HUMAN EVOLUTION - The genus Homo Out of Africa

(1)

HUMAN EVOLUTION - The genus Homo

Thomas INGICCO

Out of Africa

(2)

(Matternes inTattersall, 2003)

(3)

1970’

Richard & Meave Leakey

East Rudolf, Kenya

Incredible numbers of hominin fossil remains East Rudolf

*

(4)

1975

Richard & Meave Leakey

East Rudolf, Kenya

East Rudolf

*

Under the Okote tuf

(5)

KNM‐ER 3883 (1976) 1.5 – 1.6 Ma

KNM ER 3733 (1975)

1.5 – 1.6 Ma

(6)

Spoor et al. 2007

KNM-ER 42700

~ 1.55 My

(7)

1984

Richard Leakey &

Alan Walker

West Turkana, Kenya

West Turkana

*

(8)

1984

Nariokotome (West Turkana) KNM WT 15 000

1.8 Ma

(9)

1984

Nariokotome (West Turkana) KNM WT 15 000

1.8 Ma

(E. Daynes)

(10)

Groves & Mazak, 1975

Based on the mandible KNMER 992 (1971) (Homo sp. in Leakey, 1972)

Morphological and dimensions of teeth and mandible different from Homo habilis and Asian H. erectus

⇒ New species Homo ergaster

(11)

Groves & Mazak, 1975

Homo ergaster

(12)

*

Olduvai

1960

Louis & Mary Leakey Bed II~1,2 Ma

Olduvai Gorge

(Tanzania)

(13)

OH 9 (1960)

1.1‐1.2 Ma

(14)

OH9: Homo ergaster??

(15)

Homo : adaptation to food cooking?

(16)

The first “Out of Africa”

(17)

East Africa 1.9 – 1.5 (H. ergaster)

2.4 – 1.5 (H. habilis) Sima del Elefante

1.2 - 1.1

Mojokerto Sangiran

1.8 – 1.6 Dmanisi

1.8

Longgupo 1.9 – 1.8 Mohui Cave

~ 1.9

(18)

Dmanisi (Georgia)

East Africa Dmanisi

1.77 - 1.81 My

Lumley et al., 2005

Lordkipanidze et al., 2007

(19)

D 2600 in situ

(20)

D 3444 & D 3900

Dmanisi (Georgia) 1.8 My

D 2280 D 211 & D 2282

D 2700 & D 2735 (ado.)

Cranial remains

(holotype of H. georgicus, Gabounia et al. 2002)

D 2600

(21)

Lordkipanidze et al. 2007

Postcranial remains

(22)

Postcranial remains

D 2700 & D 2735

Subadult (adolescent)

13-14 y. old

Large adult

2 small adults

(23)

Block 2: post-cranial

Vertical projection Lateral projection

Block 2: crania & mandibles

Vertical projection

Density of human remains

(24)

KNM ER 3733 1.5 – 1.6 My Sin III

D 2280

KNM WT 15 000

1.8 My

(25)

D 2280 & KNM-ER 42700

Max. length

ER 42700 ~ 153 mm D 2280 = 176

D 2282 = 166

Basion-bregma height ER 42700 = 94 mm D 2280 ~ 105

D 2282 = 92 Max. breadth

ER 42700 = 120 mm D 2280 ~ 135

D 2282 ~ 135

(26)

OH 24 (1.9 My)

Dmanisi / Homo habilis

)

Cranial capacity 510 - 675 cc

(Dmanisi 600 to 790 cc)

)

Moderately developed superstructures

)

Facial morphology (alveolar prognathism)

D 2282 ^{D 2700}

KNM ER 1813 (1.9 My)

(27)

Body mass estim. :

47.6 – 50 kg (large adult indiv.);

40.2 kg (small adult indiv.);

40 – 42.5 kg (subadult)

Stature estim. :

144.9 – 161.4 cm (subadult);

146.6 – 166.2 cm (large adult indiv.)

