Table 4.5. Component Matrix of Standardized ‘Z’ Scores for Socio-economic Status Variables
Component
1
Employment. .730
Crime rate. .646
Educational
status. .809
Internet access .938
Non-poverty. .919
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
1 component extracted.
Table 4.6. Component Matrix for Smokefree Air Policies Variables
Component
1
Smokefree indoor air policy at government worksite.
.812 Smokefree indoor
air policy at private worksites.
.681 Smokefree indoor
air policy at restaurants.
.818 Smokefree indoor
air policy at
“other” sites.
.753
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
1 component extracted.
Table 4.7. Component Matrix for Health-Related Quality of Life (standardized Z score) Variables
Component
1
Percentage with fair/poor self rated health.
.888 Mean physically
unhealthy days. .968 Mean mentally
unhealthy days. .891 Mean days of activity
limitation. .868
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
1 component extracted.
Table 4.8. Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Socio-economic Status
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha Based
on Standardized
Items
N of Items
.868 .868 5
Table 4.9. Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Smokefree Air Policies
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha Based
on Standardized
Items
N of Items
.750 .766 4
Table 4.10. Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Coefficient for Health-Related Quality of Life
Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha Based
on Standardized
Items
N of Items
.925 .925 4
APPENDIX J TABLES
Table 4.11. Inter-Item Correlation Matrix for Standardized (Z score) Socio-economic Status
Employment Crime Rate
Educational status
Internet
access Non poverty Employment. 1
Crime rate. 0.216 1
Educational
status. 0.436 0.412
1 Internet
access. 0.601 0.635 0.711 1
Non-
poverty. 0.702 0.457 0.687 0.828 1
Table 4.12. Inter-item Correlation Matrix for Smokefree Air Policies Smokefree
indoor air policy at government
worksite
Smokefree indoor air
policy at private worksite
Smokefree indoor air
policy at restaurants
Smokefree indoor air
policy at
“other” sites Smokefree
indoor air policy at government
worksite. 1 Smokefree
indoor air policy at private
worksites. 0.387
1
Smokefree indoor air policy at
restaurants. 0.557 0.445
1
Smokefree indoor air policy at
“other” sites. 0.510 0.327 0.472
1
Table 4.13. Inter-Item Correlation Matrix for Health-Related Quality of Life
Percentage with fair/poor self
rated health
Mean Physically
unhealthy days
Mean mentally unhealthy days
Mean days of activity limitation Percentage with
fair/poor self
rated health. 1
Mean physically
unhealthy days. 0.821
1 Mean mentally
unhealthy days. 0.696 0.870
1 Mean days of
activity
limitation. 0.695 0.802 0.650
1
APPENDIX K TABLES
Table 4.14. Glesjer Test for Heteroscedasticity
Source SS df MS
Model 263.818615 11 23.9835104 Residual
254.880093 35 7.28228838 Total 518.698708 46 11.2760589
Table 4.15. Glesjer Test for Heteroscedasticity Results
abres Coef. Std. Err t P>/t/ 95%
Conf.
Internal Smokefree indoor
air policy at government
worksite. 0.3071535 3.84e.07 . 0.000 0.3071528 0.3071543 Smokefree indoor
air policy at private worksites.
-
1.4648120 1.97e.07 . 0.000 -1.464812 -1.464811 Smokefree indoor
airpolicy at
restaurants. 0.4022265 2.36e.07 . 0.000 0.402226 0.4022269 Smokefree indoor
air policy at
“other” sites. -1.053067 3.28e.07 . 0.000 -1.053068 -1.053067 Democratic
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. 0.4997951 2.74e.07 . 0.000 0.4997945 0.4997957 Number of ob 47
F (11, 35) = 3.29 Prob. > F = 0.0035 R-Square = 0.5086 Adj. R-Square
=
0.3542 Root MSE = 2.6986
Table 4.15 Continued Democratic
governor/republican- controlled
legislature. 1.879637 2.57e.07 . 0.000 1.879636 1.879637 Democratic
governor/split legislature.
