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Abstract Higher Direct Non-medical Costs Associated with Referrals from Community to Provincial Hospitals

Win Techakehakij*, Kanokporn Puttarak^†, Kanokwan Sae-han^†, Panupong Fuangfung^†,

Chaturon Chayuttawanitchakul^†, Ratchapon Prabrai^†, Kanchana Tongtip^†, Kornkanok Naraweerawut^†

*Suratthani Hospital, Suratthani

†The sixth-year medical student, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University

Referring patients from community to provincial hospitals results in higher direct non-medical costs (DNMc), which include the costs of transportation, food, accommodation, and informal caregivers. How-

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‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å (direct non-medical costs) ´÷Ëߧà“

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1. ∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π („πÕ”‡¿Õ∑’ˇªìπ¿Ÿ¡‘≈”‡π“¢Õß ºŸâªÉ«¬) „™â°“√‡°Á∫¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈·∫∫ ”√«®¿“§μ—¥¢«“ß (cross-sec- tional survey) ‚¥¬°“√ —¡¿“…≥废âªÉ«¬ ·≈–/À√◊Õ≠“μ‘

ever, these costs have not yet been quantified.

This study estimates the increase in DNMc for referred ambulatory and hospitalized patients. To approximate the DNMc of patients at community hospitals, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in three community hospitals in Suratthani province during 16-26 February 2015. The DNMc of patients who were referred to the Suratthani provincial hospital, were derived from previous studies which re- ported the DNMc of patients at this hospital. Cost adjustment was performed using the consumer price index, with base year 2015. T-tests were used to compare the differences between parameters, with a significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that, for each day the patients were hospitalized at a provincial hospital, the costs of informal caregivers were 632.90 Baht higher than those admitted to community hospitals. For ambulatory care patients, the total DNMc of those referred to a provincial hospital were 513.40 Baht higher than those receiving care at community hospitals.

Higher DNMc may prevent patients from accessing needed care when referred from community to provincial hospitals. One way to mitigate this obstacle is to improve the capacity of community hospitals, thereby reducing the need to refer patients to provincial hospitals without compromising quality of care.

Keywords: direct non-medical costs, community hospital, provincial hospital, in-patient, out-patient

°

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‚¥¬„™â¥—™π’√“§“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§⁽⁶⁾

𔇠πÕ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈„π√Ÿªμ“√“ß· ¥ß§«“¡∂’Ë √âÕ¬≈– μâπ∑ÿπ

‡©≈’ˬ ·≈–‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫μâπ∑ÿπ·≈–«‘‡§√“–ÀåÀ“§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å

‚¥¬„™â ∂‘μ‘ t-test ‚¥¬¡’§à“π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘·Õ≈øÉ“ ‡∑à“°—∫

0.05 °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑”‚¥¬„™â‚ª√·°√¡ ”‡√Á®√Ÿª °“√

»÷°…“π’Ⱥà“𧫓¡‡ÀÁπ™Õ∫®“°§≥–°√√¡°“√®√‘¬∏√√¡°“√

«‘®—¬„π¡πÿ…¬å¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’

º≈°“√»÷°…“

º≈°“√ ”√«®‰¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°μ—«Õ¬à“ߺŸâªÉ«¬„π 95 §π ·≈–

ºŸâªÉ«¬πÕ° 300 §π μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 · ¥ß≈—°…≥–¢Õßμ—«Õ¬à“ß

∑’Ë∑”°“√»÷°…“§√—Èßπ’È æ∫«à“∑—ÈߺŸâªÉ«¬πÕ°·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬„π à«π

„À≠à¡’Õ“¬ÿÕ¬Ÿà„π™à«ß 15-59 ªï §‘¥‡ªìπ√âÕ¬≈– 54.7 ·≈– 45.3

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 1 ≈—°…≥–°≈ÿà¡μ—«Õ¬à“ߺŸâªÉ«¬„π·≈–ºŸâªÉ«¬πÕ°∑’Ë¡“√—∫

