Being among the threatened species, several species of sharks and rays have been proposed for inclusion in the CITES Appendix for protection and conservation (SEAFDEC, 2012). The article discusses the development and status of purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asian countries surrounding the South China Sea (SCS).
Indonesia
In Sihanoukville waters, purse seine vessels are mostly operated in the same coastal areas (Figure 4). The number of purse seine vessels operating in the Java Sea is approximately 28,000 units, contributing approximately 2.6% of the total number of fishing vessels operating in Indonesian waters.
Malaysia
In 1983, pelagic fishing was carried out only in the Java Sea, but later it spread from the west to the South China Sea (around the island of Natuna, Tarempa, Pejantan) and in the shallow waters of the western Makassar Strait (around Lumu-Lumu, Samber Gelap, Lari- larian). Thus, most of the existing purse seine vessels that previously operated in the Java Sea have changed their target species from small pelagic fish to small tuna and tuna-like species, and among the different types of fishing gear, gillnets and longlines are used in fishing operations.
Myanmar
Light baiting is also used in purse seines to attract free-schooling fish at night, and especially to harvest small mackerel and sardines, especially along the northern coast of the Rakhine coastal region.
Philippines
The country's small pelagic fisheries have contributed significantly to its total fisheries production, and are also considered the most important source of cheap animal protein for lower-income groups of people in the Philippines. In 2003, the Philippines established four sampling sites in landing centers of purse seines and purse seines as the target fishery in the South China Sea (Fig. 8).
Thailand
Seines are the main fishing gear used to catch pelagic fish in coastal areas. TPS, LPS and LLPS are the main types of purse seine and are commonly found in GoT and ASCoT.
Viet Nam
Purse seines are one of the most important types of fishing gear for sea fishing in Vietnam. The purse seine fishery accounts for approximately 4.1–6.9% of all fishing vessels in the country and is well developed, particularly in central and southeastern waters.
The results would also be used to develop appropriate management of purse seine fisheries in the Southeast Asian region. By the end of the MFRDMD project, it is expected that an overview of available information, including stock levels, will be available to Member States when evaluating management strategies for sustainable purse seiner fisheries in the Southeast Asian region.
Conclusion and Way Forward
Regarding the genetic study, it aims to verify the extent of connectivity of commercially important pelagic species targeted by purse seine fisheries and to provide the scientific background for joint management actions of the SEAFDEC member states for shared stocks of small pelagics species. It should be noted that this MFRDMD project is consistent with ASEAN-SEAFDEC Resolution #10 which encourages the ASEAN and SEAFDEC to “strengthen knowledge/.
About the Authors
The International Action Plan for Fishing Capacity Management, adopted by the FAO Committee on Fisheries in 1999, calls on FAO member countries to use a three-phase implementation scheme while dealing with the management of fishing capacity in their countries (FAO, 2008). Tsuyoshi Iwata during the Regional Technical Consultation on the Development of a Regional Fishing Capacity Management Action Plan organized by SEAFDEC in February 2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia This article does not represent the views of the Japanese Fisheries Agency.
Coping with Overcapacity/Overfishing: Experience of Japan
Although fisheries managers are working with fishermen and other stakeholders who are making money from fishery resources, in reality it is not an easy task to undertake fisheries management by limiting fishing capacity to an appropriate level and avoiding and/or address the problem of overcapacity which undermines the long-term sustainability of fishery resources. Therefore, this article aims to make a comment for readers to understand Japan's efforts in managing fishing capacity and avoiding the occurrence of overfishing, which Southeast Asian countries can refer to in managing their respective fisheries and preventing overcapacity as well as overfishing.
Framework for Assessment of Fishery Resources in Waters Surrounding Japan
First, Japan's institutional fish stock assessment system is explained, and then the Pacific Bluefin Tuna (PBFT) is mentioned as a typical example of Japan's effort to eliminate overfishing. The authors are solely responsible for the content, including descriptions, used in this article.
Strengths of the Fishery Resources Assessment in Japan
Therefore, fisheries managers must be able to understand the extent of exploitation in a fishery resource, and if managers fail to take appropriate action to avoid overexploitation of the resource, they are failing to fulfill a very important mission, which is to make stable. realizing the use of fishing resources. These phases are: (1) assessment and diagnosis; (2) adoption of management precautions; and (3) the system of periodic reviews and adjustments.
How Japan is coping with Overcapacity/
These include difficulties in obtaining sufficient budget allocations and maintaining the experienced staff, considering that the financial situation in Japan, both in central and local governments, has worsened in recent years.
