THE COMPETITION OF PUBUC TRANSPORT:
IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW BUS USING STATED PREFERENCE TECHNIQUE
Suriani Binti Mohamad Kameri
TA Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
1145 (Civil Engineering)
5961 2004
2004
...
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
Kora Samarahan
Ik
BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
ludui: THE COMPETITION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT . IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW BUS US ING STATED PREFERENCE TECHNIQUE
SESI PENGA.IIAN: 2000 - 2004
Saya SURIANI BT MOHD KAMER!
(HURUF BESAR)
Ill~ngaku membenarkan lesis illi disimpan di PUScH Khidmat MaklulYlat Akackmik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syaral-syarat kegumlan sepeni berikut:
I. Hakmilik ken as projek adalah <.Ii baw<lh MIrna penulis. melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiaY8i oleh UNIMAS, hakrniliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kenas mau mikro hanya bolt:h djbuat dengnn kebenaran beltulis daripada penulis.
3. Pusnl Khidmat M<'lklurnat Akadernik, UN[M AS dibenarkan Illembual snlinaTl untuk pengnjian mereka.
4. Keltas projek hanya balch diterbilkan dengan kebcnaran penulis. Bayar3n royalti adalah mengikul kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.
5. "* Snya membenarkan/tidak membenatkan Pe rpuslakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan penukaran tli antara insti[Usi pcngajion tinggi.
6. U Sila tandakan ( "I)
[:::::::J
S U LIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepenlingan Malaysia seperti yang terrnaktub di dal8rrl AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).[:::::::J
TE RHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang relah ditenlukan o!eb organisasil badan eli mana penyelidikDn dijalankan).rn
TIDAK TERHAD/(TANDATANGAN PENULlS) /(TANDATANGAN PENVELlA)
Alamat tcrap: 156, JALAN PAS I R PANAS
KAMPUNG HULU. 95000 SRI AMAN, IR. RESDIANSYAH MANSYUR ( Nama Penyelia) SARAWAK.
2 ]·-'0
Tarikh: Tarikh :
CATATAN f<
'*
POlong yang lidak bcrkenaa n.
Jika Kerlas Projek ini SU LIT atau TERHAO, sila la01pirknn sural daripada pihak berkuasal organisasi herkennan dengnn menyertakan sekali tcmpoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagni SU LIT atau T ERH AD.
p~$ 2000
This final year project attached here;
Title The Competition of Public Transport: Implementation of New Bus Using Stated Preference Technique
Author's Name Suriani binti Mohamad Kameri Matric Number 5355
Has been read and approved by;
Ir. Resdiansyah Mansyur
(Supervisor) (Date)
~, ,-
Pusat K1Jidltl1l1 Makftl1l13l
AkDlfemlt
l/NlV,ERSlTT MALAYSIA SARAWAY 941011 Kota Samrualtall
THE COMPETITION OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT:
IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW BUS USING STATED PREFERENCE TECHNIQUE
P.KHIDMA TMAKLUMA TAKADEMIK UMIMAS
11111111111111111 1 1111111
1000128308
SURIANI BINTI MOHAlVIAD KAMERI
This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering)
Faculty of Engineering
UNVERSITY MALAYSIA SARA W AK 2004
This book is dedicated to my husband, Zambri, my parents, Mohamad Kameri and Aminah for their encouragement and patience.
And to all who had guided, taught and motivated me along the way.
11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
1 wish to express my profound appreciation and gratitude to. the project supervisor, lr.
Resdiansyah Mansyur for his guidance, advice and comments, and encouragement throughout this project.
1 would like to express my appreciatian to. the hundreds of bus passengers (respondents) in Kuching Town Area far their caaperation in answering the survey questionnaire. Their constructive comments and suggestians have made this project much more useful.
A special note of thanks gaes to my friends, colleagues and far thase who either directly or indirectly helped to. camplete this project.
Finally, it would not have been possible to camplete this project without the understanding, support and sacrifice provided by my husband and my family.
111
ABSTRACT
Bus services in Kuching Town Area are relatively old public transportation and the condition of most of the buses is in state of dilapidation. This is very damaging to the town's image. Hence, in order to achieve a sustainable public transportation industry, the old buses need to be replaced with new ones or re-generation it. In the context of its preliminary study, the aim of this study is to explore the travel behavior in tenns of mode choice model. This study was conducted in Kuching town area by using stated preference technique. A total of 200 respondents were selected as the sample of the study. This study employed a discrete choice analysis to examine the relationship between the independent variables (travel time, waiting time, fares and comfort) and the dependent variables (choice of respondent whether to consume old bus or choose new bus). The findings showed that for every trip purpose, fares and the comfortability reflect the decision or behavior for most of the respondents. It is also discovered that there are significant relation between the choice of the respondent and the comfortability. It is also discovered that for the trip purpose of school, recreation, shopping and others, most of the respondent prefer to choose scenario 5 as the highest demand with the percentage of 75.4%, 55.1 %, 70.3% and 69. 1%. Except for the trip purpose of work, where the highest demand is for scenario 3 with the percentage of 50.5%. So, it can be concluded that scenario 5 are the best condition to implement in time to come, as long as the bus operator provide a better services such as comfortability and with a reasonable fares, longer travel time does not matter for the traveler. This study suggest that the local authority and the bus operators should work together in order to reproduce or add new policy and schemes to the existing public transportation systems, especially bus services.
