SUN DESIGN

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DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC

(PV)

SYSTEM WITH A SUN TRACKER

Chai Roh !Gong

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

11<

(Electronics and Computer Engineering) 1087

C434 2010

2010

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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARA W K

BORAI"G PENGESAHAN STATUS TI:~IS

Judul- DESIGN AND DE ELOP~IENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC(PV) SYSTEM

WITtI SU"I T RAc=C=K'-.!T.!:"''--EH _ _ _ _ _ _ __

S[SI PENGAJIAN: 2006 -2010

Saya ClIAI K OII KIO~r.

(I-Il'RUF BESAR)

mClIga\... u tnt'mbenar~an te'!'l$ ., In! di<.,lmran Ji PU<:><lt Khidm:.Jl {\l ••klullllJl A~ad("nH", l nher~lh M;:tlaY!)I.il Saf1J\\ i\k dc-li gan syar'al*syarar kegun;Jan scperti berikut:

I. Tesis adak:h h:'Jkmilik Univcrsiti Mala~~ja Sari:\ wa k.

2. PU';;aI Khidm31 M,]}':lunl'" Akademik, Universiti MalaySia Sarawak dibcnarkall mcmbual 'Salman umuk tu)uan pengaj i.ul ~<.ihala.

3. MembuJI pendi~tllUn untuk mcmbangunkan Pangkalan Dalu K:mJungl.U1 Tenllli.lti.l n

4. Pu".;u Khidm:.:u Milkluillut Abdemik, Universiti Malay~ia Sara"'1ll.. Jlbl..'flarkan nlu nbUal salifl3n lC";h inl ~'bagOli haha n pcnu karnn antara inslJ{u;;;j pen£ajiun linggi.

5. :0." Si];.! 13rtdakan ( " ) di kotak y,mg berkenoan

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^SULIT (Mengandungl nl.i1l..lLJl1lat yan~ b~ldllJJoth hs~\;}matan alCltJ kepenti ngJ Il M<.ll<.lysia sepeni yallg rernl<Jk!ub d. dahlin AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1?71),

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^TIDAK TERHAD

Oisaltk

(T ANDA T A.~ ,AN PENYELlA)

Aloma! letor: 17S5.29iJ, TAMf\N MATANG JAYA, JLN MAl ANG, ~3115(J,

KUCHING, ARAV,AK 11< TAY KAI . E.NG (Nama Penyeh.;I)

T;trikh 24 May 20 )1) T:.mkh

CATATAN • ^Tesi^{.. d}inwksudkan sebagol le"IS hag I lJ37ah Uoktor Fabatirh, SJ.rjana d:rrl S:trjana Muon.

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Jilcl lesis ini SULIT atau TI:.RHAD. :sila lamrili.m wrill diJripada pihak bL.:rku;Jsa Uf.g3IH asi berkell:l;;Jn dt:'ngon menyo{abn sekoh scbab dar\ h:mp\)h I1.:sis tni plTI dikcla"kan --eba~llj

SULIT dan TERHA D.

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The Following Final Year Project:

Title Design and Development of Photo voltaic (PY) System with Sun Tracker

Author Chai Koh Kiong

Matrie number: 16051

has been read and certi fied by:

MR.TAY KAI MENG (Supervisor)

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Design and Development of a Photovoltaic (PY) System with a Sun Tracker

I

CHAI KOH KIONG

This project is submitted in partial fulfilment of

The requirements for the degree of Bachelor o fEngineeling with Honours (Electronic and Computer Engineering)

Faculty 0 fEngineering

UNlVERSJT[ MALA YSIA SARAWAK 20 10

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Dedicated to my beloved family and fi-iends

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I wou ld like to take this 0ppol1unity to gtve my sincerest appreciation to my supervisor, Mr. Tay Kai Meng who has given his suppOl1S, ad vices. comments and suggestions all throughout the process of completion of this project. lowe a debt of gratitudc to JKR head of Research and development; Mr Sidney Wee who has given suppOl1 financially and provide equipments during the progress of this project. Without his cooperation and ded icated work. [ wou ld not be able to complete the project easily and on time.

Thankfulness would like to give to my fi"iend s and fami ly who give full suppOI1S to me either mentally or financia lly. They always give encouragement to me when I faced problem throughout thi s project development.

finally, I would like to express my gratefulness to the individuals who involved direct or indirectly during th e progress of this project.