-
0.0606039 2.97e.07 . 0.000
- 0.0606045
- 0.0606033 Republican
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. -1.87853 2.60e.07 . 0.000 -1.878531 -1.87853 Republican
governor/split
legislature. 0.4632346 3.16e.07 . 0.000 0.463234 0.4632353 Socio-economic
status.
-
0.2973134 3.64e.08 . 0.000 1.2973135
- 0.2973133 Health related
quality of life.
-
0.2584942 3.98e.08 . 0.000
- 0.2584943
- 0.2584942
Cont. 23.509770 3.67e.07 . 0.000 23.50977 23.50977
Table 4.16. Robust Regression Correcting for Heteroscedasticity
Smoking Coef. Std. Err t p>/t/ 95% conf. Interval Smokefree air govt.
worksite.
-
0.1608723 1.86143 -0.09 0.932 -3.939775 3.618031 Smokefree air
private worksite.
-
0.6076034 0.9576451 -0.63 0.530 -2.551726 1.33652 Smokefree air
restaurants. 0.4348835 1.143764 0.38 0.706 -1.887081 2.756849 Smokefree air
“other” sites. -1.227576 1.592317 -0.77 0.446 -4.46015 2.004999 Democratic
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. 0.0259762 1.331098 0.02 0.985 -2.676296 2.728249 Democratic
governor/republican- controlled
legislature. 1.440967 1.246851 1.16 0.256 -1.090275 3.972209 Democratic
governor/split legislature.
-
0.3817486 1.442295 -0.26 0.793 -3.309764 2.546267 Republican
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. -2.306209 1.26284 -1.83 0.076 -4.86991 0.2574927 Republican
governor/split legislature.
-
0.4680656 1.533395 -0.31 0.762 -3.581024 2.644893 Health related
quality of life.
-
0.1483458 0.1928905 -0.77 0.447
-
0.5399344 0.2432428 Socio-economic
status.
-
0.1483458 0.176499 -2.16 0.037
- 0.7401735
- 0.0235495 _cons
-
0.3818615 1.778897 13.57 0.000 20.52057 27.74328
APPENDIX L TABLES
Table 4.17. Test for Multicolinearity between Smoking Rate and Smokefree air Policy at Government Worksites, Smokefree air Policy at Private Worksites, Smokefree air Policy at Restaurants, Smokefree air Policy at “other” Sites, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Socio-economic Status.
Smoking rate
Smokefre e indoor air policy at govt.
worksite
Smokefree indoor air policy at private worksite
Smokefree indoor air policy in restaurant
Smokefree indoor air policy at
“other”
sites
Socio- economic status
Health related quality of life Smoking
rate.
1.000
Smokefree indoor air policy at governme nt
worksite.
-0.3859 1.000
Smokefree indoor air policy at private worksites.
-0.2763 0.3760 1.000
Smokefree indoor air policy at restaurants .
-0.3744 0.5310 0.4439 1.000
Smokefree indoor air policy at
“other”
sites.
-0.3449 0.556 0.3438 0.4856 1.000
Table 4.17 Continued Socio-economic status
- 0.5730
0.6200 0.2012 0.5250 0.4433 1.000 Health related
quality of life
- 0.5457
0.6610 0.1447 0.4619 0.2939 0.7745 1.000 Democratic
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature.
0.1664 0.0071 0.1049 - 0.1622
- 0.0191
- 0.2707
- 0.1723 Democratic
governor/republican- controlled
legislature.
0.1760 0.1895 0.0485 0.1239 0.0036 0.1267 0.0984
Democratic governor/split legislature.
0.0019 - 0.0495
- 0.1713
- 0.0121
- 0.0748
0.0685 0.0984 Republican
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature.
- 0.2017
- 0.2521
- 0.1111
0.0497 - 0.1379
- 0.1056
0.0100
Republican governor/split legislature.
0.0082 - 0.0495
0.2451 0.1299 - 0.0778
0.0014 - 0.0298
Table 4.18. Test for Multicolinearity between Political Variables Democratic
governor/democra t-controlled legislature.