IV
ABSTRAK
Perkhidmatan bas di Bandar Kuching adalah kurang memuaskan dan kebanyakkan daripada bas adalah dalam keadaan yang agak uzur. [anya turut menjejaskan imej bandar tersebut. Jadi : untuk mencapai tahap perkhidmatan bas yang sesuai dengan peredaran masa, bas yang sudah usang perlulah digantikan dengan bas yang baru. Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti dan membandingkan nilai sifat perjalanan bagi penumpang bas yang sedia ada dan bas yang baru bagi membangkitkan persaingannya dimasa yang akan datang. Kajian ini telah dijalankan di Bandar Kuching dengan menggunakan kaedah "stated preference technique".
Seramai 200 orang responden telah dipilih sebagai sampel kajian. Kajian ini juga telah mengaplikasikan kaedah "discrete choice analysis" untuk mengkaji hubungan diantara pembolehubah tdak bersandar (masa perjalanan, mas a tunggu, tambang dan keselesaan) dengan pembolehubah bersandar (pilihan responden sarna ada untuk terus menggunakan bas lama atau memilih bas baru). Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tambang dan keselesaan mempengaruhi keputusan atau sifat penumpang bas dalam memilih kenderaan awam terutama bas yang digunakan. Kajian juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perkaitan yang signifikan diantara pilihan respondent dan keselesaan. Kajian ini juga menunjukkan bagi tujuan peljalanan ke sekolah, rekreasi, membeli-belah dan lain-lain, kebanyakkan responden memilih senario 5 sebagai pennintaan yang paling tinggi dengan peratusan sebanyak 75.4%, 55.1 %, 70.3% dan 69. 1%. Manakala bagi tujuan perjalanan kerja, pennintaan tertinggi adalah untuk senario 3 dengan peratusan berjumlah 50.5%. Dengan itu, dapatlah dibuat kesimpulan bahawa senario 5 adalah paling sesuai untuk dilaksanankan pada masa yang akan datang. Sekiranya pengusaha bas dapat menycdiakan bas yang selesa dengan tambang yang berpatutan, masa perjalanan yang lebih lama tidak menjadi masalah bagi penumpang bas. Oleh itu, kajian ini mencadangkan supaya pihak berkuasa tempatan dan pengusaha bas agar bekerjasama dalam usaha meningkatkan mutu perkhidmatan bas di Bandar Kuching.
v
iAI .]' . _
LIST OF CONTENT
CONTENT Page
TITLE PAGE
DEDlCATION 11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 111
ABSTRACT IV
ABSTRAK v
UST OF CONTENT VI
LIST OF FIGURE Xl
LIST OF SYMBOLS Xl!
