A Comparison of Prathomsueksa 4 Studentsû Ability in Creative Thinking and Writing in Thai Language through the KWL and Synectics Method

72

«“√ “√»÷°…“»“ μ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À“ “√§“¡ ªï∑’Ë 2 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 μÿ≈“§¡-∏—𫓧¡ 2551

2. π—°‡√’¬π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics À≈—ß°“√∑¥≈Õß¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂

„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å‰¡à·μ°μà“ß°—π

§” ”§—≠: °“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å, «‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL, «‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics

Abstract

The purposes of this research were to 1) compare the ability in creative thinking and writing in Thai language of students between before and after learning based on the KWL and Synectics method, and 2) compare the ability in creative thinking and writing in Thai language of students between the two groups of the students. The sample used consisted of 41 Prathomsueksa 4 students attending the schools of Nasok group, Amphoe Mueang Mukdahan, Mukdahan Educational Area in the second semester of the academic year 2008, selected through the cluster random sampling technique. They were divided by simple random sampling into 2 experimental groups of 20 students of Naado School who learned by KWL method and the other experimental group of 21 students of Pongpaey School who learned by Synectics method. The research instruments were: learning plans of KWL method, learning plans of Synectics method, a creative thinking test, and a creative writing test. The data were analyzed by mean, standard deviation, Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and t-test.

The results of the study were as follows:

1. The students who learned by KWL method showed gains in creative thinking and writing in Thai language from before learning at .01 level of significance. The students who learned by Synetics method showed gain in creative thinking from before learning at .01 level of significance and showed gain in creative writing from before learning at .05 level of significance.

2. The students who learned by KWL method and Synetics method did not show a creative thinking and writing from before learning differently.

Keywords: creative thinking and writing, KWL method, Synectics method

∫∑π”

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μâπ∑’Ë∑”„Àâß“π‡¢’¬π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â («√√≥’ ‚ ¡ª√–¬Ÿ√, 2537: 142) ‚ ¥ ¬ ‡ © æ “ – ∂â “ ‡ ªì π ° “ √ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π ‡ ™‘ ß  √â“ß √√§å (creative writing) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡¢’¬π∑’Ë

ºŸâ‡¢’¬π®–μâÕß„™â®‘πμπ“°“√À√◊Õ§«“¡§‘¥§”π÷ß

¢ Õ ß μ π ‡ ¢’ ¬ π Õ Õ ° ¡ “ ¥â « ¬ ∂â Õ ¬ §”   ≈ –   ≈ « ¬ ª√–∑—∫„®ºŸâÕà“π·≈–ºŸâøíß „À⧫“¡‡æ≈‘¥‡æ≈‘π

·≈–ª√–¥—∫ μ‘ªí≠≠“‰ª¥â«¬„πμ—«·≈â« (∞–ª–π’¬å π“§√∑√√æ, 2521: 2) ¬‘Ëß®–μâÕßÕ“»—¬°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å (creative thinking) ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√§‘¥∑’Ë¡’

≈—°…≥–Õ‡π°π—¬ (divergent thinking) §◊Õ °“√§‘¥

À≈“¬∑‘»∑“ß À≈“¬·ßàÀ≈“¬¡ÿ¡ §‘¥‰¥â°«â“߉°≈

Õ— π π” ‰ ª  Ÿà ° “ √ §â π æ ∫  ‘Ë ß · ª ≈ ° „ À ¡à ¥â « ¬ ° “ √

¥—¥·ª≈ß ª√ÿß·μàß®“°§«“¡§‘¥‡¥‘¡º ¡º “π

°—π„À⇰‘¥ ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ (Õ“√’ √—ß ‘π—π∑å, 2527: 6) ®÷ß

‡ªìπ ‘Ëß®”‡ªìπ∑’˧«√¡’°“√· «ßÀ“·π«∑“ß„π°“√

æ—≤π“„À⇥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π‡ªìππ—°§‘¥ √â“ß √√§å

„πÕπ“§μ °“√æ—≤π“°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å®÷ß

‡ªìπ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑’Ë ”§—≠„π°“√æ—≤π“°“√»÷°…“

(McCandless & Evans, 1978: 209-301)

°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL (K = what you know, W = what you want to know, L = what you have learned) ·≈–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics

‡ªìπ«‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’Ë “¡“√∂æ—≤π“°“√§‘¥

·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â ( ÿ«‘∑¬å ¡Ÿ≈§”, 2545: 18-20) °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL

®–®—¥≈”¥—∫°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‚¥¬ 1) ‡√‘Ë¡μâπ

¥â«¬ ”√«®æ◊Èπ∞“𧫓¡√Ÿâ¢ÕߺŸâ‡√’¬π‡°’ˬ«°—∫

‡√◊ËÕßπ—ÈπÊ 2) °“√§âπÀ“ ‘Ëß∑’˺Ÿâ‡√’¬πμâÕß°“√∑’Ë®–

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ´÷Ëߧ√Ÿ®–‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¥â«¬

‡ ∑ § π‘ § «‘ ∏’ ° “ √ μà “ ß Ê „ ÀâμÕ∫ πÕß°—∫§«“¡

μâÕß°“√¢ÕߺŸâ‡√’¬π ·≈– 3) ‡¡◊ËÕºŸâ‡√’¬π‰¥â‡√’¬π‰ª

·≈â«°Á®– –∑âÕπº≈°“√‡√’¬π√ŸâÕÕ°¡“«à“‡¢“‰¥â

‡√’¬π√ŸâÕ–‰√‰ª∫â“ß °“√®—¥°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

¥â«¬‡∑§π‘§«‘∏’π’ȇªìπ°“√°√–μÿâπ„À⺟â‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®—°

μàÕ¬Õ¥§«“¡√Ÿâ¢Õßμπ‡Õß„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ ¥â«¬°“√

§âπÀ“§”μÕ∫®“°§”∂“¡∑’Ëμπ‡Õßμ—È߉«â ´÷Ëß°“√∑’Ë π—°‡√’¬π‰¥âμàÕ¬Õ¥§«“¡§‘¥¢Õßμπ‡Õßπ’ˇÕß∑’Ë

®–‡ªìπ°“√ à߇ √‘¡„À⺟â‡√’¬π‰¥âæ—≤𓧫“¡§‘¥

 √â“ß √√§å¢Õßμπ‡Õ߉ª¥â«¬ (∑—»æ√ ‡°μÿ∂πÕ¡, 2547: 29)  à«π«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics ‡ªìπ

°√–∫«π°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’Ë¡ÿàßæ—≤𓧫“¡§‘¥

 √â“ß √√§å‚¥¬Õ“»—¬°√–∫«π°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫

®“°À≈“¬Ê ≈—°…≥– ‰¥â·°à °“√‡Õ“μ—«‡Õ߉ª

‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫ ‘ËßÕ◊Ëπ °“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫∑“ßμ√ß

·≈–°“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫‚¥¬„™â§”§Ÿà∑’Ë¡’§«“¡À¡“¬

¢—¥·¬âß°—π ¥—ßπ—Èπ °“√®—¥°√–∫«π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ„π

≈—°…≥–π’ȇªìπ°“√„À⺟â‡√’¬π‰¥âΩñ°§‘¥‚¥¬‰¡à

¬÷¥μ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà‡æ’¬ß¿“¬„π°√Õ∫ ‡ªî¥„®¬Õ¡√—∫ ‘Ëß

„À¡àÊ ¡“°¢÷Èπ ®÷ß “¡“√∂∑’Ë®–æ—≤π“°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å„Àâ°—∫ºŸâ‡√’¬π‰¥â (∑‘»π“ ·¢¡¡≥’, 2546: 250-251)

 ¿“æ°“√¥”‡π‘πß“π¢Õß ∂“π»÷°…“

¢—È π æ◊È π ∞ “ π „π —ß°—¥ ”π—°ß“π‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√

»÷°…“¡ÿ°¥“À“√ ªí®®ÿ∫—πæ∫«à“π—°‡√’¬π„π√–¥—∫

™à « ß ™—È π ∑’Ë 1-2 ¡’ªí≠À“„π°“√§‘¥·≈–¡’§«“¡

∫°æ√àÕß∑—Èß„π¥â“π°“√Õà“π °“√‡¢’¬π ( ”π—°ß“π

‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√»÷°…“¡ÿ°¥“À“√, 2549: 13) Õ’°∑—Èß  ¿“æ°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ„πªí®®ÿ∫—π∑”„Àâ°“√

æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å

¢ Õ ß π— ° ‡ √’ ¬ π ¡— ° ® – ∂Ÿ °   °— ¥ °—È π ‡æ√“–§«“¡

‡§¬™‘π¢Õߧ«“¡§‘¥‡¥‘¡Ê ´÷Ë߇ªì𧫓¡§‘¥∑’ËμâÕß Õ¬Ÿà„π°√Õ∫À√◊Õ√–‡∫’¬∫ªØ‘∫—μ‘∫“ߪ√–°“√

( ¡»—°¥‘Ï ¿Ÿà«‘¥“«√√∏πå, 2537: 50) ®“°ªí≠À“

¥—ß°≈à“« ª√–‡¥Áπ∑’˧«√æ‘®“√≥“‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪 Ÿà°“√

æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§åπ—Èπ§◊Õ §√Ÿ§«√®—¥∫√√¬“°“»·≈–„™â

‡∑§π‘§«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’Ë®–°√–μÿâπ„À⇥Á°‡°‘¥°“√

§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å ·≈– “¡“√∂∂à“¬∑Õ¥ÕÕ°¡“

‡ ªì π ° “ √ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π ∑’Ë ‡ ªì π ≈— ° … ≥ – ß “ π ‡ ¢’ ¬ π ‡ ™‘ ß  √â“ß √√§å‰¥â ( ¡æ√ ¡—πμ– Ÿμ√, 2529: 14)

§«“¡¡ÿàßÀ¡“¬¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬

1. ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π

°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å«‘™“¿“…“‰∑¬

¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π √–À«à“ß°àÕπ‡√’¬π·≈–À≈—߇√’¬π

¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics 2. ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π

°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π

√–À«à“ßÀ≈—߇√’¬π¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL

·≈–·∫∫ Synectics

74

«“√ “√»÷°…“»“ μ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À“ “√§“¡ ªï∑’Ë 2 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 μÿ≈“§¡-∏—𫓧¡ 2551

 ¡¡μ‘∞“π¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬

1. π—°‡√’¬π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫

KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π

°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§åÀ≈—߇√’¬π  Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬π

2. À≈—ß°“√∑¥≈Õß π—°‡√’¬π∑’ˉ¥â√—∫«‘∏’

°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics ¡’

§ « “ ¡   “ ¡ “ √ ∂ „ π ° “ √ §‘ ¥ · ≈ – ° “ √ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π ‡ ™‘ ß  √â“ß √√§å·μ°μà“ß°—π

«‘∏’°“√«‘®—¬

ª√–™“°√·≈–°≈ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß

ª√–™“°√∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìππ—°‡√’¬π

™—Èπª√–∂¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 4 °≈ÿࡇ§√◊Õ¢à“¬°“√»÷°…“

μ”∫≈π“‚ ° Õ”‡¿Õ‡¡◊Õß¡ÿ°¥“À“√  ”π—°ß“π

‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√»÷°…“¡ÿ°¥“À“√ ¿“§‡√’¬π∑’Ë 2 ªï°“√»÷°…“ 2550 ®”π«π 7 ‚√߇√’¬π π—°‡√’¬π 153 §π °≈ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ß„π°“√«‘®—¬‰¥â¡“‚¥¬°“√ ÿà¡

·∫∫°≈ÿà¡ (cluster random sampling) ®”π«π 2

‚√߇√’¬π ‰¥â·°à ‚√߇√’¬π∫â“ππ“‚¥à π—°‡√’¬π 20

§π ·≈–‚√߇√’¬π∫â“πªÉ߇ªóÕ¬ π—°‡√’¬π 21 §π

‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â„π°“√«‘®—¬

1. ·ºπ°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL

·≈–·∫∫ Synectics ·∫∫≈– 8 ·ºπ ¡’§à“‡©≈’ˬ

√–À«à“ß 4.43-4.69 ´÷Ëß¡’§ÿ≥¿“æÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫

¡“°-¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

2. ·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å

®”π«π 12 ¢âÕ ‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ—μπ—¬ ¡’§à“§«“¡¬“°

√“¬¢âÕ√–À«à“ß .34-.69 §à“Õ”π“®®”·π°√“¬¢âÕ

√–À«à“ß .21-.59 ·≈–§à“§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ∑—Èß©∫—∫

෈ҡѺ .82

3. ·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å

®”π«π 3 ¢â Õ ‡ªìπ·∫∫Õ—μπ—¬ ¡’§à“§«“¡¬“°

√“¬¢âÕ√–À«à“ß .43-.47 §à“Õ”π“®®”·π°√“¬¢âÕ

√–À«à“ß .39-.42 ·≈–§à“§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ∑—Èß©∫—∫

