●
︼ げ
●一﹄
６ 凛ｘ
﹁ｏ
︶
︻ メ ぼ・ ロ メ
″ ロ
¨﹄ ４
●ｏ
︼﹄
︶０ と１
４︒
↑
●
一 男 モご 丼 ｏ
卜Ｎ ｍｃ●■一つ０﹄︶
一つ七︼０︻ ＣＯぃ い∞
︑ ｏ
﹁
︼ｏじ
ェ︵ ０ つ
︼ｏ じ
′
□ ■
∽ . 口
◇
Ｏ∽ Ｃ ＯＬ 輻 ｏ ︼ｏ
Ｏ︼０日∽ Ｅ０︼∽０つ︼η﹂ｏｏ●ｏｏ﹄ＯＬＥコ¨Ｅやｏ﹂ｏ●ｏ∽■﹄Ｅｏり ︐゛︻ｏ﹄●¨一﹄
◇ 日 ロ ロ ０
■ Ｏ ロ
∽０一七ｐ
﹄０〇 こ一﹂一 ０﹂ｏ
Ｐ∽ 一〇
〇０ も ヽＰ こ
︱只 ご
● ０
■ ロ
∽ つ
一 ぬ
゛
︼ ０
︺
︒ ｏ﹂ 一
︼
︼ ｏ ｏ
口 ｏ ｏ
・ ｏ
﹂ Ｅ
● リ ヒ
ｏ
﹂ ｏ
● ｏ ｏ
︼ ｄ Ｃ Ｃ 一
¨
〇 一
０ 日
□ 回
◎
■ Ｏ
□
′
□
■
0
●ロ
ロ
◇
0
コ¨ し
XTX
XX
Table I : Ph,u:ic.1l chai-.tc,,ei-i-=itc: lf the 12 bra・n=]
=19arette brands
Nelght (gm)
(fi1 ter noi accounL)
,1=king 4=nllty.x
(.9/mm3) Cold city
'lold city 85
* 「onginip
K「edthOr・9
*kredthOns 27
1,16 1,14 0192 1,01 0,9̀
1,09 1,04 1100 0,81 0,85 0,85 0.95
‡Sanit
*P,Y=
*R=Ỳ
=Star
(delu:te)
x lrailing Rain The |loon
0,33 0.:8 0,30 0.29 0,31 0,31 0.34 0.33 0,27 0,28 0.23 0.27
fllier ciEai-aite
*t p:c!t:ng den_qti,v ilei.e ciicll;iEC fi-;:: D : ii/\l ; t{fiei.i
taf.3,:,:n I a;v;:
ncn-f il',ei- tl,pe :
r.:a:ght in rg,rcig., V : .:,)
?0 mrt; end ?f f r I -rer- ,"yp; : i0
( ギ of
rl口 )
lenght
(tirm.1
●
XXユ
Iable 2 ; C;in:ur: cu:ltani: of wiola ciEireite, br:tt, a:h, filte:
c.:tr',:iia:ll snc!{e ali siiiiileat sn,"ka
0̀13
02]
0.31
0.32
0,23
0,4̀
0,3!
0,(2
0̀:6
0̀:̀
0■r
eean t"1! i,1C itariri'C daviaticit (S,D,)w;re calculate,r ior 2C experinents (n:fg)
t filier;igai'ette
vtYar i ! !E
Ul 4!lUl
1lC:itr:11
Glld city
‡Oold citァ 35
‡K「ongthi,
Kre」th,19
‡Kredthlng 27
Slllt
‡Saiit ll
‡R̀Y,111
‡R,Yl ll:(pelux3)
‡Star
‡Falling R3in
lhe lool
2,0410̀30
1,91■0̀39
1,79■0̀30
2.10■0,47
1̀87■0̀45
1,83■0,40
1=7,上0=40
1164上0158
1=5̀上0,36
1181■0,30
1.̀:± o129
2,1810,51
0.9̀■0.23
0,70■0,20
0=59■0,1̀
0̀92上0,25
0870■0,21
0.81■0122
0,̀3■0̀17
0̀57■0,15
0.42■0,09
0.5810,1
0,5̀上0.15
0̀3?上〔̀2̀
0,7110̀20
0,75■0,19
0̀̀710,14
0̀̀く 上0̀17 0̀65■0.19
0,59■ 0119
0̀4910,18
0,55上0,14
0,53■0,15
0,69上0,15
0,60上0,1̀
0̀63■0,21
0,05■011:
0.04■0.02
0=03■0,02
0,05■0,01
0,03■0,ol
0103■0,ol
O,03上0,01
0,03■1,02
0.19■01o9
0::3■0,o9
0,1̀■0,ò
0,1610̀0̀
0,17■0,10
0,18■0,07
0=18■0,07
0,18■0,07
0,1410805 0̀1510,05
0,1710=05 0,14±0̀10
→
cafiiu,? contEnt (uSlcie. )
w卜olo c19=
XlS,D̀
htt
X tt s,D̀
ash
X tt S:D=
fllter
X ttS̀0,
ial「=Lrell
smke
X ttS̀D̀
轟 i
13ble
Perc;nia3: ii:i-e il'hole ciEarEite
iiie pe rce n tage of
l? Di'and5
cadfiiur! contenl cf each part of th..
