonoids that can be found in various plants. Plants such as Amomi seed (Kang & Kim 2004) and Cortex Phellodendri (Ko et al. 2005) have been reported to increase insulin-mediated glucose uptake activity in adipocyte cells.
On the other hand, Pterocarpus marsupium has been reported to enhance glucose uptake in L6 myotubes (Anandharajan et al. 2006).
Adipose and Liver Cells
Nevertheless, the antidiabetic effects of oil palm fruits on stimulating glucose uptake activity are not yet known. In the evaluation of glucose uptake activity, three cell lines (L6 myotubes, 3T3F442A adipocytes and Chang liver cells) were used as the model of the glucose uptake system. Faez et al.: Effects of oil palm (Elais guineensis) fruit extracts on glucose uptake activity.
Finally, the radioactivities incorporated into the L6 myotubes indicating glucose uptake activity were measured using Liquid Scintillation Counter (Hewlett Packard, USA). In contrast, the 3T3F442A adipocyte has been widely used to study the effects of an insulinotropic agent on glucose uptake activity in adipocytes (Sakurai et al., 2004). Plant extracts can enhance the uptake of glucose into cells through insulin-mimetic or insulin-sensitizing properties.
Nevertheless, according to the previous report, the presence of insulin can also enhance the glucose uptake activity in Chang liver cells (Satake et al. 2002). The same concentration of insulin was used to mediate the glucose uptake activity of OPF extract in L6 myotubes, 3T3F442A adipocytes. The glucose uptake activity of Chang liver cell was not significantly increased in the presence of both OPF and 100 nM insulin ( Figure 3 ).
Fenugreek seed extract has been reported to mediate glucose uptake activity in liver and adipocytes by activating tyrosine phosphorylation of the ß-subunit of the insulin receptor. This activation then increased tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IrS-1) and the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-kinase) leading to glucose uptake by these cells (Vijayakumar et al. Effect of OPF extract on basal and insulin-mediated glucose uptake activity of Chang liver cells.
Faez et al.: Effects of oil palm (Elais guineensis) fruit extracts on glucose uptake activity Wang, H & Helliwell, K 2001 Determination.
Biodiesel Production from Castor Oil and Its Application in Diesel Engine
Castor biodiesel engine performance and emissions were also tested with different biodiesel blends and compared to conventional diesel. Biodiesel tests were conducted to compare the properties and performance of castor biodiesel and conventional diesel. Castor biodiesel and conventional diesel were tested using the FT-IR Shimadzu Iraffinity-1 spectrophotometer for component analysis.
As observed from Table 3, the density for conventional diesel, castor biodiesel and crude castor oil are 841 kg/m3, 921 kg/m3 and 950 kg/m3 respectively. From Table 4 it was observed that conventional diesel had the highest calorific value followed by crude castor oil and castor biodiesel with the calorific value of 44.803 MJ/kg, 38.130 MJ/kg and 37.908 MJ/kg. The calorific value for castor biodiesel was slightly lower than that of the conventional diesel, where more quantities of biodiesel were needed to produce the same thermal energy as conventional diesel.
The flash point values for conventional diesel, castor biodiesel and crude castor oil are 75.0°C, 130.0°C and 230.0°C respectively. Castor biodiesel had a higher flash point value than conventional diesel as biodiesel was more viscous compared to conventional diesel. The decrease in engine power output was due to a lower energy content per volume of straw biodiesel compared to conventional diesel.
From Table 7 it was observed that castor biodiesel has lower emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) compared to conventional diesel. In general, castor biodiesel produced cleaner emissions than conventional diesel and the combustion was more complete. The additional content of oxygen in castor biodiesel promoted complete combustion in the diesel engine, thus leading to lower emissions.
Reduction of mechanical efficiency and power of castor biodiesel compared to conventional diesel was small and tolerable.
Development of Suspended Particulate Matter Empirical Equation for Tropics Estuary from
Suspended sediment particles play an important role in estuarine ecology as they are one of the main features influencing sedimentation and accretion. One alternative method is to use remote sensing techniques to retrieve SPM concentrations from satellite imagery. Data on suspended particles obtained from satellite sensors can be obtained based on the reflectance due to the backscattering effect v.
Landsat ETM+ Data
To reduce surface reflectance signals that limit the reliability of satellite image analysis due to the scattering and absorption effects of water vapor and aerosols in the atmosphere (Matthew et al. 2000). These equations were used to image a subgroup of the Pahang River estuary and the following images are shown in Figure 6 and Figure 7. The main transport route of the SPM is the deeper Kuala Pahang channel, which is related to the factors of channel size and flow amount.
Some of the studies also focused on coastal areas which neglected the estuarine characteristics such as freshwater discharge, so it was inappropriate to represent Pahang estuary. Application of Equations 3 and 4 to archival images of the Pahang estuary showed a decreasing pattern of SPM concentration in the earliest estimation year (1999) and slightly increased by year 2000 to 2001. Although good correlations were produced, development of the equation for the determination of SPM as in Equations 3 and 4 required more extensive spatial data of SPM.
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