෈ҡѺ .56

°“√¥”‡π‘π°“√«‘®—¬

°“√«‘®—¬§√—Èßπ’ȇªìπ°“√«‘®—¬‡™‘ß∑¥≈Õß

¡’¢—ÈπμÕ𥔇π‘π°“√¥—ßπ’È

1. ∑¥ Õ∫°àÕπ‡√’¬π (pretest) π—°‡√’¬π

∑—È ß 2 ° ≈ÿà ¡ ‚ ¥ ¬ „ ™â · ∫ ∫ ∑ ¥   Õ ∫ ° “ √ §‘ ¥ ‡ ™‘ ß   √â “ ß   √ √ §å · ≈ – · ∫ ∫ ∑ ¥   Õ ∫ ° “ √ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π ‡ ™‘ ß  √â“ß √√§å

2. ¥”‡π‘π°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâμ“¡·ºπ

‚¥¬π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“ππ“‚¥à®—¥«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

·∫∫ KWL ·≈–π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“πªÉ߇ªóÕ¬®—¥

«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics ‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â®—¥„π

·μà≈–°≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ 3  —ª¥“Àå·√°„™â‡«≈“ —ª¥“Àå≈–

6 ™—Ë«‚¡ß ·≈– —ª¥“Àå∑’Ë 4 „™â‡«≈“ 2 ™—Ë«‚¡ß √«¡

∑—Èß ‘Èπ 20 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

3. ∑ ¥   Õ ∫ À ≈— ß ‡ √’ ¬ π ( p o s t t e s t ) π—°‡√’¬π∑—Èß 2 °≈ÿà¡ ‚¥¬„™â·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫°“√§‘¥

‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å ·≈–·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å ©∫—∫‡¥’¬«°—∫∑’Ë„™â∑¥ Õ∫°àÕπ‡√’¬π

°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈

1. ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§–·π𧫓¡ “¡“√∂

„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å √–À«à“ß

°àÕπ‡√’¬π·≈–À≈—߇√’¬π¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π∑—Èß 2 °≈ÿà¡

‚¥¬„™â ∂‘μ‘ t-test ·∫∫ dependent sample 2. ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§–·π𧫓¡ “¡“√∂

„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§åÀ≈—ß°“√

∑¥≈Õß √–À«à“ßπ—°‡√’¬π 2 ° ≈ÿà ¡ ‚¥¬À“§à“

 — ¡ ª √ –  ‘ ∑ ∏‘Ï   À  — ¡ æ— π ∏å √ – À «à “ ß ° “ √ §‘ ¥ ‡ ™‘ ß  √â“ß √√§å·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§åμ“¡ Ÿμ√

 À —¡æ—π∏å¢Õ߇撬√å —π æ∫«à“§–·ππ‰¡à —¡æ—π∏å

°— π ®÷߇ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å‚¥¬„™â ∂‘μ‘ t-test ·∫∫ independent sample

º≈°“√«‘®—¬

1. °“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π

°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å √–À«à“ß°àÕπ

‡√’¬π·≈–À≈—߇√’¬π¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π∑—Èß 2 °≈ÿà¡ æ∫¥—ßπ’È 1.1 π— ° ‡ √’ ¬ π ° ≈ÿà ¡ ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ «‘ ∏’ ° “ √

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–

°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å À≈—߇√’¬π Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ

‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫ .01 1.2 π— ° ‡ √’ ¬ π ° ≈ÿà ¡ ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ «‘ ∏’ ° “ √

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥

‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å À≈—߇√’¬π Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’

π— ¬  ” §— ≠ ∑ “ ß   ∂‘ μ‘ ∑’Ë √ – ¥— ∫ .01 ·≈–¡’§«“¡

 “¡“√∂„π°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å À≈—߇√’¬π  Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫

.05

2. À≈—ß°“√∑¥≈Õß π—°‡√’¬π°≈ÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â

√—∫«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics

¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å‰¡à·μ°μà“ß°—π

Õ¿‘ª√“¬º≈

1. π— ° ‡ √’ ¬ π ™—È π ª √ – ∂ ¡ »÷ ° … “ ªï ∑’Ë 4

°≈ÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ¡’§«“¡

 “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å

«‘™“¿“…“‰∑¬ À≈—߇√’¬π Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’

π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫ .01  à«ππ—°‡√’¬π°≈ÿà¡

∑’ˉ¥â√—∫«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics ¡’§«“¡

 “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å À ≈— ß ‡ √’ ¬ π  Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫

.01 ·≈–¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å À≈—ß°“√‡√’¬π Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠

∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫ .05 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‰ªμ“¡ ¡¡μ‘∞“π

¢â Õ ∑’Ë 1 ‡π◊ËÕß®“°«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑—Èß 2 ·∫∫π—Èπ

°√–∫«π°“√®—¥°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®–ª√–°Õ∫

‰ª¥â«¬°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë à߇ √‘¡„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â欓¡§‘¥

·≈–· ¥ß§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπÕÕ°¡“ ¡’°“√‡πâπºŸâ‡√’¬π

‡ ªì π »Ÿ π ¬å ° ≈ “ ß · ≈ – ° √ – μÿâ π „ Àâ ¡’  à « π √à « ¡ °— ∫

°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π°“√ ÕπÕ¬Ÿàμ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ (∑—»æ√

‡°μÿ∂πÕ¡, 2547: 29) ¥—ßπ—Èπ ®÷ß àߺ≈„À⧫“¡

 “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å

¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π À≈—ß®“°‰¥â‡√’¬π√Ÿâºà“π°√–∫«π°“√

°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâμà“ßÊ ∑’ˉ¥âπ”¡“„™â„π°“√

∑¥≈Õß®π§√∫∂â«π·≈â«  Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬π º≈

°“√«‘®—¬„π§√—Èßπ’È Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫º≈°“√«‘®—¬¢Õß πßπÿ™ ™“≠«‘∑‘μ°ÿ≈ (2545: 31) ´÷Ë߉¥â«‘®—¬º≈¢Õß

°“√Ωñ°§‘¥·∫∫ Synectics ∑’Ë¡’μàÕ§«“¡§‘¥‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™—Èπª√–∂¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 3 æ∫«à“π—°‡√’¬π°≈ÿà¡∑’ˉ¥â√—∫°“√Ωñ°·∫∫ Synectics

¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫ .05 πÕ°®“°π’È

¬—ß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫º≈°“√«‘®—¬¢Õß ÿ¿“æ ™à“ß Õπ (2549: 116-117) ∑’ˉ¥â»÷°…“‡æ◊ËÕæ—≤𓧫“¡

 “¡“√∂„π°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å ·≈–«—¥º≈ —¡

ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π«‘™“¿“…“‰∑¬¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™—Èπ ª √ – ∂ ¡ »÷ ° … “ ªï ∑’Ë 6 ∑’Ë ‰ ¥â √— ∫ ° “ √   Õ π ‚ ¥ ¬ „ ™â

°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπμ“¡√Ÿª·∫∫ Synectics æ∫«à“π—°‡√’¬π¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å ·≈–¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π«‘™“

¿“…“‰∑¬ À≈—߇√’¬π Ÿß°«à“°àÕπ‡√’¬πÕ¬à“ß¡’

π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘∑’Ë√–¥—∫ .01

°“√π”«‘∏’ Õπ·∫∫ KWL ¡“„™â„π°“√

æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§åπ—Èπ ®“°°“√»÷°…“ß“π«‘®—¬∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß

¬—߉¡à¡’ºŸâπ”¡“„™â ·μஓ°‡Õ° “√∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫

°“√æ—≤π“«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ à߇ √‘¡°“√§‘¥ ÿ«‘∑¬å

¡Ÿ≈§” (2545: 88)  √ÿª«à“«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL π—Èπ “¡“√∂π”¡“„™âæ—≤π“°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥„π¡‘μ‘

μà“ßÊ „Àâ°—∫ºŸâ‡√’¬π‰¥â ´÷Ëß Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫Õ“√¬“

‰¡à‚»° (2549: 118) ∑’ˉ¥â«‘®—¬‚¥¬‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫

º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π·≈–°“√§‘¥Õ¬à“ß¡’

76

«“√ “√»÷°…“»“ μ√å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬¡À“ “√§“¡ ªï∑’Ë 2 ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 μÿ≈“§¡-∏—𫓧¡ 2551

«‘®“√≥≠“≥¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™—Èπ¡—∏¬¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 1

∑’ˇ√’¬π¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ TAI «‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

·∫∫ KWL ·≈–«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫   «∑. æ∫«à“

π—°‡√’¬π∑’ˇ√’¬π¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ TAI ·∫∫

KWL ·≈–·∫∫   «∑. ¡’º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π

·≈–°“√§‘¥Õ¬à“ß¡’«‘®“√≥≠“≥ ·μ°μà“ß°—π Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë√–¥—∫ .01 ´÷Ëß®“°º≈°“√«‘®—¬

