Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between the perceived level of stress and the socio-demographic profile of the respondents.
There is no significant relationship between the respondents' perceived level of stress and their socio-demographic profile (See table 4).
Table 4
Correlation Between The Perceived Level of Stress of Government Employees and Their Age Range, Gender at Birth, Marital Status, Parental Status, Living
Arrangement, Employment Status, Job Level Position, and Income Range
Variables Tested Chi Square
p-value
Interpretation Perceived Level of
Stress
Age Range 0.337 No significant relationship Gender at Birth 0.481 No significant relationship Marital Status 0.894 No significant relationship Parental Status 0.645 No significant relationship
Living
Arrangement 0.888 No significant relationship Employment
Status
0.111 No significant relationship
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...43
Job Level Position 0.928 No significant relationship Income Range 0.745 No significant relationship Refer to Appendix C
This result suggests that the socio-demographic profile of the respondents is not associated with overall perceptions of stress and that other factors or variables may be influencing their perceived stress levels.
Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between the anxiety level and the socio- demographic profile of the respondents.
There is no significant relationship between respondents' anxiety levels and their socio-demographic profile. (See table 5)
Table 5
Correlation Between the Anxiety Level of Government Employees and Selected Socio-Demographic Variables
Variables Tested Chi Square p-value
Interpretation Anxiety Level Age Range 0.409 No significant relationship
Gender at Birth 0.154 No significant relationship Marital Status 0.465 No significant relationship Parental Status 0.444 No significant relationship
Living Arrangement
0.208 No significant relationship Employment
Status
0.096 No significant relationship Job Level Position 0.084 No significant relationship Income Range 0.346 No significant relationship Refer to Appendix C
The result for both hypotheses 1 and 2 contradicts several initial studies conducted, wherein stress and anxiety were associated with sociodemographic
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...44
characteristics of a given population, such as the one done by Wang (2020), who reported that gender and parental status had a greater impact on individuals' perceived stress and anxiety levels. (Odriozola-González et al., 2020) Women reported higher levels of tension (25.6%) and anxiety (19.9%) during confinement, which were associated with confounding biological, social, and economic factors.
Moreover, it was reported that women are nearly twice as likely as males to suffer from depression during their lifetime, which could be associated with a variety of factors such as hormonal differences, cultural influences, gender disparities in social activities, and response to stressful situations (Cañas-González et al., 2020). In addition, a household survey conducted in Spain found that individuals under the age of 40, especially those under the age of 25, women (14.4%), and those with poor incomes experienced higher levels of tension and anxiety during COVID-19 confinement. (Odriozola-González et, al., 2020). Furthermore, unprotected workers, such as self-employed, contractual, and temporary workers, are more vulnerable to the physical and psychological effects of the pandemic since they lack access to pay or sick leave and are less protected by traditional social safety mechanisms and other types of income smoothing, according to the ILO (2020). Some benefits, such as transportation and food allowance, are reduced under remote work arrangements, resulting in a lower payout for contractual employees whose benefits and compensation are dependent on the actual number of days reported for work. (Fana et al., 2020). Lastly, a reported positive impact on relationships with cohabiting individuals was negatively associated with tension and anxiety (2.3 10.6, p 0.0001, DASS-21 total score), particularly among those cohabiting during confinement (Odriozola-González et al., 2020).
Chapter V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
In determining the perceived level of stress and anxiety level of the respondents, the results of the PSS-10 index and GAD-7, respectively, was that the majority (96.32%) reported experiencing moderate stress during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic, while over half of respondents (49.69%) reported mild anxiety. This conclusion, along with previous studies on stress, anxiety, and depression following the COVID-19 pandemic, should serve as a wake-up call for all nations to improve their COVID-19 response plans' provisions for mental health services and psychosocial support as part of strengthening preparedness response and resilience to COVID-19 and future public health emergencies.
Moreover, during the process of establishing the relationship between the study variables, it was determined that there was no correlation between the perceived tension and anxiety levels of the respondents and their sociodemographic profile.