iel.:ulateC on biEii of titE sneunt of Cd !r
1lgarette brands
pencentage Of cadmlum
(%)
conlent of e.rch partHhole
cigarette
filter flaitgtre3o 1ldlitrean
S韓okら
Glld city
*Gold citソ
*K=o「gthiP KredthOng
*KredthOng
Sanli t
率Samit 14
*R̀Y, 111
*R.Y,
*Star
*Falling rain The MoOn
lll (deluxe) t00
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
47.1 36,7 33,0 46.7 37.4 46.3 35.2 54,8 27.3 32.0 31.6 40,8
2.6 2.2
1,6
1,7 1.8 1.9 1,7 1,9
9.5 9.4 9,0 7.6 9.1 9,8 10,0 11.0 9.1 8 3 10.5 6 4
8,8 12,0 18.4 15.2 17,1 13.7 25,7 18,9 27.3 19.9 16.0
* f i I iei- ciEai-ette
ミ ヽ
34.8 3,.3 37.4 30.5 34.8 33.7 27.4 33.5 34.4 38.1 37.0 31.2
XX■■■
T;ble 1: Cadini.dtil contenl of uhole cr gai' ?r.L?, rn.t tnE treen :lnL1'te and the amounl of cedmtull rei:ined ln lun,j c19arette
brands
cadmiun cOntent
t+hole cigarette ma i ns Lream .,nlol.i,e 「etlin irl lLing
lold city X3oll city 85
*K「lngthip KredthOng
*K「=dthong 27 Sanit
2104 1,91 117, 2110 1,87 1,85 1,79 1364 1,54 1.81 1,62 2.18
‡Samit 14
‡R̀Y, 111
*8.Y. 111 (deluxe)
lQt:r
*ial L ing rai-.
.0119
0̀18 0.16 0,16 0.17 0,18 0,18 0,18 0,14 0.15 0̀17
0 40 0,35 0,35 0,37 0,40 0,40 0,40 0131
0,15 0,15 0.15 0,1=
0.1(
0,15 0,15
* filt,er clg.1t--"tle
お へ
(声9) りg〕 ,Rll/diソ
1ノ」つ)
each,ie:i'
(mci'|
0115 0,11 0,12 0,14 0,11
47 CHAPTER V
DISCじssloNS AND CONCLUS10NS
﹂ ハ
5. 1 Discussions
. From the data of percent cadnlun. in malnstream
sraolie lt rer.ealed that thede resulta were close to the percent, cadmium in mainstream smoke obtained by Menden
et aI . (31) who used the standard smoking nachine for collecting. nainstream smoke. Since the rnethod of collectinE mainstrean smoke and the method of extracting
cadmiun fron nalnstream smoke ln this researeh were the
sane method used by Mend.en et aI ., thus the nodified snoking apparatus invented for this. research caD
t,alie into account compensatory to the standard. snokinE machine.
The anaI,,sis of cadmium content of cigarette was
conducted by using Atomic Absorptlon Spectrophotometer
which is .a widi:ly used method for the deternlnation of trace.. metals in such materials .ra n.. advantaEes aa
bei.ng highfy sensltive, very sDecific, r6liable and lorg
43
ヘ バ ︵
ler.-el of detection. If the concentration lg below the detectlon limit, MIBI( is recoromended to be used as the
entracting solvent. The Atomlc Absorptlon Spectro
Dhotometer 'at the laboratory of the Departnent of
ChernicaL Engineerlng, Facult5, of Engineer., chulalongkorn
Lrnlversity rr.as used to confirn thd reliability of the
.{tonic Absorption Spec trophotometer at the. Iaboratory of
The Departraeht of Llves tock , Devel opEent in whlch it $ras
used for anaLysis nost of the sampleb of this research.