„π§√—Èßπ’È “¡“√∂ –∑âÕπ„Àâ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“«‘∏’°“√

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL  “¡“√∂π”¡“æ—≤π“°“√§‘¥„π

¡‘μ‘Õ◊ËπÊ ‰¥â‡™àπ°—π ´÷Ëß®–‡ªìπ·π«∑“ß„π°“√π”

«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ¡“„™âæ—≤π“ à߇ √‘¡

§ « “ ¡   “ ¡ “ √ ∂ „ π ° “ √ §‘ ¥ · ≈ – ° “ √ ‡ ¢’ ¬ π ‡ ™‘ ß  √â“ß √√§å„Àâ°—∫π—°‡√’¬πμàÕ‰ª

2. π—°‡√’¬π™—Èπª√–∂¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 4 ∑’Ë

‰¥â√—∫«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics À≈—ß°“√∑¥≈Õß ∑—Èß 2 °≈ÿà¡ ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π

°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å‰¡à·μ°μà“ß°—π º≈°“√«‘®—¬‰¡à‡ªìπ‰ªμ“¡ ¡¡μ‘∞“π¢âÕ 2 º≈

°“√«‘®—¬‡ªìπ‡™àππ’ÈÕ“®‡ªìπ‡æ√“–∑—Èß«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

·∫∫ KWL ·≈–·∫∫ Synectics ‡ ªì π «‘ ∏’ ° “ √

®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑’Ë “¡“√∂π”¡“„™âæ—≤π“ ·≈–

 à߇ √‘¡°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥„Àâ°—∫π—°‡√’¬π‰¥â∑—Èß 2 «‘∏’

( ÿ«‘∑¬å ¡Ÿ≈§”, 2545: 18-20) ®÷ß∑”„Àâº≈∑’ˉ¥â®“°

°“√π”°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ∑—Èß 2 «‘∏’ ¡“®—¥°‘®°√√¡ „Àâº≈

∑’ˉ¡à·μ°μà“ß°—π πÕ°®“°π’È√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√

∑¥≈Õߧ√—Èßπ’È„™â‡«≈“ Õπ‡æ’¬ß°≈ÿà¡≈– 20 ™—Ë«‚¡ß

´÷ËßÕ“®®–πâÕ¬‡°‘π‰ª ”À√—∫°“√„À≥âº≈∑’Ë·μ°

μà “ ß °— π ‡æ√“–°“√§‘¥‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§åπ—Èπ‡ªìπ

∑—°…–°“√§‘¥™—Èπ Ÿß´÷Ëß®–μâÕßÕ“»—¬√–¬–‡«≈“

·≈–Õߧåª√–°Õ∫Õ◊ËπÊ „π°“√æ—≤π“„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π

‡°‘¥∑—°…–¥—ß°≈à“« ‡™àπ °“√‡ √‘¡·√ß °“√∑”„Àâ

‡°‘¥§«“¡¢—¥·¬âߢ÷Èπ„π®‘μ„® ‡ ªì π μâ π (√“μ√’

¡à«ßÕàÕπ, 2547: 11, Õâ“ßÕ‘ß¡“®“° Davis, 1971:

19) ·≈–∑—°…–°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å°Á‡™àπ

‡¥’¬«°—π °“√∑’Ëπ—°‡√’¬π®–‡°‘¥∑—°…–°“√‡¢’¬π

‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å‰¥âπ—Èπ π—°‡√’¬π®–μâÕ߇ªìππ—°

 – ¡§” À“°π—°‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§”¡“°‡∑à“„¥  ‘Ëß∑’ˇ¢“

®–查®–‡¢’¬π°Á¡“°¢÷Èπ‡∑à“π—Èπ ¥—ßπ—Èπ π—°‡¢’¬π

‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å®÷ß®”‡ªìπ∑’Ë®–μâÕß¡’°“√ – ¡§”

√Ÿâ§«“¡À¡“¬¢Õߧ”Õ¬à“ß≈÷°´÷Èß √–¡—¥√–«—ß·≈–

‡≈◊Õ°„™â§”‰¥âÕ¬à“ß ≈– ≈«¬ ª√–°Õ∫°—∫°“√

√Ÿâ®—° √â“ß √√§å§”„À¡à¢÷Èπ¡“„™â (°√¡«‘™“°“√, 2543: 2) ´÷Ëß≈—°…≥–∑’ˉ¥â°≈à“«¡“„π¢â“ßμâππ’Ȭ—ß