Democrati c
governor/r epublican- controlled legislature.
Democratic governor/spl it
legislature.
Republican governor/dem ocrat-
controlled legislature.
Republica n
governor/s plit legislature .
Democratic governor/d emocrat- controlled legislature.
1.000
Democratic governor/re publican- controlled legislature.
-0.1895 1.000
Democratic governor/s plit
legislature.
-0.1443 -0.1563 1.000
Republican governor/d emocrat- controlled legislature.
-0.2036 -0.2204 -0.1679 1.000
Republican governor/s plit
legislature.
-0.1443 -0.1563 -0.1190 -0.1679 1.000
APPENDIX M TABLES
Table 4.19. Glesjer’s Test of Heteroscedasticity Source SS df MS
Model 253.767024 8 31.720878 Residual 264.931684 38 6.97188642
Total 253.767019 48 5.51667433
Number of ob 47 F (8, 38) = 4.55
Prob. > F = 0.0006 R-Square = 0.4892 Adj. R-Square
=
0.3817 Root MSE = 2.6404
Table 4.20. Glesjer’s Test of Heteroscedasticity Results
abres Coef Std. Err. t P>/t/
95%
Conf. Interval Socio-economic
status.
-
0.2817501 3.93e.08 . 0.000
- 0.2817502
- 0.2817501 Smokefree air policy
-
0.5422936 8.58e.08 . 0.000
- 0.5422938
- 0.5422934 Democratic
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. 0.4368908 2.97e.07 . 0.000 0.4368902 0.4368914 Democratic
governor/republican- controlled
legislature. 2.091887 2.70e.07 . 0.000 2.091886 2.091887 Democratic
governor/split
legislature. 0.2049973 3.17e.07 . 0.000 0.2049966 0.2049979 Republican
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. -1.717881 2.63e.07 . 0.000 -1.717882 -1.717881 Republican
governor/split
legislature. 0.4036193 3.20e.07 . 0.000 0.4036186 0.4036199 Health related
quality of life.
-
0.1926303 3.85e.08 . 0.000
- 0.1926304
- 0.1926303
_cons 23.88335 2.82e.07 . 0.000 23.88335 23.88335
Table 4.21. Robust Regression Correcting for Heteroscedasticity
Smoking Coef Std Err t P>/t/
95%
Conf. Interval Socio-economic
status.
-
0.3572996 0.1634407 -2.19 0.035
- 0.6881681
- 0.0264312 Smokefree air policy
-
0.3797975 0.3571776 -1.06 0.294 -1.102866 0.3432708 Democratic
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. 0.1791821 1.235264 0.15 0.885 -2.321478 2.679843 Democratic
governor/republican- controlled
legislature. 1.906223 1.123726 1.70 0.098
-
0.3684618 4.181088 Democratic
governor/split
legislature. 0.0878711 1.320737 0.07 0.947 -2.585721 2.761663 Republican
governor/democrat- controlled
legislature. -1.872564 1.09675 -1.71 0.096 -4.092817 0.34769 Republican
governor/split
legislature. 0.0137072 1.330527 0.01 0.992 -2.679803 2.707218 Health related
quality of life.