∫√‘°“√∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π

®”π«π (√âÕ¬≈–) μ—«·ª√

ºŸâªÉ«¬„π ºŸâªÉ«¬πÕ°

®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬ 95 300

‚√ß欓∫“≈

‚√ß欓∫“≈°“≠®π¥‘…∞å 40 (42.1) 100 (33.3)

‚√ß欓∫“≈∑à“©“ß 28 (29.5) 100 (33.3)

‚√ß欓∫“≈∑à“™π– 27 (28.4) 100 (33.3)

‡æ»

˭ԧ 46 (48.4) 117 (39.0)

™“¬ 49 (51.6) 183 (61.0)

Õ“¬ÿ (ªï)

0-14 27 (28.4) 34 (11.3)

15-59 43 (45.3) 164 (54.7)

¡“°°«à“ 59 ªï 25 (26.3) 102 (34.0)

®”π«πºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡’ºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ (§π) 83 (87.4) 181 (60.3)  “‡ÀμÿÀ≈—°∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë¡“√—∫°“√ 18 (18.9) 153 (51.0)

√—°…“‡ªìπ‚√§‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß

μ“¡≈”¥—∫ ºŸâªÉ«¬„π à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ‚√§‰¡à‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß „π¢≥–∑’Ë ºŸâªÉ«¬πÕ° à«π„À≠à‡ªìπ‚√§‡√◊ÈÕ√—ß

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 · ¥ßμâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å

¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬„π®”·π°μ“¡ª√–‡¿∑‚√ß欓∫“≈ ´÷Ëßæ∫«à“μâπ∑ÿπ

§à“‡¥‘π∑“߉ª°≈—∫®“°∫â“π∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬„π∑’Ë√—°…“

μ—«∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™ππâÕ¬°«à“°√≥’√—°…“∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈®—ßÀ«—¥

195.00 ∫“∑Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘ (p-value<0.0001) πÕ°®“°π’È μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å„π à«π¢ÕߺŸâ

¥Ÿ·≈°√≥’ºŸâªÉ«¬„π√—°…“μ—«∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π¬—ßπâÕ¬°«à“

μâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ‡¡◊ËÕºŸâªÉ«¬æ—°√—°…“μ—«„π‚√ß欓∫“≈®—ßÀ«—¥

632.90 ∫“∑ Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘ (p-value<0.0001) μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 · ¥ßμâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å

„π à«π¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬„π·μà≈–§π·¬°μ“¡ª√–‡¿∑‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈ ´÷Ëßæ∫«à“ºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈·μà≈–§π∑’Ë¡“¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬„π∑’Ë‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈™ÿ¡™π®–¡’μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å

‡©≈’ˬª√–¡“≥ 863.00 ∫“∑ ´÷ËßπâÕ¬°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ„π

°√≥’∑’˺Ÿâ¥Ÿ·≈μâÕ߉ª¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’∑’Ë¡’

μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡‡©≈’ˬ¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈Õ¬Ÿà∑’˪√–¡“≥ 1,347.00 ∫“∑

Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘ (p-value < 0.0001)

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 · ¥ß¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å

¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬πÕ° ®”·π°μ“¡ª√–‡¿∑‚√ß欓∫“≈ ®–‡ÀÁπ‰¥â«à“

∑—Èßμâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡¥‘π∑“ß §à“‡ ’¬‡«≈“ §à“Õ“À“√¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ ·≈–

μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡„π à«π¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬°√≥’√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’Ë‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈™ÿ¡™π®–πâÕ¬°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷ÈπÀ“°‰ª√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’Ë

‚√ß欓∫“≈ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’Õ¬à“ß¡’π—¬ ”§—≠∑“ß ∂‘μ‘ ‚¥¬®–¡’

μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ πâÕ¬≈ß 513.40

∫“∑ (p-value < 0.0001)

«‘®“√≥å·≈–¢âÕ¬ÿμ‘

ß“π«‘®—¬π’ȉ¥â· ¥ßº≈≈—æ∏凙‘ߪ√‘¡“≥‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫μâπ∑ÿπ