Overfishing? A case of the Pacific bluefin tuna
As for the construction of fishing vessels that require a permit from the Minister for Fisheries, a permit from the Minister is required. Regarding the construction of fishing vessels that require the permission of the prefectural governor for fishing, the permission of the prefectural governors is required.
Challenges in Dealing with Issues of Overcapacity/Overfishing
FAJ also intends to be transparent in the implementation of the measure, which should be fair to all fishermen. Establishing a spatio-temporal profile of Scombrid larvae, especially in the eastern Pacific coast of the country, would therefore provide a picture of the abundance, distribution and diversity of Scombrid species in the Philippines.
Establishing Spatio-temporal Profile of Scombrid Larvae
The length of the species belonging to the Family Scombridae varies from 20.00 cm (7.9 in) of the island mackerel to 4.58 m (15.0 ft) recorded for the huge Atlantic bluefin tuna. Scombrids are generally considered predators of the open sea and are found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters.
The first (spiked) dorsal fin and the pelvic fins are usually retracted into the grooves of the body. In 2013, for example, the country's production of tuna and mackerel accounted for about 31% of the country's total production volume from sea capture fisheries and about 42% in terms of value, of which 78% of Scombrid's production volume and 80% of value was contributed by tuna (SEAFDEC, 2015).
Spatio-temporal Abundance and Diversity of Scombrid larvae
All indices compared reveal positive relationships, except Simpson's D and Shannon's Index, which showed a negative relationship. The influence of food availability based on chlorophyll-a concentration was assessed to determine its possible effect on Scombrid larval abundance and distribution.
Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Works
Studies on the seasonal variability of Scombrid larvae in the Philippine Pacific Sea should be continued to create a more comprehensive profile of larval abundance and distribution in different seasons. 2010. A survey of chlorophyll-a and dissolved oxygen concentrations in the Philippine Pacific coast and Celebes Sea.
Estimating the Maximum Sustainable Yield for Coastal Fisheries: A Case Study in Nui Thanh District, Quang Nam
Using the currently available data with some new data collected, an analysis was conducted to estimate the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the level of fishing effort in the coastal fisheries of Nui Thanh District in Quang Nam Province, Vietnam , too dear. The main problem is insufficient data for assessing the coast's marine resources and estimating the fishing effort.
Compilation of Necessary Data
Although problems may have been identified, they could not be supported by any analysis due to insufficient data, as there were no estimates of total allowable catches and no analysis of reasonable levels of fishing effort across different fishing grounds and species. In order to solve the problems mentioned above, new survey data were collected to obtain information on the number and type of fishing vessels operating in regulated coastal areas; maximum sustainable yield for various fishing gears; a level of fishing effort compatible with maximum sustainable yield;
Identification of Coastal Fishing Vessels
Thus, local authorities have no solid basis for designing and implementing appropriate management measures, although previous reports contain few suggestions for conducting quantitative research on policy improvement, planning or management of this valuable resource.
Estimation of Catch Landing
The surplus production model was used to estimate the maximum sustainable catch (MSY) and corresponding effort level (fMSY. The slope "b" must be negative if the catch per unit of fishing effort decreases due to an increase in effort f.
Results
The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the level of fishing effort for purse seiners at MSY are 2,209 MT and 279 vessels, respectively. MSY and level of fishing effort for longline fishing at MSY are 831 MT and 69 vessels respectively.
Conclusion and Recommendations
The EC Regulation 1005/2008 to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (or the EC IUU Regulation) adopted on 29 September 2008 and entered into force on 1 January 2010 shows the seriousness of the European Union (EU) to curb IUU fishing problems worldwide. Despite all such efforts, the international community has not succeeded in reducing the extent of IUU fishing activities in the world.
Boosting National Mechanisms to Combat IUU Fishing
Efforts have been made by international and regional organizations to develop and promote measures that will combat IUU fishing. The issue has blown up even further considering that a wider variety of species are now affected by IUU fishing activities in all oceans around the world.
Dynamism of the Southeast Asian Fisheries Sector
The EC IUU Regulation has increased the awareness of fishermen in most AMSs about the negative impacts of IUU fishing. Vietnam Existing laws and regulations had been amended with the ultimate goal of reducing IUU fishing in the country's small-scale fisheries.
CALENDAR OF EVENTS
To develop and manage the fisheries potential of the region through the rational use of resources to ensure food and human security and reduce poverty through the transfer of new technologies, research and information dissemination activities. Increasing the capacity of the fisheries sector to address emerging international issues and greater access to international trade.