LIST OF TABLE x
Chapter I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1.2 Overview
1.3 Profile of Study Area 2
1.4 Background of Public Transport in Study Area 3 1.4.1 Sarawak Transport Company (STC) 4
1.4.2 Chin Lian Long (CLL) 5
1.4.3 Kuching Matang Transport Company 5
[,4.4 Petra Jaya Transport 5
1.5 Statement of Problem 6
VI
1.6 Objective of the Study 7
1.7 Conceptual Framework of the Study 8
1.8 Scope and Limitations of the Study 9
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 1 Introduction 10
2.2 Buses 10
2. 2. 1 Definition of Publi c Transport 10
2.2.2 Definition of Buses I I
2.2.3 General Characteristics II
2.3 Mode Choice 13
2.3.1 Objective of Mode Choice 14
2.3.2 Factors Influencing the Choice of Mode 15
2.4 Discrete Choice Analysis Theory 17
2.5 Binary Logit Model 20
2.6 Stated Preference Technique 21
2.6. 1 Characteristics of SP Versus RP techniques 24 2.7 Stated Preference Studies on Public Transportation 25 Chapter 3 SURVEY METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Survey Procedure 27
3.2.1 Identification of Attributes of Each 27 Alternatives and the Definition of Levels
3.2.2 Experimental Design 28
3.2.3 Survey Design and Development 32
Vll
3.2.4 Recruitment and Data Collection 3. 3 Scenario Design
3.4 Sample Size Determination Chapter 4 MODELLING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data Analysis
4.2.1 Pilot survey 4.2.2 Main Survey 4.3 Model Development
4.3.1 Model for trip purpose: School 4.3 .2 Model for trip purpose: Work 4.3.3 Model for trip purpose: Recreation 4.3.4 Model for trip purpose: Shopping 4.3.5 Model for trip purpose: Others
4.4 Summary For Modelling Results Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction 5.2 Conclusion
-5.3 Recommendations REFERENCES
APPENDIX A
A-I Survey Questionnaire A-2 Borang Soal Selidik
33 33 34
35 35 36
37 41
43 46
50 53 57 61
64 64
65 67
69
71
VIl1
APPENDIX B
B-1 Chin Lian Long Motor Vehicle Company Berhad 73 B-2 Sarawak Transport Company Berhad 74 B-3 Kuching Matang Transport Company Berhad 75 APPENDIX C
C-l Route Map Of Study Area 78
APPENDIX 0
APPENDIX E
0-1 Photo Of The Existing Bus In Kuching Town Area 79
E-I Regression Analysis: School 83
E-2 Regression Analysis: Work 88
E-3 Regression Analysis: Recreation 93
E-4 Regression Analysis: Shopping 99
E-5 Regression Analysis: Others 105
IX
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure Page
l.l Conceptual Framework of the Study 8
4.1 Percentage of respondents by age 34
4.2 Percentage of respondents by gender 36
4.3 Percentage of respondents by race 37
4.4 Percentage of respondents by trip purpose 38
4.5 Modelling results for school 45
4.6 Modelling results for work 49
4.7 Modelling results for recreation. 52
4.8 Modelling results for shopping 56
4.9 Modelling results for others 59
4.10 Modelling results based on scenario 61
Xl
LIST OF SYMBOLS
u
Utility functionq Alternative
Probability of the passenger to choose one of the scenarios
e Exponential
v Variables
constant (independent variable)
constant for travel time (dependent variables) constant for frequency (dependent variables) constant for fares (dependent variables)
C Current bus
N New bus
T Travel time
w
Frequency (waiting time)F Fares
Xll
CHAPTERl
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter desctibe concisely the general idea of the study and a btiefreview of the background and the profile of the study area.
1.2 Overview
In Kuching Town and the suburban areas, buses are the primary mode of public transportation system available. There are other types of public transportation, namely taxis and vans. However, the bus services in Kuching Town Area are relatively old public transportation and the condition of most of the buses is in state of dilapidation. This is very damaging to the town's image especially in the eyes of tourists. Hence, in order to achieve a
sustainable public transportation industry, the old buses need to be replaced with new ones or re-generation it.
In the context of its preliminary study, the objective of this study is to explore the travel behavior in tenns of mode choice model. Hence, to evaluate the traveler'S behavior in tenns of mode choice model, stated preference (SP) techniques will be introduced. This study provides a simple overview of the design and implementation of stated preference techniques in order to estimate the impoltance of the mode attributes. SP techniques have been popular since it was applied and developed and accepted for the purpose on transportation behavior the last three decades. In SP techniques, these study will also presents the methods of discrete choice analysis base on mathematical modeling to analyze the travel demand and travelers behavior to implement new public transportation services.
1.3 Profile of Study Area
Kuching, its name means "cat" in Malay, is the capital city of Sarawak (the biggest state in Malaysia) and the largest city in the Borneo Island with an area of 4,566 km2 (about 3.7 percent of the state land mass) or 444,030 ha. Kuching is located in the northwestern shore of the Borneo Island and situated on the banks of the Sarawak River.
2
Rapid commercialization in Kuching City also led to the development of Matang Road to be one of the major routes; thus, traffic congestion will be
a major problem in this city. SpecifIcally, the trip origin departs from outside the Saujana Car Park and end trip destinations to Malihah Garden.
As in the year 2000, tbe total population of Kucbing City is approximately 473,000 people. Cbinese is the predominant group with Malays comes in second. The other group are the natives; Bidayuhs, Ibans, Melanaus, Kenyahs, Kayans, and Kelabits.
Generally, the city is the financial and commercial center of the state as well as a road center and chief pmt for the western coast of Borneo.
Timber, bauxite from nearby mines, pepper, sago, and jelutong, or jungle rubber, is expOlted from here and rice, fish, and livestock are traded.
lndushies include vegetable oil processing, boat building, and the manufacture of lumber and furniture, food products, matches, and soap.
1.4 Background of Public Transportation in Study Area
A brief description of public transportation in Kuching Town area is only focusing on the buses, although there is other public transportation such as taxis and vans.
