BI- 2201 PERKEMBANGAN HEWAN 3(1) SKS
TEORI : SELASA, 11.00-13.00 PRAKTIKUM : RABU, 14.00-17.00
(MULAI : 21 Januari 2012)
PENDAHULUAN
Dr Anggraini Barlian Dr Marselina I. Tan
Brain damaged
BOR Syndrom
Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, Microtia, Aural Atresia, Hemifacial
Microsomia, Macrocephaly, Hypotonia and Tracheotomy
BIOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
• Definisi:
• Bidang ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana suatu sel tunggal
(telur yang difertilisasi) berkembang menjadi suatu organisma
yang utuh
fertilisasi
perkembangan
Gametogenesis
Sel telur dan sperma
BIOLOGI PERKEMBANGAN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
• Perkembangan embrio : stadium 1 sel cleavage blastula gastrula pembentukan lapisan
lembaga neurulasi organogenesis
Developmental stages
of Xenopus laevis
Kelainan perkembangan pada saat lahir disebabkan oleh kelainan proses selluar pada perkembangan
• REPRODUKSI MANUSIA MERUPAKAN PROSES YANG TIDAK EFISIEN :
• ~ 50% konseptus tidak diimplantasikan
• ~30% mati dan abortus sesudah implantasi.
• 3-4% dari semua bayi yang dilahirkan memiliki cacat bawaan yang dapat dilihat secara
makroskopis (120,000 bayi/tahun di USA)
• 1% dari semua bayi yang dilahirkan dengan kelainan jantung
• 20% kematian neonatal disebabkan oleh cacat bawaan
• cacat bawaan merupakan 50% penyebab masalah
pediatri di USA
MODEL SYSTEMS
Untuk analis perkembangan
Drosophila melanogaster
Mus musculis
Gallus domesticus
Caenorhabditis elegans
Xenopus laevis
&tropicalis Arbacia punculata
Strongylocentrotus lividus
Danio rerio
sperma
Sel telur/
ova
senescense mati
Proses
perkembangan
langsung
Proses
perkembangan tidak langsung:
METAMORFOSIS
PERKEMBANGAN HEWAN
Kontribusi dalam studi Perkembangan hewan:
• Embriologi komparatif
• Embriologi evolusioner
• Teratologi
• Mathematical modeling
• Stem cell
• Regenerative medicine
• preformasi vs • Epigenesis
EMBRIOLOGI KOMPARATIF
In 1694, Nicolas
Hartsoeker reported his discovery of animacules in human sperm.
Does complexity arise from preset
determinants? Other
possibilities?
EMBRIOLOGI KOMPARATIF
• Bagaimana konsep lapisan lembaga mendukung epigenesis?
• Bagaimana konsep induksi cocok dalam hal ini?
EMBRIOLOGI KOMPARATIF
• Prinsip apakah yang Karl Ernst von Baer artikan dalam perkembangan vertebrata?
• Penampilan-penampilan yang umum, muncul lebih awal dalam
perkembangan daripada penampilan yang spesifik:
Hukum Biogenetik
4 PRINSIP UTAMA VON BAER
Pada tahap perkembangan hewan sampai gastrulasi, embrio memiliki struktur yang sama
Lengkung insang pernah dimiliki oleh semua embrio vertebrata
Struktur yang tidak umum berkembang dari struktur umum :
Awalnya terdapat Kulit tipe kulit yang sama berkembang sesuai tempat hidup
Embrio pada spesies berbeda memiliki asal struktur berbeda berbeda menjadi struktur spesifik
Lengkung visceral celah insang pada ikan
Lengkung visceral struktur berbeda pada mamalia : saluran eustachius
Struktur dewasa spesies tertentu kelas lebih tinggi ≠ kelas lebih rendah
• Mengapa perbedaan antara struktur analogi dan
homologi sangat penting?
EMBRIOLOGI EVOLUSI
TERATOLOGI
• Bagaimana malformasi berbeda dari gangguan?
Anomali perkembangan : piebaldism Mutasi pada gen Kit steril, anemia,
underpigmentasi pada kulit dan rambut Pengaruh talidomid : fokomelia
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
• Apa perbedaan pertumbuhan isometrik dengan alometrik
Figure 1.18
Allometry in humans. The embryo's head is exceedingly large in proportion to the rest of the body. After the embryonic period, the head grows more slowly than the torso, hands, and legs. Human allometry has been represented in Western art only since the Renaissance. Before that, children resembled little adults. (After Moore 1983.)
Such growth, in which the shape is preserved because all components grow at the same rate, is called isometric growth
Allometry growth:
- growth is not a uniform phenomenon.
- some periods in an organism's life during growth is more rapid than in others. Physical growth during the first 10 years of person's existence is much more dramatic than in the 10 years following one's graduation from college. Moreover, not all parts of the body grow at the same rate.
Equiangular spiral growth patterns. (A) A ram's horn and the shell of a chambered nautilus both show equiangular spiral growth. The nautilus shell (below) is cut in cross section. (B) René
Descartes’ analysis of an equiangular spiral, showing that if the curve cuts each radius vector at a constant angle (symbolized θ), then the curve grows continuously without ever changing its shape.
(B after Thompson 1942.) Male specimens of the fiddler crab, Uca pugnax.
Allometric growth occurs only in one of the male's claws. In females (not shown), both claws retain isometric growth
REGENERATIVE MEDICINE
Regenerative medicine is the "process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function". This field holds the promise of regenerating damaged tissues and organs in the body by replacing damaged tissue and/or by stimulating the body's own repair mechanisms to heal previously irreparable tissues or organs.
3 years old – amputated finger
Human Fingertip regeneration
22 months old boy:
treatment: graft full thickness skin over the amputation surface to seal off the wound
Healed the amputated
finger naturally 11
weeks
STEM CELL THERAPY
Stem cells :
• unspecialized cells capable of renewing themselves through cell division, sometimes after long periods of inactivity.
• under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Two kinds of stem cells:
• Embryonic stem cells
• Adult stem cells
New generation of stem cell:
• Induced pluripotent stem cells
(iPS)
STEM CELL THERAPY
2-year-old girl gets windpipe made from stem cells
Boy, 2, is the first to have cerebral palsy 'successfully treated' using stem cells, taking him from a vegetative state to walking and talking
cardiac arrest in November 2008 umbilical cord blood
40 months later eat independently, walk with
assistance, and form four-word sentences.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2330338/Boy-cerebral-palsy- successfully-treated-using-stem-cells-taking-vegetative-state-walking- talking.html#ixzz2qxRgWXoj