¡’‰¡à¡“°π—° ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬π„π√–¥—∫™—Èπª√–∂¡

»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 4 ∑’Ë¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥„π°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§”»—æ∑å

·≈–°“√ – ¡§”‰¥â‰¡à¡“°‡∑à“∑’˧«√·≈–‡æ’¬ß æÕμàÕ°“√∂à“¬∑Õ¥ÕÕ°¡“‡ªìπß“π‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß  √â“ß √√§å ®÷ß∑”„Àâº≈∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√ Õπ∑—Èß 2

«‘∏’ ‰¡à·μ°μà“ß°—π

¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–

1. ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–„π°“√π”º≈°“√«‘®—¬

‰ª„™â

1.1 °“√‡≈◊Õ°„™â«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ‡æ◊ËÕ æ—≤π“  à߇ √‘¡§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√

‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å ”À√—∫π—°‡√’¬π™—Èπª√–∂¡

»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 4 π—È π §√ŸºŸâ Õπ§«√‡≈◊Õ°„™â«‘∏’°“√

‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL °àÕπ«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ Synectics

‡æ√“–¡’¢—ÈπμÕπ‰¡à´—∫´âÕπ ·≈–‰¥âº≈ Ÿß°«à“‡≈Á°

πâÕ¬‡¡◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“®“°§à“‡©≈’ˬ

1.2 «‘ ∏’ ° “ √ ‡ √’ ¬ π √Ÿâ ∑—È ß · ∫ ∫ KWL

·≈–·∫∫ Synectics ºŸâ«‘®—¬„™â‡«≈“§àÕπ¢â“ß¡“°

„π°“√®—¥°‘®°√√¡·μà≈–·ºπ°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ

‡π◊ËÕß®“°μâÕß„À⇫≈“°—∫π—°‡√’¬π„π°“√„™â§«“¡

§‘¥‰¥âÕ¬à“߇μÁ¡»—°¬¿“æ §√ŸºŸâ Õπ§«√¡’°“√ª√—∫

‡π◊ÈÕÀ“·≈–√–¬–‡«≈“μ“¡§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡ 2. ¢âÕ‡ πÕ·π–°“√∑”«‘®—¬§√—ÈßμàÕ‰ª

2.1 §«√∑¥≈Õ߇ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫º≈

°“√æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥·≈–°“√‡¢’¬π

‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å‚¥¬„™â«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–

Synectics ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡°“√«—¥§«“¡§ß∑π∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ¥â«¬

´÷Ëß®–∑”„À⇰‘¥ª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ°“√π”º≈«‘®—¬‰ª„™â

¡“°¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ

2.2 §«√∑¥≈Õß„™â«‘∏’°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫

KWL æ—≤𓧫“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√§‘¥¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π

„π¡‘μ‘Õ◊ËπÊ ‡æ◊ËÕæ‘®“√≥“«à“‡À¡“–∑’Ë®–𔉪 æ—≤π“∑—°…–°“√§‘¥„π¡‘μ‘„¥¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

°√¡«‘™“°“√. (2543).§«“¡§‘¥ √â“ß √√§å À≈—°∑ƒ…Æ’ °“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ °“√«—¥º≈ª√–‡¡‘πº≈. °√ÿ߇∑æœ:

 ”π—°ß“π∑¥ Õ∫∑“ß°“√»÷°…“ °√¡«‘™“°“√.

∞–ª–π’¬å π“§√∑√√æ. (2521). °“√ª√–æ—π∏å ∑ 401.°√ÿ߇∑æœ: Õ—°…√‡®√‘≠∑—»πå.

∑—»æ√ ‡°μÿ∂πÕ¡. (2547). °“√Õà“πªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å¥â«¬«‘∏’ KWL-plus. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: §≥–∫√‘À“√∏ÿ√°‘®  “¢“

°“√®—¥°“√ «‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∏π∫ÿ√’.

∑‘»π“ ·¢¡¡≥’. (2546). »“ μ√å°“√ Õπ. °√ÿ߇∑æœ:  ”π—°æ‘¡æå®ÿÓ≈ß°√≥å¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬.

πßπÿ™ ™“≠«‘∑‘μ°ÿ≈. (2545).º≈¢Õß°“√Ωñ°§‘¥·∫∫´‘π‡π§μ‘° å∑’Ë¡’μàÕ§«“¡§‘¥ √â“ß √√§å¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π

™—È π ª √ – ∂ ¡ »÷ ° … “ ªï ∑’Ë 3. ª √‘ ≠ ≠ “ π‘ æ π ∏å °».¡., ¡ À “ «‘ ∑ ¬ “ ≈— ¬ » √’ π § √‘ π ∑ √ «‘ ‚ √ ≤ ,

°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√.