3
Taxis are easily found outside the large hotels or at taxi stands in all the major towns. Fares are reasonable, but should always be agreed in advance. Vans can be found around the India Street area. The fares are cheaper compare to the taxis. Generally, the service is quite similar to the taxis because they are operated independently. Buses are by far the best option to choose due to the cheap fares. Fares depend on the travel distance. But, most of the buses are not air-conditioned.
So far, there is no main bus tenninal in Kuching. Most of the local bus tenninals are around the waterfront along Gambier Street. Departure points depend on destination and company used. There are several bus companies, each with their own tenninals:
1.4.1 Sarawak Transport Company (STC)
Their green and light yellow buses depart from Leboh Jawa. The company serves the Kuching area and South-west Sarawak. STC provides both air-conditioned and non air-condition buses.
4
1.4.2 Chin Lian Long (CLL)
CLL buses are blue and light blue serves the city and its suburbs.
Their major bus stops at Mosque Street, Gambier Street, and Post Office. The company also provides both air-conditioned and non air-conditioned buses.
1.4.3 Kuching Matang Transport Company (KMTC)
KMTC buses depart from outside the Saujana car park and go to Matang and Kubah area. The buses are light yellow and orange. They only provide non air-condition buses.
1.4.4 Petra Jaya Transport
Their buses are white with yellow, red and black stripes. The buses usually depart from the open-air market near Electra House. The company also only provides non air-conditioned buses and serves Bako, Damai, and Santubong.
5
1.S Statement of Problem
As a result of rapid changes in the modern industry environment, the survival competition in public transportation services is immensely depends on its great extent of capability to increase the patronage and influence the motorist travelers behavior to shift their modes of mobility from car to public transport travel. Thus in this study, the researcher expected to analyze and detennine the travel demand analysis for the public transportation systems, specifically, bus services in Kuching Town Area.
Generally, the preliminary intention of this study is to provide answers to the following qllestions:
a) How mode choice is affected by?
a The level of service for both of the modes,
a Travel time of trips,
a Waiting time, and
a Fares (cost),
b) What are the travel behavior characteristics imposed on the bus passengers?
6
1.6 Objective of the Study
The main objective of this study is to detennine and compare the travel behavior of the existing and future bus passengers, in order to enhance its competitiveness in the future. Specifically, the objectives of this study are arrayed as the followings:
a) To describe the characteristics of the public transportation demand by developing a model using SP technique with respect to a various scenarios for both of the buses, hence evaluate it by using discrete choice analysis.
b) To evaluate the potential of the future exclusive bus to compete with current demand for existing bus service in Kuching town area and analyzed the results base on the purpose ofjourney.
c) To identify the characteristics of the bus passenger according to the level of service such as comfort, waiting time, travel time and cost for the bus service industry.
7
1.7 Conceptual Framework of the Study
I I
Bus passenger behaviorI I
+
I I
Mode choiceJ I
Stated Preference Techniques
I I II
Discrete Choice Analysis
II I I
Figure 1.1: Conceptual framework of the study.
A general order or stages of this study process are summatized in Figure 1.1. The conceptual framework described here is mainly focus on the study of the bus user's behavior. The study will create a model that will determine the signifIcant attributes of bus passenger behavior that effect mode choice. A choice can be viewed as an outcome of a sequential decision- making process. Thereafter, stated preference technique will be introduced to obtain the primary data from bus passenger. Finally, in order to describe the mode choice model, the researcher proposed to use a discrete choice analysis.
8
1.8 Scope and Limitations of the Study
The scope and limitation of the study are as follows:
a) The sampling data only involved bus user within the Kuching Town Area.
b) The survey is only limited to two modes (existing and future public transportation: for the buses). Thus, the results may not be able to generalize the overall public transportation industry. Thereafter, similar researches for other modes of public transportation are required to compare and correlate the findings for overall modes of the public transportation system available.
c) The accuracy of the results depends on the honesty of the respondents in answering the questionnaire. No netheless, the assumption made is to assume that all the respondents expressed their true feelings and opinions in the questions answered.
d) The respondent's might try to bias their answer to achieve an outcome that will suit themselves.
e) The outcome will also affected by the respondents understanding of the statements in the questionnaire.
9
CHAPTER 2
LITE RATURE RE VIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the characteristics of the buses, the concept of mode choice model, theory of discrete choice analysis, related theories of stated preference techniques and the previous studies of stated preference techniques on public transportation.
2.2 Buses
2.2.1 Definition of Public Transport
Public Transport has quite different meanings from one part of the world to another. We all might have an image of what we think of public transport, but when we come to define it; it is not quite so easy. We may
10