Sample preparations of r.rhoLe clEarette, butt and aeh.,
before inspiration to Atomic Absorption
Spectro photometer are the rnethod suggested. in the
'Iiterature df Official i,lethod of AnaLysis of the -{ssocratr.on of officiar Anar},tlcar chemists rvhtch. rs a
widely accepted, literature. The method of co.LlectinE mairrstream snolte and the use of MIDK fbr extractinE
cadtniuD from eigarette smoke ls the nethod BuSg;sted by
ltend,en r et al . ( 31 ) sn4 Finelli, et al. ( 14 ).. The
nethod of e-\tracting cigarette smoke from fiLter was
developed from the methbd of collecting nainstrean smohe. Ilot,everr the method of cligestion. by usin8 gN IINO3, r+as used. as the test methocl whlch r.;as found. that
ヘ
ヽ﹄ ・
44
no evident different in the results eonld be assoclated
Hith. ,: these two procedures. The results of each sanple t.'ere obtained relJeatedly for twenty tines a!rd.. expreseed
as nean t s tandard . deviat i on tr I s.n. t. By all neans
the results were reIlable.
The nethad to obtain the csdmium content of sidistreani smoke r,.as also suggested by ftenden, et aI .
(3i). Since a preliminary result of cadmium content of sidesti.eam smoke obtained bI, I{oegg, et a1 . llgT}l on directl.y .colleeted sidestream smoke has indiceted the irresence of cad.nium in an. anount which was siroilar to the calculated values obtained by Mend.en et al . . (31t.
Thus the results of cadniurn content of sidestreatn snoke in this research, which was obtained by calculation, was
asailable.
T.he d.ata showed. that cadmiun content of whole
ciSarette deDended not. only on cut tobacco leaves weight
in each cigaretti but also on the types of tobacco ln
each brand. This is in line ry.i th the finding of Schrnidt
( 4rl ) rrhp found that geological soil conditions and
teneticallS' dependent - varietl, influence cadmium
０ ニ
45
uptake of tobacc。 . cadmiun oontent Of cigarette smoke both. mainstreざ n smoiζe and sidestrean smok‐e depended On packing density and the
type of filter, this :ヾ as supported by the finding of Кiefer ̀27)and zlzka, et al. (54) whO fOund that the Filter affected physical changes at the burning tip :fhich alters the pyr。
lytic conditiOns tlnd Oonsequently changes the amount and compositiOns Of tlle smoke, Data of cadm■ull1 0。ntent Of filter sh。1ヾbd that the t,し。 types of filter have a little distindtiOn in the ability of trapping Oadmiun if particulat, cigarette smoke; It tvas found that the large anount Of Oigarette snoke :ヾas traPped in filter, since
■t may be that almost a■ l of Oigarette smoke trapped in filter 、as nicOtine, as described by zizka et al. (54)
:ゞho fOund that the filter llad high permeability fOr nicOtine and by the findillg of xiefer (27) who fOund ・
that f■Ow rate, fibre distribution, fiber size and filter length have the efFect on filtratiOn performaicさ
.
AlthOugh the filter Of star brand are Filled with granule activated clrbon, the data did not show the
difference OF ctttdmit」n cOntent fron salnit 14, R:Y。 111,
R.■. 111 (delu、 e). It may be that the dianeter as
r
46
ミ ニ
.macropores (50 - 100 /lm) of Eranule activated carbon nor4ally represents onlf about I % of the total pore surface area available in granule activated carbon, but
these are only.pore openinE large enouEh to physlcaLly house particulate ciEarette smolie. On the .other
hand,
the micropores (average size 0.05 pm) rvhlcl make up 99 X
of the total granulated activated. carbon pore volume
(,12) are too snall to .acconnod,ated. particulate ciSarette
smoke which have mean d.iameter of 0.{6 4n as described by rnc Cusker, et aJ.. (19gg), Hlnd (192g), I{ind, et al .
( 1983 ) ' Harris ( fSOO ) Langer and Fisher ( 19S6 ) .
Holever . the nethod of evaluating the. tlme_
occurrence of Iung emphysena by determlnlng the dosb
respbnse relationship betrreen the leve1 of the cadniurn
deposition ln ]unfs and the degree of toxic irnpact is the simple rnethod but lt take a short _ time, Eive no
expeDse and Elso Eive a reljable result. Duckrey (1g!