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ABSTRAK

Kajian adalah mengenai rekabentuk dan pelaksanaan fotovoltaic (PY) dengan sistem pengesanan matahari. PY adalah susunan sel-sel yang mengandungi bahan toto voltaic yang menukarkan sinaran matahati kepada kuasa arus eJekrik melalui kesan fotovoltaik. Pemasangan pengesanan matahari salah satu pendekatan untuk meningkatkan prestasi sistem photovoltaic. Pengesanan matahari adalah digunakan untuk berorientasikan panel photovoltaic terhadap matahari. Tujuan kaJian ini adalah untuk menguji prestasi sistem photo vo ltaic dengan pengesanan matahari di Baru Lintang, Kuehing, Sarawak (l"32'09.73"N, 110"20'32.70E). Sistem fotovoltaic yang direkabenruk dan dibangunkan dengan pengesanan matahari adalah dipamerkan. Sislem yang dibangunkan terditi daripada lima modul, iaitu sistem sensor, sistem aktuator linear, mekanisme pengesanan, sistem simpanan bateti dan pengawaJ serta sistem mikro. Selain itu, prestasi sistem fotovoJtaik dengan pengesanan matahari dan tanpa mataha]; pelacak lelah dibanding, dianalisasi dan diniJai meJalu; eksperimen.

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ABSTRACT

This thesis presents the design and implementation of solar photovoitaic (rV) system with a sun tracker. PVs are arrays of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that convert radiation into direct current electricity via photovoltaic effects. installation of a sun tracker is one of the approaches to improve the performance ofa so lar photovoltaic system. A sun tracker is a device for orientating photovoltaic panel towards the sun.

The aim of this paper is to examine the pelfolmance of a solar photovoltaic system with a sun tracker in Batu Lintang, Kuching, Sarawak (I ⁰32'09.73 " N, Ilo^o20'32.70E). A designed and developed solar photovoltaic system that is equipped with a sun tracker is presented. The developed system consists of five modules, i.e., a sensor system, a linear actuator system, a tracking mechanism, a battery storage system and charge controller, and a microcontroller system. Besides, the performance of the photo voltaic system with sun tracker and without sun tracker are compared, analyzed and evaluated with expel;ments. Concluding remarks is further presented.

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• • ... 1 • .. , • l~ ...

~~\ II 1"_L~~!f\S~~ \./\}':'

49

4.3 Simulation o r Solar Itrad iance 5 1

4.4 Empirical Result 53

4.5 Analysis and Discuss ion 60

4.6 SummillY 61

CONCLUSION & 62

RECOMMEI'fDA TI ON

5.1 Conclusion 62

5.2 Recommendation 63

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RF.FERENCES APPENDIX A:

APPENDIX-B:

APPEl"DlX C:

APPENDIXD:

APPENDIX E: APPENDIXF:

66

Control logic Schematic Diagram 71

Microcontroller PIC 16F88 72

Universal USB PIC Programmer, 81 BlZ013

Assembly Code for PIC 16F88 82

CdS Photocells 88

Solar Charge Controller 89

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LIST OF TABLE S

TABLE PAGES

2.1 De6nition and FomlUla for a\l Solar Time and Angles

4.1 Solar in·adiance in Batu Lintang, Kuching on 51 13Feb201 0

4.2 CUtTent Produced by solar panel at various angle 54 4.3 Power Generated by the solar panel at various angle 55 4.4 Power Generated by solar tracking system on l3Feb 57

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LIST OF FIGURE S

FIGURE PAGES

l.l Solar Photovoltaic (PY) energy capacity, 1995~ 2

2008

1.2 Solar energy system with tracking control system 4

2.1 Earth's Orbit around the Sun 9

2.2 Earth's rotation axis inclined to the ecliptic planc 10 by 23.5°

2.3 Relations of Solar Time with Hour Angle 1 I

2.4 Relation of all solar angles 12

2.5 LDR placement 20

2.6 Microprocessor based Automatic Sun Tracker 21

2.7 3~Dimensional (3D) Tracking mechanism 23

2.8 Flow Chart of Tracking Control 24

2.9 HypeJion Robot 26

2. I 0 General assembly in Automatic Sun Tracking 27 Systcm

2.11 Block diagram of power management system 28

3. I Systems implemented in Solar Tracking System 30

3.2 Solar Sensor Device 31

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3.3 Shading effect on the LDR Sensor 31 34 Linear Actuator and Motor Controller System 33

3.5 Solar Tracking Mechanism 34

3.6 Battery Storage System & Charge Controller 36

3.7 Block Diagram of the PIC 16F88 37

3.8 PIC 16F88 Microcontroller Pins Configuration 38 4.1 Photovoltaic system with Solar Tracking System 44

(back view)

4.2 Photovoltaic System with Solar Tracking System

45

(front view)

