กระบวนการเรียนรู้ การเชื่อมโยงและรูปแบบการเรียนการสอนผ่านเว็บที่มีต่อผลสัมฤทธ์ทางการเรียน การแก้ปัญหาและการถ่ายโยงการเรียนรู้

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§áÅÐÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡Òà Ê͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纷ÕèÁÕµèͼÅÊÑÁÄ·¸ì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒ

áÅСÒöèÒÂ⧡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé

...

»ÃѪ­¹Ñ¹·ì ¹ÔÅÊØ¢ * º·¹Ó

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¨Ñ´ÇèÒÊӤѭÍÂèÒ§ÂÔè§ã¹¡ÒèѴ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ à»éÒËÁÒ·ҧ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ

·ÕèÁØè§à¹é¹ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé â´Âá¹Ç¤Ô´·ÕèÁØè§à¹é¹ã¹àÃ×èͧ¢Í§¡ÒÃÊ͹ãËé¤Ô´à»ç¹

·Óà»ç¹áÅÐá¡é»Ñ­ËÒà»ç¹ ¢³Ð·Õèà»éÒËÁÒÂÊÙ§ÊØ´»ÃСÒÃ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒèѴ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¤×Í ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÊÒÁÒö

¶èÒÂ⧤ÇÒÁÃÙé·ÕèàÃÕ¹ä»ãªé㹪ÕÇÔµ¨ÃÔ§ä´é ¡ÒþѲ¹Ò¤¹ã¹ÈµÇÃÃÉ˹éÒ᡹ËÅѡ㹡ÒþѲ¹Ò¤¹¨ÐÍÒÈÑ ෤â¹âÅÂÕáÅСÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§à»ç¹à¤Ã×èÍ¢èÒ·ÕèÁÕ·ÑèÇâÅ¡¾Ñ²¹ÒÈÑ¡ÂÀÒ¾áÅСÒÃŧ·Ø¹ã¹à´ç¡ â´Â»ÃѺà»ÅÕè¹ á¹Ç·Ò§áÅСÃкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéãËÁè ¨Ò¡á¹Ç·Ò§áÅÐÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃẺÊÑè§Ê͹ ÁÒà»ç¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·ÕèÊÍ´¤Åéͧ

¡Ñº¸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ ¹Ó¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·Õèà´ç¡ æ ÁÕ㹡ÒÃãªé¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì ÁÒà»ç¹á¹Ç·Ò§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺãËÁè Âؤ¢Í§à·¤â¹âÅÂÕÊÒÃʹà·ÈáÅСÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒà (Information and Communication Technology : ICT) â´Â੾ÒÐà·¤â¹âÅÂբͧ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·Õèàª×èÍÁâ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ѹ·ÑèÇâÅ¡ ¹Ñ蹤×ÍÃкºÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµà»ç¹

»ÃÒ¡®¡Òóì·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇ ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍÊӤѭÊÓËÃѺ¤ÃÙ㹡ÒÃà¢éÒÊÙèàÇÔÅ´ìäÇ´ìàÇçº (World Wild Web : WWW) µèÍ仨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº (Web-Based Instruction) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ÍÂèÒ§

ÁÒ¡ÁÒÂáµè¹Ñ¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¤ÃÙáÅйѡÍ͡ẺÃкº¡ÒÃÊ͹·Ñé§ËÅÒ Âѧ¢Ò´ÇÔ¸Õ¡Òà ãªéà¤Ã×èͧÁ×͹Õé㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹ à¾×èÍàª×èÍÁ⧡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¡ÑºÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹

¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºÍѹ¨Ð¹Óä»ÊÙè¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ ¤Ô´à»ç¹·Óà»ç¹á¡é»Ñ­ËÒä´é áÅжèÒÂâ§

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéä»ÊÙèªÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ㹷ÕèÊØ´

---

* ËÑÇ˹éÒ¤³Ð¤ÃØÈÒʵÃìÍصÊÒË¡ÃÃÁ ÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂà·¤¹Ô¤ÊÁØ·ÃÊÒ¤Ã

* ¹ÔÊÔµ»ÃÔ­­Ò´Øɮպѳ±Ôµ ÊÒ¢Òà·¤â¹âÅÂÕáÅÐÊ×èÍÊÒáÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ÀÒ¤ÇÔªÒâʵ·ÑȹÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¤³Ð¤ÃØÈÒʵÃì ¨ØÌÒŧ¡Ã³ìÁËÒÇÔ·ÂÒÅÑÂ

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé (Learning Process)

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¨ÐÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ ᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ä»ã¹áµèÅкؤ¤Å ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§

ºØ¤¤ÅÊ觼ÅãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÁÕÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒâͧµÑÇàͧ Íѹà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÊÀÒÇÐáÇ´ÅéÍÁ ºØ¤ÅÔ¡ÀÒ¾ ÍÒÃÁ³ìáÅÐÊѧ¤Á¢Í§