Golube\,, et aI . .(19?3), Lazarel, (1963) and Weil (19?Z a) sugdested that the dose will usually be estimated as a
function of concentration and lime, and aLso pinj.gin (7974) Natusch ( 36 ) suggested rat it is usual to substltute a chemical analJ,sis for the purnoses of
ヘ
^
47
ヽヽ ニ
monitoringi toxicological effects becnuse the flnal link in the analytical toxic effect involves d.etermlnation
of the actual toxic effect produced Eive. the exDensrel
complexlty and tlme-consumlng. In doing so the e-\-trapoLation of concentr&t i on_tlme relationship hae been used, successfully. to bredict the reaponse of )osure to' Ioll concentration. By the reason thirt rnean dlaraetei of paltlculate of cigarette smoke are 0.46,un (41) so tlost
of cadnrum in nai[stleam snoke can reach the ar'eo].i.
Sone particles remain in Iung tissues., sotne particles sinply stay there as .squatters or generatd a response of rng dlsease (9), on the other hand, lymphocytes and nacropha8es may
engulf foreign particles that have passed. into the
alveoli
.and. digest some. of then by their intracellular
enzynes; however, FowLer anct Nordberg (197g) and .squlbb et al . (lg?9, 1.9g2, l9B{) found that cadmiun accunuLq.tea
t"ithin lysosones influence the biochemical function of this organelle system. The nechanisns bf cadmium
j.nd.uced cell injury is mecliatecl by its inhibitory effects on normal lJ,sosomal function, Dreviously
^
48
︑ヽ ・
descreibed by Squibb, et aI. (19BZr tO84) and Squibb and For''Ler (198{). fhe normal structure and funetion.of the
cellular lysosomal system may aiso be indlrectly affected by cadmium due to lysosomal autophagy. I{ebb
(1966) found that a large nunrber of ih vitro studies
shor{ the reactlon of cadrnlun acting $rlth -SH group of
:
various enzf,'nes which may be lnvolted .to adequately explain the observed, pattern of enzyme inhibition.
ExtraTrolation of these d.ata to the in vivo situation nay
provlde a simple explanation for the cellular toxicity of cadmium. The effect of cadroiun depends on its concentration at the receptors of the affected orran.
The concentration at sites and time is a function of
dose and route of entry (53). The evaluation of maxinum
accumulation of. cadEium is a natter of partlcular
importance to deterrnine cad.miun toxicity; the degree of cumulatlon iE a maJor consideration when cadnj.uur
obtained
est iDit i on
a lonE-term (chronic ) arrlved a.t ar
the maximum allor.rable concentratLon. . The
Tash GrouD on Metal AccumuLation, l9?3 and The Task
GrouD on lletal Toxicity, f9?6 (53) have. defl.ned the
critical organ concentration as the mean concentration
ｎ ｆ
●ユ ０
Of
■n the organ at the time an\r its
49
ce I l. reaches critical concentration.
5.2 Conclusions
A s ttrcty On the 12 brands Of Thai eigarette revealed that these produets contained appreeiable amounts of eadmium. Anarysis of d-ata indicates values
ｆ ０ ０
1。 54 to 2,18メlg cd/Cig, 98 g cd/cig。 lve r e ■n butt,
It was foulld that O。 42 to 0349 to 0375.ug cd/cigt in in filter and O,14 to O。 19
ash, 0003 to 0305川 g cd/cig
)Jg Cd-/ eig rn mainstream smoke. Approximatel-v 0. 1B to
O ,47 ise Cd/eig. !"erts lost in sid.estream smoke. Butt and
ash shor:ed a large amount oi' eadmium **hich the summation
of them revealed that it ranges from 5q,7 pereent to 86.1 percent of cadmium in. whole cigarette. Cactmium
content of f ilter is the l_east, only abor-rt,2 percent of
cadmium appears in f ilter. 'Ihe f ilter of GoId city 85,
Krongthip, Kred.thong 27 , and Falling Rain, r+hich are in the same type have more abilitfr in trapping cadmium than Samit \4, R.Y. 111, R.Y. 111 (deluxe) and. Star, which are in the other type. This stnd.'r also found that the large amount of cigarette smoke was t.rapped in filter bt-tt onllz l-ittle of cadmium was found. By the reason of
50
Ztzl<a, e t aI . (54 ) r.,'ho t'or-rncl- that the f rlter had hish
Irermeahi li ty f'or nicot.ine, so it ma-I' be that almost aIl of c j garette smolie trapped i.n t'ilter was nicotine.