∑“ßΩíòߺŸâªÉ«¬∑’ˇªìπº≈®“°°“√¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π

·≈–‚√ß欓∫“≈®—ßÀ«—¥ ‚¥¬®“°º≈°“√»÷°…“æ∫«à“ „π·μà≈–

«—π∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬„π√—°…“μ—«∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈®—ßÀ«—¥ μâπ∑ÿπ„π à«πºŸâ

¥Ÿ·≈Õ¬à“߉¡à‡ªìπ∑“ß°“√®– Ÿß°«à“μâπ∑ÿπ∑’ˇ°‘¥‡¡◊ËÕ√—°…“μ—«∑’Ë

‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π 632.90 ∫“∑  ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬πÕ° μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ß μ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ ”À√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë∂Ÿ° àßμ—«¡“

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 · ¥ßμâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬„π®”·π°μ“¡ª√–‡¿∑‚√ß欓∫“≈

Mean (SD)

μ—«·ª√ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ Mean diff** P-value

™ÿ¡™π  ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’

μ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 95 217

√–¬–∑“ß®“°∫â“π¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ (°‘‚≈‡¡μ√) 13.6(8.9) 58.3(26.4) -44.7 <0.0001

‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß®“°∫â“π∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ 23.8(15.7) 63.8(31.2) -40 <0.0001

¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (π“∑’)

μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡¥‘π∑“߉ª-°≈—∫ ®“°∫â“π∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ 86.90(69.00) 281.90(284.70) -195.00 <0.0001

¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (∫“∑)

®”π«πºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈‡©≈’ˬ„π√Õ∫ 24 ™—Ë«‚¡ß (§π) 1.1(0.6) 1.3(0.5) -0.2 0.005

√–¬–‡«≈“√«¡¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬ 20.0(8.0) 25.2(9.2) -5.2 <0.0001

„π√Õ∫ 24 ™—Ë«‚¡ß (™—Ë«‚¡ß)

μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å „π à«π¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ 1057.9(407.3) 1690.8(745.8) -632.9 <0.0001

„π√Õ∫ 24 ™—Ë«‚¡ß* (∫“∑)

*§”π«≥®“° (μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡ ’¬‡«≈“¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈+μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈+μâπ∑ÿπ§à“Õ“À“√¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈+μâπ∑ÿπ§à“∑’Ëæ—°¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈)

**§”π«≥®“° Mean ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ ≈∫¥â«¬ Mean ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 3 ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈·μà≈–§π¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬„π

Mean (SD)

μ—«·ª√ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ Mean diff*** P-value

™ÿ¡™π  ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’

μ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 103 275

√–¬–∑“ß®“°∫â“π¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ (°‘‚≈‡¡μ√) 13.0(8.7) 63.3(81.4) -50.3 <0.0001

‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß®“°∫â“π∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ 22.4(15.6) 69.0(87.7) -46.6 <0.0001

¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ (π“∑’)

‡«≈“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’˺Ÿâ¥Ÿ·≈‡ ’¬‰ª‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬„π* 16.2(8.3) 22.3(6.9) -6.1 <0.0001 (™—Ë«‚¡ß)

μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡¥‘π∑“߉ª-°≈—∫ ®“°∫â“π∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ 89.20(69.10) 274.20(291.70) -185.00 <0.0001

¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ (∫“∑)

μâπ∑ÿπ§à“Õ“À“√¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ (∫“∑) 136.30(95.40) 199.90(106.90) -63.60 <0.0001

μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡ ’¬‡«≈“¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ (∫“∑) 637.30(315.40) 859.40(265.20) -222.10 <0.0001 μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å „π à«π¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ 862.70(370.10) 1347.00(443.50) -484.30 <0.0001

„π√Õ∫ 24 ™—Ë«‚¡ß** (∫“∑)

* π—∫√«¡‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“߉ª-°≈—∫∫â“π∂÷ß‚√ß欓∫“≈ ·≈–‡«≈“∑’Ë„™â„π°“√¥Ÿ·≈ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈

** §”π«≥®“° (μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡ ’¬‡«≈“¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈+μâπ∑ÿπ§à“‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈+μâπ∑ÿπ§à“Õ“À“√¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈+μâπ∑ÿπ§à“∑’Ëæ—°¢ÕߺŸâ¥Ÿ·≈)

*** §”π«≥®“° Mean ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ ≈∫¥â«¬ Mean ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 4 μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬πÕ° ®”·π°μ“¡ª√–‡¿∑‚√ß欓∫“≈

Mean (SD)

μ—«·ª√ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ ‚√ß欓∫“≈ Mean diff* P-value

™ÿ¡™π  ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’

μ—«Õ¬à“ß∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 300 103

√–¬–∑“ß®“°∫â“π∂÷ß ∂“π欓∫“≈¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (°‘‚≈‡¡μ√) 13.2(11.4) 55.4(29.8) -42.2 <0.0001

√–¬–‡«≈“‡¥‘π∑“ß®“°∫â“π∂÷ß ∂“π欓∫“≈¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (π“∑’) 24.3(21.6) 67.9(39.4) -43.6 <0.0001

√–¬–‡«≈“∑—ÈßÀ¡¥∑’Ë„™â„π°“√√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’ËÀπ૬∫√‘°“√ 2.5(1.5) 4.5(2.1) -2 <0.0001

(™—Ë«‚¡ß)

§à“‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (∫“∑) 52.60(49.00) 189.00(129.70) -136.40 <0.0001

§à“‡ ’¬‡«≈“¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (∫“∑) 124.40(63.90) 262.40(105.70) -138.00 <0.0001

§à“Õ“À“√¢ÕߺŸâªÉ«¬ (∫“∑) 14.80(26.90) 59.00(47.80) -44.20 <0.0001

μâπ∑ÿπ√«¡ „π à«πºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈ (∫“∑) 182.00(92.20) 379.10(276.20) -197.10 <0.0001

μâπ∑ÿπ∑“ßμ√ß∑’ˉ¡à‡°’ˬ«°—∫°“√·æ∑¬å∑—ÈßÀ¡¥ 376.10(178.40) 889.50(417.70) -513.40 <0.0001 (√«¡ºŸâªÉ«¬·≈–ºŸâ¥Ÿ·≈) (∫“∑)

*§”π«≥®“° Mean ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈ ÿ√“…Æ√å∏“π’ ≈∫¥â«¬ Mean ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π

√—°…“∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈®—ßÀ«—¥®– Ÿß¢÷Èπ 513.40 ∫“∑μàÕ§√—Èß ‡¡◊ËÕ

‡∑’¬∫°—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬∑’Ë√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π

°“√∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬®“°μà“ßÕ”‡¿Õ‡¢â“¡“√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈

®—ßÀ«—¥π—Èπ  à«π„À≠à¡’ “‡Àμÿ¡“®“°¢âÕ®”°—¥¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π

°“√μ√«®«‘π‘®©—¬ ¬“·≈–‡«™¿—≥±å ·≈–§«“¡¢“¥·§≈π

∫ÿ§≈“°√ºŸâ¡’§«“¡™”π“≠„π°“√√—°…“‚√§∑’Ë´—∫´âÕ𠇙àπ

·æ∑¬å‡©æ“–∑“ß ¥—ßπ—Èπ π‚¬∫“¬„π°“√ à߇ √‘¡„À⺟âªÉ«¬‡¢â“

√—∫∫√‘°“√∑’Ë‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π„°≈â∫â“π®÷ߧ«√¡ÿà߇πâπ‰ª∑’Ë°“√

·°âªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“« §◊Õ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡»—°¬¿“æ‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π„Àâ  Ÿß¢÷Èπ ¥—ß‡™àπ∑’Ë¡’°“√¢¬“¬¢π“¥‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π„À⇪ìπ‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈∑—Ë«‰ª‡æ◊ËÕ√Õß√—∫ºŸâªÉ«¬‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ⁽⁷⁾ À√◊Õ¡’°“√‡æ‘Ë¡