-
0.1480449 0.1604845 -0.92 0.362
-
0.4729287 0.1768389
_cons 23.64124 1.175876 20.11 0.000 21.26081 26.02168
APPENDIX N FIGURES
Figure 5.1. Percentage of Adult Population that Smokes Cigarettes in 2004
Figure 5.2 Cigarette Consumption per Capita per Pack Sold in 2004
Figure 5.3 Smoking Attributable Medicaid Cost per pack (U.S. dollars) from 1998-2004
APPENDIX O Table 4.22. Table for Data Variables
State Smoking Rate
SES HRQL Smoke
free Air
Policy DD DR DS RD RS Alabama 25.3 -5.57 6.37 0.00 0 0 0 1 0 Alaska 26.3 6.94 -2.49 3.00 0 0 0 0 0 Arizona 21.0 1.8 -0.42 2.00 0 1 0 0 0 Arkansas 24.8 -8.27 4.08 1.00 0 0 0 1 0 California 16.8 1.54 1.43 4.00 0 0 0 1 0 Colorado 18.5 6.07 -3.32 2.00 0 0 0 0 0 Connecticut 18.7 4.8 -2.96 4.00 0 0 0 1 0 Delaware 21.9 2.22 -3.76 4.00 0 0 1 0 0 Florida 23.9 -0.3 0.91 4.00 0 0 0 0 0 Georgia 22.8 -1.54 0.63 3.00 0 0 0 0 0 Hawaii 17.3 2.34 . 3.00 0 0 0 1 0 Idaho 19.0 -0.63 -1.12 4.00 0 0 0 0 0 Illinois 24.3 0.05 -2.17 4.00 1 0 0 0 0 Indiana 26.1 -1.02 1.19 2.00 0 0 1 0 0 Iowa 21.7 0.56 -5.74 4.00 0 1 0 0 0 Kansas 20.4 1.99 -4.68 3.00 0 0 1 0 0 Kentucky 30.8 -6.14 8.59 0.00 0 0 0 0 1 Louisiana 26.6 -7.82 -0.17 3.00 1 0 0 0 0 Maine 23.6 -0.02 2.27 4.00 1 0 0 0 0 Maryland 20.2 5.01 -2.19 3.00 0 0 0 1 0
Massachusetts 19.2 3.95 -2.35 3.00 0 0 0 1 0
Michigan 26.2 -1.41 0.7 3.00 0 1 0 0 0 Minnesota 21.1 4.66 -3.38 4.00 0 0 0 0 1 Mississippi 25.6 -10.4 7.18 0.00 0 0 0 1 0 Missouri 27.3 -0.33 0.49 4.00 0 1 0 0 0 Montana 19.9 -0.74 -2.15 4.00 0 0 0 0 1 Nebraska 21.3 2.78 -4.5 4.00 . . . . . Nevada 25.2 0.4 1.7 3.00 0 0 0 0 0 New
Hampshire 21.2 6.66 -1.54 4.00 0 0 0 0 0
Table 4.22 Continued.
New Jersey 19.5 3.56 0.03 3.00 1 0 0 0 0
New
Mexico 22.0 -4.69 3.05 1.00 1 0 0 0 0
New York 21.6 -1.11 1.65 4.00 0 0 0 0 1
North
Carolina 24.8 -2.71 0.48 0.00 0 0 1 0 0 North
Dakota 20.5 0 -6 3.00 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio 25.4 -1.17 0.56 2.00 0 0 0 0 0
Oklahoma 25.2 -4.02 3.82 3.00 1 0 0 0 0
Oregon 21.0 1.14 2.62 3.00 . . . . . Pennsylvan
ia 25.5 -0.43 1.17 4.00 0 1 0 0 0 Rhode
Island 22.4 -0.21 -
0.01 4.00 0 0 0 1 0
South
Carolina 25.5 -3.68 3.45 2.00 0 0 0 0 0 South
Dakota 22.7 0.35 -
5.23 2.00 0 0 0 0 0
Tennessee 25.7 -4.16 1.97 1.00 1 0 0 0 0 Texas 22.1 -2.76 1.85 1.00 0 0 0 0 0 Utah 12.0 3.56
-
2.63 4.00 0 0 0 0 0
Vermont 19.6 3.88 -
2.36 4.00 0 0 0 0 1
Virginia 22.1 4.47 -1.5 3.00 0 1 0 0 0 Washingto
n 19.5 3.88 -0.1 3.00 0 0 1 0 0 West
Virginia 27.4 -8.37 11.2
2 1.00 1 0 0 0 0
Wisconsin 22.1 2.05 -3.7 4.00 0 1 0 0 0
Wyoming 24.6 2.82 -
2.95 1.00 0 1 0 0 0
SES-Socio-economic Status
HRQL- Health Related Quality of Life
DD- Democratic Governor and Democratic-controlled Legislature