Ilor+c.r,er it. -stroul d. have futher studies to l)rove this
occurrencet Although the l・ 1上ter of Star is itiltted with
.qranLllated act.ivatecl. carbon, it does not shorr the R.Y. 111 ability
and R.
of trapping cacl-mir-rm more than Samit 14,
Y. 111 (deluxe) hecause nlean cl.iameter of E,articulate cigarette smoke is larger than the mean diameter of granrrlated actrvated carbon
Llonsideration on the impact of cadmirrm content of butt, ash and filter to the environment it found that the.y* could
env i ronment
contaminated in the compartments of the especially in soil and water r+hich is concern to resource depletion as the conseqLlences of
envr" ronmental pol-Iution.
affeet such eeosystem
In additions, it can drrect-!--v
Ievel f r:nctions as nutrient
processing or accumulates in foodsttlffs which collttd
produce health effects food.stuf f s.
to human v.':-a drinking water and-
Determination of cadmium content smoke revealed that cadmium in mainstream
of eigarette
smoke from the
t
51
12 brands were about 6.4 percernt to 11.1 percent which
would. be directly available for lung absorption by smolrers. The rlresence of eadmium in sidestream smoke is more thdn caclmium content of mainstream smoke. About
8.8 pereent to 27,3 percent of cad.mium $ras found in sidestream snoke. These amount of cadmium are exposed
to both smoliers and non-smokers in the vicinity of the
た smokers. Sidestream smolie contained cadmium which could be detrimental
such amounts
to the health The important
ｆ ｆ ０ ０
smokers as well as the non-smokers.
the sidestream smoke cadmium is that it represents a
l-arge amount of this toxic metal available for inhalation by both the smokers and anyone in the vieinity and it then becomes a possible general indoor
Of
air pollutant.
stream smoke
This research also
of filter type has more
than of non-fi.l-ter typer so it may be that smokers who
smoked filter cigarette may produce cadmium toxicity to non-smohers in their vicinity tha.n smokers who smoked
non - filter cigarette. However it further studies through research for
problem.
ought to have
found that side cadmium content
provinE this
バ
52
The amount of cadmium in mainstr:ean smokr> arrd
sidestream smoke can account for cadmiurn daity intake involved with other routes of cadmium ingested. The
amounts of cadmium daily intake can be used to estimate
the health effects of the current environmental pollution by cadmium, since a joint F,A.O/W.H.O. expert committee recommended the average cadmium col.lcentration
in work room without any harmful effect, should not exceed 0.01 mg/m3 (10 ,r:g/nr3) and for the oral intake with a tolerable daily intake about ?0 p9 (W.H.O., L972).
The evaluation .of the time - occurrence of lung emphysema affected by cigarette smoking shows that the 12 brands of Thai cigarette could produce lung
emphysema afler 25 to 34 years of smokirrg a pack per day. It implies that protection of smokers from lung emphysema should be prinrarily based on stop smoking
before 25-34 years of smoking each b::and of cigarette.
However, the data concerning percent cadmium deposition in lung and percent cadmium absorption via lung have
been obtained from references of the work of other investigators who performed experiment using laboratory animal. These values should be regards as estimation which may not be appltcable in terms of accuracy.
ヽ
53
The studies in people and people and
experimental animals conclusively link cigarette
smoking to the development and extent of eNphyseNa, the
extent of emphysematous change increase with increasing numbers of cigarettes smoked per day and w j.tlr the duration of the smokirrg habit as welL as the vrays of life of the smokers. Since cadnrium is known to'produce
lung emphysema, the presence of cadmium in cigarette
smoke is needed to Iearn extensive aLlout the human
biological effects through research, especiall!' on
their combined effects wi th other subs tanc e s or environmental pol,lutants. Further deve lopment and
application of improving the overall risli assessment
strategy to regulatory problems sl'rou1d be done, Epidemiological studies and data assessment of workers who exposed to cadmium in work pLaces, especiall:, in fabrication of aIIoys and solders, plating of metals,
zinc mininE and plastic industrial need to l:e assessed
for improving and development of strategy to regulate occupational health.
ベ
ヽ ぃ
54
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12. Debardeleben, M:z。
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