»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß‚√ß欓∫“≈™ÿ¡™π„Àâ “¡“√∂√—°…“‚√§À—«„®¢“¥

‡≈◊Õ¥‡©’¬∫æ≈—π‰¥â¿“¬„μâ√–∫∫°“√„À⧔ª√÷°…“¢Õß·æ∑¬åºŸâ

‡™’ˬ«™“≠⁽⁸⁾ πÕ°®“°π’È °“√æ—≤π“∫ÿ§≈“°√·≈–°“√‡μ√’¬¡

§«“¡æ√âÕ¡„π¥â“π‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ·≈– ∂“π∑’ˇæ◊ËÕ„Àâ·æ∑¬å„π‚√ß æ¬“∫“≈™ÿ¡™π “¡“√∂∑”°“√ºà“μ—¥∑’Ë¡’§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ‰¡à¡“° ‡™àπ ºà“μ—¥‰ âμ‘Ëß ºà“μ—¥∑”§≈Õ¥∑“ßÀπâ“∑âÕß ∑”À¡—πÀ≠‘ß À√◊Õ

°“√μ°·μàß∫“¥·º≈ ¿“¬„μâ°“√¥Ÿ·≈¢Õß·æ∑¬åºŸâ™”π“≠°“√

À√◊Õ°“√æ‘®“√≥“√“¬°“√¬“À√◊Õ‡«™¿—≥±å∑’Ë¡’√“§“·æß ∑’˺ŸâªÉ«¬

μâÕ߇¥‘π∑“߉ª√—∫®“°‚√ß欓∫“≈®—ßÀ«—¥‡¢â“‰«â„π√“¬°“√¬“

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‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

1. Riewpaiboon A. Standard Cost Lists for Health Technology As- sessment.

2. Techakehakij W, Chimpakdee W, Tuntasukijwanich P, Wongsuwat J, Santiwanit K. Factors influencing the direct non-medical costs

of in-patients at Suratthani Hospital. Journal of Health Systems Research. 2013;7(1):80-5.

3. Techakehakij W, Chusri S, Chaigool S, Kanjanasuphak N, Junla S, Chaisawat D, et al. The study of direct non-medical costs of in- patients at Suratthani hospital: a cross-sectional survey (in Thai).

Journal of Health Systems Research. 2012;6(4):467-75.

4. Techakehakij W, Wongwichit P, Suksom T, Burapatthananon A, Yamkaew W, Pooltim K, et al. Direct non-medical cost for health care seekers at the out-patient department: a cross-sectional sur- vey. Journal of Health Systems Research. 2013;7(2):235-40.

5. §≥–°√√¡°“√§à“®â“ß. ª√–°“»§≥–°√√¡°“√§à“®â“ß ‡√◊ËÕß Õ—μ√“§à“

®â“ߢ—ÈπμË” (©∫—∫∑’Ë 7). 2012.

6.  ”π—°¥—™π’‡»√…∞°‘®°“√§â“. ¥—™π’√“§“ºŸâ∫√‘‚¿§. 2015 [cited 2015];

A v a i l a b l e f r o m : h t t p : / / w w w . p r i c e . m o c . g o . t h / p r i c e / c p i / index_new_all.asp.

7.  ”π—° “√π‘‡∑» °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢.  ∏. æ—≤π“√æ.™ÿ¡™π 120

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„°≈â∫â“π. 2015 [updated 26 February 2015; cited 2015 18 March];

Available from: http://pr.moph.go.th/iprg/include/admin_hotnew/

show_hotnew.php?idHot_new=71178.

8.  ”π—° “√π‘‡∑» °√–∑√«ß “∏“√≥ ÿ¢.  ∏.‡æ‘Ë¡»—°¬¿“æ‚√ß欓∫“≈

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≈–≈“¬≈‘Ë¡‡≈◊Õ¥ 2014 [updated 25 October 2014; cited 2015 18 March]; Available from: http://pr.moph.go.th/iprg/include/

admin_hotnew/show_hotnew.php?idHot_new=68692.