llungs.
10?tP2q st̲7
■‐
34
which was retained there and was not mobilized with the passage of time . This t{as supl:torted by the f inding of Barrett et aI. ( 1917 ) and- Harrison et aI ' ( 1947 ) . The
estimation of time-oecurrence rrRS undertaken the critrcal coneentration of eadmium toxic
by us ing Iung
on
emphysema as a maximum level- of eadmium deposition ■n
lungs.
- hen
Ier:e1.
The cadmium deposition in Iungs per .veer was plotted against time ( year ) to obtain the maximum The biologie, genetie and socio econcm■ c factors as r+ell as the ways of life and habits of smokers were exc-l-ucl-ed.
The critical concentration of eadmium
toxic on l-ung emphysema was obtained by multiplyinC 1 mglmll of eadmium closage r.ihich prod-rrce lu-nE emphysema ( 10, 16 ) by 0. 3? ( atrout 37 %) of cadmium which eould absorb via lung due to inhalation ( 5' 16 ). The calcrllation is described belor+ :
35 , Critical cOncentratiOn of cd = .0。 37 x TOxic dose
To、ュO dose
. . = (l ngィ n3/8 hr)x (lo . ′ n3/8 hr ,
° = 10 mg
Critiёal cOncentratiOn Of cd = 1。
.
・ ・ = 3。 7 ng
[ Note. To estinate the 'mttxl.un dOSe by way of inhalatiOn, One .ay assume that ,an Will inhale 10h3
。f air per 8 hr wOrliday, previO■
lsly
と
escribed by slokin」er, HoEo and RoL w00dwOrd (48) ] ・ヽ一 ル
・i:::
36
ヘ
︑ ニ
RESULTS
1.1 Cad.miurn content of whole cigarette.
Cadmium content of whole cigarette are J.isted in Table 2, The daia shorved that cadniun found in each biand ranged from 1.54 to Z,iB ;ug,/cil. ihe Moon brand
has the maxinum cadnium content, whereas the rninimun
chdmiun content is found in R.y. lll (deiuxe), Data determination reveaLed that cadmiuE content of each
brand depended not only .on the amount of cut tobacco
Ieaves in each clgarette but also be relatid to the
brand of cigarette. It can be seen that .the physical properties of each ciEarette bra4d, r.,hich have , shown ln Table 1, controled' thelr cadmium content of whole
cigarette.
1.2 Cadniun content of
Cadmium content
2, The content of non
filter type; it ranged
CHAPTER IV
butt
of blltt are also listed in Table - filter type is lar8er than 'of fron 0.81 to 0.98 l:,S/cil, and
二 ご・
37
0,42 to 0,72 JLrg/cIE., respectlvely.' From the data' 1t i,'as' found that butt length and packin8 density of cut
tobacco leaves rvhich remained in butt after smoking in fluenced the cqdmlum contents of butt' since the cadmiun
content of GoLd cit,., I(redthong, Samit ahd The Moon are
Larger than of GoId city 85, I(rongthip, Kredkthone 27, Samit 14, n.Y. 111, R.Y. 111 (del-uxe), Star and Falling Raln. The percenta8e of cadmium content of non-fllter
tyDe are 40.8 X.to 4.1 .7 X and of filter type are 27,3 to 36.7 X. (the detail have shown. in Table 3).
4.3 Cadmium content of ash
The cadmium content of ash was close to the
cadnlun content of butt. The content of flLter .type
ranged frorn 0.49 to O.75 ,g,/cLE. and of non-filter type ranged.
. fron 0.59 to 0..?1 pgZ.ig. The .percentage' are
27.4 ,6 to 39.3 % and 30.5 X to 34.8 %, respectively.
The detaiL of the data have shown i.n Table 2 and Table
3, Data determihation revealed that c.admium content of both . filter type and non-filter type have a llttle distinction,
一 へ
^
38
→
式 ・
1,4 Cadmiun content bf filter
The filters of th9 12 brands of cl8arette are
dlvided into tr,ro characteristlcs, in rvhlch Gold city 8S, Nrongthip, Kredthong 27 and Falling Eain are in the sane
tj'pe and Samlt 14, R.y. 1-1 l, E.y. 111 .(deluxe) and Star
are in the other one. From Table 2 which showed. the
data of cadmiun content in pSlciC. and.rehlch Table 3
showed the pereentage of cadmiurn, it was found that the
two types have a little distinction in the .ability of trapping the cigarette smolie. The data shor{ a little 'amount of caduriuir ranged froir 0.03 to 0.08 pfl/cLg. so
only a snalI percentage was found.