(28)

…endocranial morphology shows plesiomorphic features but also several derived characters of Asian Homo erectus

But…

(29)

(30)

Longgupo Mohui Cave

**Earliest Homo remains from China: Longgupo & Mohui**

1.8 – 1.9 My ?

Longgupo (pic. R. Ciochon in Tattersall, 2003)

Mohui Cave (Wang et al., 2005)

(31)

Longgupo

Human remains(?) – lithic tools

Huang et al. (1995)

? 1,8 - 1,9 Mya ?

(32)

Mohui cave

Wang et al., 2005

Typical South Chinese fauna with Gigantopithecus (cf. Longgupo ~ 2 My ?)

Gigantopithecus blacki

Left P³

Left M¹/M² Left M₃

Left M₁/M₂

right M₂ left M¹/M²

Hominid (Ù Homo ?)

(33)

Java

See next lecture…

(34)

1.2 – 1.1 My

East Africa Sima del Elefante

Dmanisi

Atapuerca: Sima del Elefante

(Carbonell et al., 2008)

(35)

Atapuerca: Sima del Elefante

(Carbonell et al., 2008)

Rather small dimensions & gracility

=> Homo antecessor (provisional attribution)

vertical alveolar planum small mental protuberance

(36)

Once the genus Homo dispersed and settled the whole Old World, different types of evolution

occurred and gave rise to several distinct

lineages, most of which became extinct

(37)

In Europe ….

(38)

Atapuerca, Spain

Gran Dolina (0.8 My)

(39)

Atapuerca, Spain

Gran Dolina (0.8 My)

(40)

ATD6 - 5

ATD6 - 69

(Carbonell et al., 2005)

ATD6 - 96 ATD6 - 15

Homo antecessor

- Shared plesiomorphic features with African & Asian Homo specimens - Small size & gracility (cf. early & middle P. Hominins from China)

- No apomorphic features of H. neanderthalensis

Ù

Close relationship H. antecessor – H. sapiens ?

(41)

Mauer, Germany (0.65 My ?)

Homo heidelbergensis

(42)

Arago, Tautavel (Pyrénées Orientales, France)

Level G ~0.45 Mya

(43)

Arago 2 and 13

(44)

Arago 21 and 47

(45)

Between 700 000 and 400 000 ans

Discoveries between 1964 and 2011:

128 human remains

Before use of fire

:

1 skull 1 maxillar 5 mandibulars 78 definitive teeth 28 decidual teeth 2 atlas

1 axis 3 ribs 2 clavicules 4 humérus 1 radius 1 ulna

1 forephalanx

3 coxals (iliaque, pubis) 6 femurs

2 tibia 4 fibula 1 métatarsal

NMI : 26 individuals Many juveniles

Deciduous teeth fallen dawn the level

(46)

(47)

Mauer Homo heidelbergensis

Tautavel

(48)

Vue antérieure

ARAGO 2

ARAGO 89

ARAGO 13

ARAGO 118 ARAGO 119

(49)

July 10 th, 2008

ARAGO 119

(50)

ARAGO 121

(51)

Arago 21 and 47

Homo heidelbergensis

(52)

Ceprano Italy

~ 0.4 Mya

(before ~0.8)

(53)

Atapuerca Spain

Sima de los Huesos (0.3 My)

Homo heidelbergensis

(54)

Europe, since 450 ky:

Homo heidelbergensis

Mauer ~ 650 ky

Arago ~ 450 ky

Atapuerca Sima de los Huesos

~ 350 to 200 ky

Ceprano ~ 400 ky

(55)

Europe ~200 to 30kya

The realm of Neandertal

(56)

La Quina

Saccopastore Spy

Neandertal

Steinheim

Vindija Krapina Tata

Amud Tabun Guattari

Külna

Molodovo Kiyik-Koba Saint Césaire

Le Moustier La Ferrassie

Moula

Zafarraya

La Chapelle aux Saints

Neandertal sites

(from ~ 150,000 to 28,000 years ago)

(57)

La Chapelle aux Saints

(Southwestern France; 40,000 BP)