Although the results showed that there was no significant association between the respondents' perceived stress and anxiety levels and sociodemographic characteristics, the researcher recommends future studies look into other factors that may be associated with the perceived stress and anxiety levels of workers engaged in remote work arrangements, such as but not limited to, their working environment, physical health, and other extrinsic factors,
Longitudinal research is required to consider all factors influencing the stress and anxiety of employees working in remote work arrangements since this can
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...46
support the development of guidelines to facilitate the creation of optimal remote- work conditions to reduce any negative impacts on employees' health and well- being.
In addition, this study recommends that public and private employers consider workers' overall well-being by establishing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and Management Policies to mitigate these issues by providing mutually beneficial solutions that do not cause additional unnecessary stress and anxiety for the workers. Employees operating from a remote location may encounter fewer difficulties on the job if their policies, procedures, and supplementary support are well-defined and adequate.
The final recommendation of this study is that government and private sector employees actively collaborate with their employers to find mutually agreeable solutions to the challenges posed by adopting remote-work arrangements.
Developing Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and guidelines to facilitate optimal remote-working conditions for the employer and employees requires direct engagement with management.
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...47
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Appendices
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...58
APPENDIX A
PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS-10)
Statement / Question
0 Never
1 Almost
Never
2 Sometimes
3 Fairly Often
4 Very Often
No
response Total
f % f % f % f % f % f % f %
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?
1 0.
6
1 81 49.69 61 37.42 20 12.27 0 0.00 0 0.00 163 100.0 0
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life?
8 4.
9
1 59 36.20 72 44.17 24 14.72 0 0.00 0 0.00 163 100.0 0
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt nervous and stressed?
0 0.
0 0
35 21.47 95 58.28 33 20.25 0 0.00 0 0.00 163 100.0 0 In the first 6 months of the
COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt confident about your ability to manage your personal problems?
0 0.
0 0
0 0.00 25 15.34 132 80.98 5 3.07 1 0.61 163 99.39
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you found that you could not cope with all the things that you had to do?
0 0.
0 0
46 28.22 100 61.35 16 9.82 0 0.00 1 0.61 163 99.39
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you been able to control negative occurrences in your life?
0 0.
0 0
2 1.23 42 25.77 113 69.33 5 3.07 1 0.61 163 99.39
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt that you were on top of things?
0 0.
0
0 1 0.61 42 25.77 115 70.55 3 1.84 2 1.23 163 98.77 In the first 6 months of the
COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you been angered because of things that happened that were outside of your control?
0 0.
0
0 13 7.98 133 81.60 14 8.59 1 0.61 2 1.23 163 98.77
In the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them?
0 0.
0 0
9 5.52 126 77.30 27 16.56 1 0.61 0 0.00 163 100.0 0
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...59
APPENDIX B
GENERAL ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD-7) ASSESSMENT TOOL RESULT
Statement / Question
0 Not at all
1 Several
days
2 More than half the days
3 Nearly everyda
y
No respons
e
Total
