CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.5 Measurement
This study took advantage of Likert scale with five subjective measures (Norman, 2010). The questionnaire consisted of a group of statements. Each statement is “completely insignificant”, “insignificant”, “general”, “relatively significant” and
“very significant”, which are recorded as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. The attitude score of each respondent is the sum of his answer to the question. This total score can indicate his attitude or his different status on the scale (Joshi, Kale, Chandel, & Pal, 2015). This study followed the principles of clear purpose, simplicity and comprehensibility to design the questionnaire. This study selected and revised correlated items to suit the research background of the pharmaceutical industry.
Combined with the existing research results and research objectives, the scale of each variable was designed to form the initial questionnaire (e.g. Appendix A). Before the pre-test, the first draft of the questionnaire was reviewed by five experts to ensure that these questions are correlated to the practice of pharmaceutical enterprises’ DT.
According to the review and modification opinions of the five experts (e.g. Appendix B), the questionnaire was modified. After eliminating the problems of redundancy, ambiguity and low internal consistency, the questionnaire revised 45 questions to the final version. The formal questionnaire was mainly composed of four parts: the basic information description, the basic enterprise information, the influencing factors scale and the DT evaluation scale, with a total of 45 questions, as shown in Appendix C.
Table 3.1 External Environmental Items Affecting Enterprise DT
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source Customer needs CN1 7. Do you consider the
improvement of customers’
consumption ability can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (W. Y. Wang &
Wang, 2020).
CN2 8. Do you consider the upgrading of customer consumption behavior can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Tarutė et al., 2018).
CN3 9. Do you consider
customers’ expectations for improving the quality of products and services can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Tarutė et al., 2018).
CN4 10. Do you consider the development trend of
“customer-centered” can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Peter et al., 2020).
CN5 11. Do you consider the improvement of customer satisfaction can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Wijaya et al., 2020).
Market competition
MC1 12. Do you consider the impact of market competition pressure in the same industry on enterprise DT is
significant?
Likert (K. Zhu et al., 2006).
MC2 13. Do you consider the reduction of product costs and the improvement of productivity in the same
Likert (Gopal et al., 2019).
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source industry can significantly
affect enterprise DT?
MC3 14. Do you consider the rapidly changing market competition pattern can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Peter et al., 2020).
MC4 15. Do you consider the rapid development of DT of competitors in the same industry can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Mugge et al., 2020).
MC5 16. Do you consider that enterprises’ pursuit of market share can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Kostić, 2018).
Government policy
GP1 17. Do you consider the impact of government financial support and incentives on enterprise DT is significant?
Likert (Ebert &
Duarte, 2018).
GP2 18. Do you consider the government’s formulation of financial subsidies and tax relief policies related to enterprise DT can
significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Ebert &
Duarte, 2018).
GP3 19. Do you consider the impact of government regulation on enterprise DT is significant?
Likert (Mhlungu et al., 2019).
GP4 20. Do you consider it is significant for the government to formulate relevant special plans to
Likert (Chunliang Chen et al., 2021).
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source guide enterprise DT to have
an impact on enterprise DT?
Digital technology
TT1 21. Do you consider the development of NGIT (e.g.
5G, cloud computing, big data, AI, IoT, blockchain) can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (J. Zhang et al., 2021).
TT2 22. Do you consider the application prospect of NGIT (e.g. 5G, cloud computing, big data, AI, IoT, blockchain) can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Hu et al., 2019).
TT3 23. Do you consider the support of information infrastructure can
significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Pflaum &
Gölzer, 2018).
TT4 24. Do you consider the improvement of the
industry’s digital technology capability can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Khin & Ho, 2019).
Table 3.2 Internal Conditions Items Affecting Enterprise DT
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source Digital strategy DS1 25. Do you consider the
development of digital strategy can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Hess et al., 2016).
DS2 26. Do you consider the role of digital strategy can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Tarutė et al., 2018).
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source DS3 27. Do you consider the
positioning of digital strategy can significantly affect enterprise DT?
Likert (Hess et al., 2016).
Organization capability
OC1 28. Do you consider the impact of organization agility on enterprise DT is
significant?
Likert (Perkin &
Abraham, 2021).
OC2 29. Do you consider it is significant for enterprises to have efficient knowledge management ability to influence DT?
Likert (Schuchmann &
Seufert, 2015).
OC3 30. Do you consider it is significant for employees to have the information operation ability to influence enterprise DT?
Likert (H. Chen, 2016).
OC4 31. Do you consider it is significant for enterprises to have efficient integration capabilities to influence DT?
Likert (Matarazzo et al., 2021).
OC5 32. Do you consider it is significant for enterprises to have efficient learning ability to influence DT?
Likert (Matarazzo et al., 2021).
OC6 33. Do you consider it is significant for enterprises to have efficient innovation ability to influence DT?
Likert (Moschogianni, 2021).
Leadership LS1 34. Do you consider the impact of leadership awareness on enterprise DT is significant?
Likert (Tabrizi et al., 2019).
LS2 35. Do you consider the impact of leadership vision
Likert (Martins, 2019).
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source on enterprise DT is
significant?
LS3 36. Do you consider the role of leaders in the enterprise DT project is significant?
Likert (Peter et al., 2020).
LS4 37. Do you consider it is significant for leaders to support enterprise DT?
Likert (Westerman et al., 2014).
Table 3.3 Digital Innovation Items Affecting Enterprise DT
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source Digital innovation DI1 38. Do you consider it is
significant for enterprises to have a positive digital innovation environment to have an impact on DT?
Likert (Messina, 2018).
DI2 39. Do you consider it is significant for enterprises to have an effective digital innovation mechanism to have an impact on DT?
Likert (Mhlungu et al., 2019).
DI3 40. Do you consider the impact of digital innovation culture on DT is significant?
Likert (Ciriello et al., 2018).
DI4 41. Do you consider the capital investment of digital innovation can significantly affect DT?
Likert (Kontic &
Vidicki, 2018).
In the questionnaire for evaluating the effect of enterprise DT, respondents are required to use the 5-point Likert scoring method to distinguish the effects listed in the questionnaire from “completely inconsistent”, “inconsistent”, “neutral”, “relatively consistent” to “completely consistent”.
Table 3.4 DT Items
Variable Item Content of the Questions Measurement Source
DT DT1 42. Do you consider
enterprise DT can promote organizational
transformation?
Likert (Bilgeri et al., 2017).
DT2 43. Do you consider enterprise DT can promote business transformation?
Likert (Bilgeri et al., 2017).
DT3 44. Do you consider enterprise DT can promote technological transformation?
Likert (Ebert &
Duarte, 2018).
DT4 45. Do you consider enterprise DT can lead to performance improvement?
Likert (Mubarak, Shaikh,
Mubarik, Samo,
& Mastoi, 2019).