Discovered in 1908

(58)

La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints

(National Geographic)

(59)

Shanidar (Irak)

Analysis of the sediment present in the burial, underneath the human skeleton indicates an important concentration in pollens of flowers

(60)

Shanidar 1 A very peculiar usewear of

anterior teeth…

(dessin G.Tosello)

Shanidar (Irak)

(61)

(Jurmains et al., 2009)

(62)

Neandertal specific features Skull

(63)

Pentagonal with convergent (upward) lateral

walls

Circular (specific of Neandertals)

House-shaped (Homo sapiens) Development of

parietal bossae (eminences)

Cranial shape in posterior view

Neandertal specific features Skull

(64)

Neandertal specific features Post-cranial skeleton

Stature:

Male average = 1.65 m Female average = 1.55 m

Body proportions:

Radius + ulna short / humerus Tibia + fibula short / femur

(65)

Neandertal specific features Post-cranial skeleton

Stature:

Male average = 1.65 m Female average = 1.55 m

Body proportions:

Radius + ulna short / humerus Tibia + fibula short / femur

Homo sapiens Homo neanderthalensis

(66)

EAST ASIA

(67)

From Africa to East Asia

Very few “fossil landmarks”

(68)

South Asia: India, Narmada valley

Middle Pleistocene

(U series from a Bovid scapula:

Minimal age ~ 236 000 y ?)

(69)

Fossil record

Homo erectus

Southeast Asia

mainland insular (Java)

East Asia (China)

?

H. erectus /archaic H. sapiens

Southeast Asia

insular (Java)

East Asia (China)

Fond de carte : University of Texas, http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/

Zhoukoudian (L1) Lantian

Yunxian Nanjing

Hexian Yuanmou

Tham Khuyen Thum Wiman

Nakin

Sangiran Trinil

Mojokerto

Sinanthrope XII

Ngandong Ngawi

Sambungmacan Maba Jinniushan Dali

Dali

(70)

China: fossil record

(71)

Chronology of Chinese human fossils

Zhoukoudian (Upper Cave) Minatogawa

Xujiyao

Hexian

Jinniushan

Zhoukoudian (Locality 1)

Chenjiawo (Lantian)

Gongwangling (Lantian) 100

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Ka BP

Homo erectus

“Archaic” Homo sapiens transition forms?

Anatomically modern Homo sapiens

Dali

Yuanmou

? Maba

Yunxian

?

Nanjing

Liujiang

(72)

Zhoukoudian

(73)

ZHOUKOUDIAN (1921)

Excavations in the 1930’

(74)

ZHOUKOUDIAN

Zhoukoudian skull III

(Grimaud Hervé et al., 1998)

Cranial remains (1921 to 1966)

• 6 skullcaps,

• 12 skull fragments,

• 15 partial mandibles,

• 157 teeth

Dated from 250 to 500 kya

(75)

Zhoukoudian Skull XII

Morphological features:

- elongated and low braincase

- marked angle at the occipital & transverse torus - strong supra-orbital torus

- torus angularis

- low position of maximal cranial breadth

¾ same morphology on all specimens:

typical H. erectus morphology

ZHOUKOUDIAN

(76)

H. erectus – more recent discoveries

(77)

(www.chineseprehistory.org & P. Brown)

Hexian

(? 0,2 Mya ?)

Nanjing 1

(~ 0,6 Mya)

Yunxian

(0,6 to 0,8 Mya)

(78)

H. erectus / H. sapiens??

(79)

Mosaic of H erectus and H sapiens features

Reconstruction of the upper face

(P. Brown: www-personal.une.edu.au/~pbrown3/)

DALI

180 to 230 Ky BP

(U/Th on tooth)

250 to 350 Ky BP

(ESR – U/Th on tooth)

“archaic” Homo sapiens = Homo rhodesiensis (?)

(80)

200 to 310 Ky BP

JINNIUSHAN

“archaic” Homo sapiens = Homo rhodesiensis (?)