f % f % f % f % f % f %
Feeling nervous,
anxious or on edge 11 6.75 13
4 82.2
1 1
7 10.4
3 1 0.61 0 0.00 16
3 100.0 0 Not being able to stop
or control worrying 35 21.4
7 10
9 66.8
7 1
8 11.0
4 1 0.61 0 0.00 16
3 100.0 0 Worrying too much
about different things 31 19.0
2 99 60.7 4
3 2
19.6
3 1 0.61 0 0.00 16 3
100.0 0 Trouble relaxing 66 40.4
9 73 44.7
9 2
1 12.8
8 0 0.00 3 1.84 16
3 100.0 0 Being so restless that
it is hard to sit still 101 61.9
6 46 28.2
2 1
5 9.20 0 0.00 1 0.61 16
3 100.0 0 Becoming easily
annoyed or irritable 0 0.00 12 0
73.6 2
4 2
25.7
7 1 0.61 0 0.00 16 3
100.0 0 Feeling afraid as if
something awful
might happen 0 0.00 96 58.9 0
6 6
40.4
9 1 0.61 0 0.00 16 3
100.0 0
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...60
APPENDIX B
GENERAL ANXIETY DISORDER (GAD-7) ASSESSMENT TOOL Result
Statement / Question 0 Not at all
1 Several
days
2 More than half the days
3 Nearly everyday
No response
Total
f % f % f % f % f % f %
Feeling nervous, anxious or on edge
11 6.75 134 82.21 17 10.43 1 0.61 0 0.00 163 100.00
Not being able to stop or control worrying
35 21.47 109 66.87 18 11.04 1 0.61 0 0.00 163 100.00
Worrying too much about different things
31 19.02 99 60.74 32 19.63 1 0.61 0 0.00 163 100.00
Trouble relaxing 66 40.49 73 44.79 21 12.88 0 0.00 3 1.84 163 100.00 Being so restless that
it is hard to sit still
101 61.96 46 28.22 15 9.20 0 0.00 1 0.61 163 100.00
Becoming easily annoyed or irritable
0 0.00 120 73.62 42 25.77 1 0.61 0 0.00 163 100.00
Feeling afraid as if something awful might happen
0 0.00 96 58.90 66 40.49 1 0.61 0 0.00 163 100.00
Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...61
APPENDIX C
SPSS OUTPUT IN USING CHI-SQUARE TEST CROSSTABS
/TABLES=AgeRange GenderatBirth MaritalStatus ParentalStatus
LivingArrangement EmploymentStatus JobLevelPosition IncomeRange BY PerceivedLevelofStress
/FORMAT=AVALUE TABLES /STATISTICS=CHISQ PHI /CELLS=COUNT TOTAL /COUNT ROUND CELL.
Crosstabs
Notes
Output Created 12-JUL-2022 17:08:41
Comments
Input Active Dataset DataSet1
Filter <none>
Weight <none>
Split File <none>
N of Rows in Working Data File
163 Missing Value Handling Definition of Missing User-defined missing values
are treated as missing.
Cases Used Statistics for each table are based on all the cases with valid data in the specified range(s) for all variables in each table.
Syntax CROSSTABS
/TABLES=AgeRange GenderatBirth MaritalStatus ParentalStatus
LivingArrangement EmploymentStatus JobLevelPosition IncomeRange BY PerceivedLevelofStress /FORMAT=AVALUE TABLES
/STATISTICS=CHISQ PHI /CELLS=COUNT TOTAL /COUNT ROUND CELL.
Resources Processor Time 00:00:00.00
Elapsed Time 00:00:00.01
Dimensions Requested 2
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Perceived Level of Stress and Anxiety...62
[DataSet1]
Case Processing Summary Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Age Range * Perceived Level of Stress
162 99.4% 1 0.6% 163 100.0%
Gender at Birth * Perceived Level of Stress
157 96.3% 6 3.7% 163 100.0%
Marital Status * Perceived Level of Stress
163 100.0% 0 0.0% 163 100.0%
Parental Status * Perceived Level of Stress
160 98.2% 3 1.8% 163 100.0%
Living Arrangement * Perceived Level of Stress
163 100.0% 0 0.0% 163 100.0%
Employment Status * Perceived Level of Stress
161 98.8% 2 1.2% 163 100.0%
Job Level Position * Perceived Level of Stress
162 99.4% 1 0.6% 163 100.0%
Income Range * Perceived Level of Stress
163 100.0% 0 0.0% 163 100.0%
Age Range * Perceived Level of Stress
Crosstab
Perceived Level of Stress Total Low
Stress
Moderate Stress
High Perceived
Stress Age
Range
20-30 years
Count 1 30 0 31
% of
Total 0.6% 18.5% 0.0% 19.1%
31-40 years
Count 0 72 4 76
% of Total
0.0% 44.4% 2.5% 46.9%
41-50 years
Count 0 43 1 44
% of Total
0.0% 26.5% 0.6% 27.2%
51-60 years
Count 0 11 0 11
% of Total
0.0% 6.8% 0.0% 6.8%
Total Count 1 156 5 162
% of Total 0.6% 96.3% 3.1% 100.0%