4.3 Sensor Circuit Diagram (top view) 46

44 Designed Sensor System (top view) 46

4.5 Control System Circuit Board 47

4.6 Integration of Sensor System and Controlling 47 System

4.7 Battery Storage and Solar Charge Controller 48

4.8 Flow Chart of the Solar Tracking System 50

4.9 Solar inadiance in Batu Lintang, Kuching on 52 1 3 Feblllary 2010

4.10 Power Generated by Static Solar Panel 58 4.11 Power Generated by the Solar Tracking Panel 59

5.1 Cooling System 65

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ABBREVIATIONS

3-D 3 Dimension

AC Alternating Current

A Ampere

ADC Analog to Digital Convel1er

ASTS Automatic Sun Tracking System

CdS Cadmium Sulphide

CIS Copper-Indium-Diselenidc

8 Declination Angle

0 Degree

°C Degree Celsius

DC Direct Current

10 Extraten-estri al Solar Irradiance

FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array

GA genetic algorithm

GPS Global Positioning System

w Hour Angle

I/O Input/Output

IC Integrated Circuit

ISES Intemational So lar Energy Society

J Joule

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0

^Latitud^{e Ang}^le

LDR Light Dependable Resistor

LED Light Emitted Diode

MW Mega Watt

NPV Net Present Va lue

PV Photo voltaic

PLC Programmable Logic Control

RAM Rand om Access Memory

ROM Read Only Memory

SA Simulated -annea ling

Q Solar Altitude Angle

lsc Sol ar Constant

8z Solar Zenith Angle

VB Visual Basic

V Vol t

W Watt

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CHAPTER !

INTROD UCTION

1.0 Introduction

Solar energy is a clean, inexhaustible source of energy in everywhere of our world. The Sun provides approximately 4.3 x 1020) per hour while the energy consumed on the earth is approximately 4.1 x 10²⁰J per year [1]. Thus, the amount of energy given by the sun is sufficient for the world electricity demand. Due (0 the shortage of fossil fuels, alternative source such as solar energy has become more important and increasingly popular around the world [2][3]. Besides, our environment is polluted during the process of energy production [4]. In Saudi Arabia, it was reported that average of8182 tones of green house gases could be entering into atmosphere each year with each of 5 MW power plants [5]. These aspects have made environment-friendly and clean sources of renewable energy more important.

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1m 1996 1991 1998 1m 1000 1001 2001 lOOl 1001 I~ 1006 2007 1008

Fig. 1.1 Solar Photovoltaic CPV) energy capacity, 1995-2008

Fig. 1.1 shows the growth of Solar Photovoltaic CPV) energy capacity from year 1995 to 2008. In year 2008, ISES intemational Solar Energy Society [6] reported that the investment in Solar Pi"lOtovollaic CPV) energy has increased fourfold to record $120 billion. From end-2004 to end-2008, the total existing worldwide solar pholovoltaic CPV) capacity has increased four times to morc than l6gigawatts (GW). It shows that solar energy is drawing more attention fium the worldwide due to its great potential in future renewable energy.

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1.I Project Objectives

The proposed project embarks in the following objectives:

i. To design and develop a controlling sys tem to improve the power generation in solar panel.

ii. To analyze the ilTadiance in . TMAS by using So lar time and geo metrical coord inate.

iii. To analyze the performance ofdeveloped system.

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1.2 Project Overview

Solar Charge Controller

Tra~~i~ 1

SYS~

Battery

DC>AC Inverter

DC Load

AC Load

Fig. 1.2 Solar energy system with tracking control system

Fig. 1.2 shows a simple block diagram of the solar energy system with sun tracker. A solar charge controller would be connected between solar panel and battery fo r regulating the power generated from solar panel.

In this project, solar tracking system is implemented in solar energy system. The tracking mechanism would hold the solar panel and allows a 3-Dimension (3 D) hemispheroidal rotation to track the sun's movement and allow all the light radiation is pointed perpendicularly to solar panel without any reflection. Therefore, the annual yie ld power generation can be improved.

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1.3 Project Outline

Chapter I: Introduction

In this chapter, an overview of the project, problem statement, project scope and thesis outline are presented. The aims and objectives of the project with the descriptions of the approach to the problems are clearly stated.

Chapter 2: Li terature Review

In this chapter, earth-sun geometry, mathematical expression of solar ij1'adiance, cost of generating energy with solar system, researches on stt'ategies used to improve so lar energy system are presented.

Chapter 3: Methodology

[n this chapter, the developed solar tracking system which consists of solar sensor system, linear actuator system& motor controller, tracking mechanical system, banery storage system & charge controller and microcontroller system are presented.

Chapter 4: Result and Discussion

In this chapter, the developed solar tracking system is presented. Thc developed solar tracking system is divided into hardware (electronic circuitry and tracking mechanism) and software (Assembly programming code). Besides, the pcrfonmance of solar tracking system and static solar system are compared and analyzed.

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Chapter 5: Conclusion

In this chapter, the perfomlance or soJar tracking system and static solar system are summarized. Besides, the weaknesses of the developed system are discovered.

Future works are commented and suggested.

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