√“μ√’ ¡à«ßÕàÕπ. (2547). °“√ √â“ß·∫∫∑¥ Õ∫«—¥§«“¡§‘¥ √â“ß √√§å∑“ß¿“…“‰∑¬μ“¡À≈—° Ÿμ√°“√

»÷°…“¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“π °≈ÿà¡ “√–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ¿“…“‰∑¬ ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™—Èπª√–∂¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 5

‚√߇√’¬π‡æ™√∂πÕ¡ °√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√.ª√‘≠≠“π‘æπ∏å °».¡., ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬»√’π§√‘π∑√«‘‚√≤,

°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√.

«√√≥’ ‚ ¡ª√–¬Ÿ√. (2537). °“√ Õπ¿“…“‰∑¬√–¥—∫ª√–∂¡»÷°…“. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ‰∑¬«—≤π“æ“π‘™.

 ¡æ√ ¡—πμ– Ÿμ√. (2529). °“√‡¢’¬π‡æ◊ËÕ°“√ ◊ËÕ “√. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ‚Õ‡¥’¬π ‚μ√å.

 ¡»—°¥‘Ï ¿Ÿà«‘¥“«√√∏πå. (2537). ‡∑§π‘§°“√ à߇ √‘¡§«“¡§‘¥ √â“ß √√§ (æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 3). °√ÿ߇∑æœ:

‰∑¬«—≤π“æ“π‘™.

 ÿ¿“æ ™à“ß Õπ. (2549). °“√æ—≤π“°‘®°√√¡°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ¿“…“‰∑¬μ“¡√Ÿª·∫∫°“√‡√’¬π°“√ Õπ

·∫∫´‘π‡π§μ‘° å ‡æ◊ËÕ‡ √‘¡ √â“ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√‡¢’¬π‡™‘ß √â“ß √√§å¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™—Èπ ª√–∂¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 6. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å §.¡., ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“™¿—Ø °≈π§√,  °≈π§√.

 ÿ«‘∑¬å ¡Ÿ≈§”. (2545). 21 «‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ ∑’Ë à߇ √‘¡°√–∫«π°“√§‘¥ (æ‘¡æå§√—Èß∑’Ë 3).°√ÿ߇∑æœ:

¿“ææ‘¡æå.

 ”π—°ß“π‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√»÷°…“¡ÿ°¥“À“√. (2549). ‡Õ° “√√“¬ß“π°“√®—¥°“√»÷°…“¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“π  ”π—°ß“π

‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√»÷°…“¡ÿ°¥“À“√.¡ÿ°¥“À“√:  ”π—°ß“π‡¢μæ◊Èπ∑’Ë°“√»÷°…“¡ÿ°¥“À“√.

Õ“√¬“ ‰¡à‚»°. (2549). °“√‡ª√’¬∫º≈ —¡ƒ∑∏‘Ï∑“ß°“√‡√’¬π ‡√◊ËÕ߇»… à«π·≈–∑»π‘¬¡ ·≈–°“√§‘¥

Õ¬à“ß¡’«‘®“√≥≠“≥ ¢Õßπ—°‡√’¬π™—Èπ¡—∏¬¡»÷°…“ªï∑’Ë 1 ¥â«¬«‘∏’°“√®—¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ TAI

°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫ KWL ·≈–°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ·∫∫   «∑. «‘∑¬“π‘æπ∏å °».¡., ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬

¡À“ “√§“¡, ¡À“ “√§“¡.

Õ“√’ √—ß ‘π—π∑å. (2527).§«“¡§‘¥ √â“ß √√§å. °√ÿ߇∑æœ: ∏π–°“√æ‘¡æå.

McCandless, B. R., & Evans, D. E. (1978). Children and youth: Psychological development. New York:

Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

  ¡ √ √ ∂ π – ° “ √ ª Ø‘ ∫— μ‘ ß “ π ¢ Õ ß § √Ÿ ºŸâ   Õ π „ π ‚ √ ß ‡ √’ ¬ π ° “ √ »÷ ° … “ æ‘ ‡ » …  —ß°—¥ ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√°“√»÷°…“¢—Èπæ◊Èπ∞“π

Work Competency of Teachers in Special Education Schools under the