4.5 Cadnlum content of malnstrearn smoke
Cad.mium content of nainstream snoke are listed in Table 2. The amount of cadnlum in nainstream snoke
per cigarette ranged from 0.14 to 0.19 Is, or about Z.g to 3.8 rJE per pack of 20 cigarettea. The percentage of
cadmium content of mainstream smoke of each brand ranged
from 6.4 % to 11.0.% (the detail have shown .in Table
3.), Data of this study revealecl that cadmium content
of non-filteD type dlffer ln two groups ln which the
一 ヽ
・
３９
ヽ ︐
cadmiun content of cold city and Samit are Nredthong and The Moon. . It mal, be that the
pacliing denslty of GoId clty and Samtt are I(redthong and The }toon, comparison among the brand reveaLed that less and dry cut tobacco
R.Y. 111 (deluxe) may'be the factors that
cadmium - content of R.y, .111 (deluxe) less others.
more than
weight and
more than
f1lter type
- Ieeves of
. nake the
thari the
′
4.6 Cadrniun content of sidestream smohe
Cadrutirrn content of sidestream'smoke was rather variable langing from O,1g to O.47 ):E/c!g, The
percentaEe ranged, from 8.8 ,6 - 2?,3 %, The deteil of the data have shown in Table 2 and Tab1e B. Data
deterrnination revealed. that the differences in .O".t irr"
density of non - filter type . influenced the cadniun
content of sldestream smoke; that is cold city and Samit
rhich .have finnly packing density than KredthonS and The Hoon give less cadmium content of sidestream smoke. fn filter type, the type of filter in fluenced the cadnium
content of sid6stream srnolte, as GoId city g5, KronSthlp, I(redthon' 2? and FallinE Rain rrhich have the. sane filter type shor,'ed cadmium content of sldestrearn smoke 1eas
ヽ
40
へ ．
than Samit 14,.R.y. 1lt, R.y. tl1 (deluxe) and Star
r,'hich are the other type of filter. Comparison between
the sane brand of filter type or non-filter type showed
that in the filter type, cadmium content of sid.estream snoke is Dore than.of.non-filter type, except l(redthon8
and l(redthons 2? which give similar cad.niun content of sidestream stnoke.
to the
4,7 The time-occurrence of
snokers.
lung emphysema
′
The evaluation of cadmlum toxlcity fron srnoking
the 12 brands of cigarette by estimatins the tlne occur?ence of Iung emphysema found that they could prod.uce lunE emphyseha in S period. Gol.d city, Gold
city 85, Samlt and Samit 14 showed the shorteet period
of about.25 years. KredthonE 22 and Falling Rain showed
the sane effect after 2? years of smoking. Nrongthip
and Xredthong also showed thls effect after 29 years oi snoking, since Star would produce Lung enphysena after 31 years of snoliing. R.y. 111 (deluxe) and. The Moon
produced the longest period of 34 years after smoking.
■
ミ
4I
The eadnium content of mainstream smoke is related to the - time-occurre.nce of lung emptrysema since Gold, city,
Gold city 85, Samit, and, Samit 14 which gave the highest cadmiun contdnt-of mainstream smolre, shor.led. the shortest period of exposure'r.,,hile R.y. 111 (deluxe) and The Moon
l;hich ga*e the mininum padmium content of' mainstream snohe showed a proron' d^uration of exposlrre. .The anount
relationship curves of time (year) and cadmium
deposition in.rungs ha'e shown in Tabre 4 and on Figure
Il. , respectiveLy. .
＾ ・
ミ
vili
m99d
■卜J■ Gold city,Gold city 85,Samit,samit
¨ Kredthong1 27,Falling Rdne E「EI K=onytЫP,KredthOng
― Star
ローロ RY。 111(deluxe)the M。。n
l4 , R.Y. 111
:0 1214 16 1820 22 24高
Dose―resPOnse relationshP between Cadmium depOst10n h lun「
ふd the time̲。ccurren:e of lung emphメ ema
400
3.30
3.フ0
■60 3.40 3.20
Figure 4'
260
2.40
38 40
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