áµèÅкؤ¤Å ÊÔ觷Õè¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´éÃѺ¡ÒöèÒ·ʹÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹Ãкº à»ç¹¢Ñ鹵͹ÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧ·Ñé§ã¹ËéͧàÃÕ¹áÅР㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ ·ÓãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à¡Ô´¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§µ¹àͧ áºè§ä´éµÒÁ¡ÅØèÁ¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÁÕ ÅѡɳÐáÅÐÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷ÕèàËÁ×͹¡Ñ¹ÍÍ¡ä´éà»ç¹ËÅÒÂẺ á¹Ç¤Ô´ã¹àÃ×èͧÃдѺ¢Í§¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ÃÙé·Õè à¡Ãç¡ áÅÐÅçͤÎÒÃì· ( Craik and Lockhart. 1972 ) ä´éàʹÍÇèÒ ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéà»ç¹¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ÕèÁÕ ËÅÒÂÃдѺ àÃÒÊÒÁÒöàÃÕ¹ÃÙéáÅШÓÊÔ觵èÒ§ æ ·ÕÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¡ѺµÑÇàÃÒä´é à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·Õèà»ç¹

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¡ÒáÃеØé¹ãËéàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡¢Í§¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÅÐàÍÕ´¢Í§

¡Ãкǹ¡Òà ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡¨Ð·ÓãËéà¢éÒã¨ä´éÅÐàÍÕ´áÅÐÃÐÅÖ¡¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙŵèÒ§ æ ä´éÁÒ¡áµèäÁèä´é ËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ·Ø¡ÍÂèÒ§·ÕèàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Óà»ç¹µéͧÁÕ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡àÊÁÍä» à¾ÃÒÐ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéºÒ§àÃ×èͧ

¡çÁÕ¤ÇÒÁµéͧ¡ÒÃà¾Õ§á¤è ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ó¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨áÅСÒùÓä»ãªé ã¹¢³Ð·Õè¢Ñ鹡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËì Êѧà¤ÃÒÐËì áÅлÃÐàÁÔ¹¤èÒ ·ÕèÍÂÙèã¹¢Ñ鹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡ ¡çÍÒ¨äÁèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¨Óà»ç¹ (Cox and Clark, 1998)

ÃдѺ¢Í§¡Ãкǹ¡Òà (Level of Process) 㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃáºè§ÃдѺ¢Í§

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé â´Â ÇÑ·¡Ô¹Êì (Watkins, 1983) ä´éá¡äÇéÍÂèÒ§ªÑ´à¨¹ ¤×Í ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡

(Deeper Processing) áÅСÃкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺµ×é¹ (Surface Processing) â´Â¡Ó˹´

¢Íºà¢µ¢Í§§Ò¹·ÕèµéͧàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ᡼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÍÍ¡ä´éà»ç¹Êͧ¡ÅØèÁ¤×Í ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡¤×Í

¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèµÑé§ã¨·Õè¨Ðà¢éÒã¨áÅоÂÒÂÒÁ¤é¹ËÒ¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¢ͧÊÔ觷Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé Êèǹ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÁÕ

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺµ×鹤×Í ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèµÑé§ã¨¨Ðãªéà¾Õ§¡ÒèӢéÍÁÙÅà·èÒ¹Ñé¹

ºÔ¡¡Êì áÅÐà·Åà¿ÍÃì (Biggs and Telfer, 1987) ä´é͸ԺÒ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ¢ͧ ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡ ¡Ñº¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹Ẻµ×é¹àÍÒäÇéÇèÒ ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡ à»ç¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·ÕèÍÒÈÑÂáç¨Ù§ã¨

ÀÒÂã¹ (Intensive motivation) 㹡Ò÷ӧҹ·ÕèµéͧãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷Õèà»ç¹à˵Øà»ç¹¼Å â´ÂÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¾Ö§¾Í㨷Õè¨Ð àÃÕ¹ÃÙéÊÔè§ã´ÊÔè§Ë¹Öè§ à»ç¹¡Òäé¹ËÒÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒÂâ´Â¡ÒÃÍèÒ¹ÍÂèÒ§ÁÒ¡áÅШ¹¡ÇèÒ¨Ðà¢éÒ㨠ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ ÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÃÙé·Õèà¤Âä´éÃѺÁÒ¡è͹

Êèǹ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺµ×é¹ à»ç¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·ÕèÍÒÈÑÂáç¨Ù§ã¨ÀÒ¹͡ (Extensive motivation) â´Â·Õè¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¨ÐÁÕ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéµÒÁ·Õè¡Ó˹´ãËéËÃ×͵ÒÁà»éÒËÁÒ à»ç¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹·Õè

¡Ó˹´à»éÒËÁÒ·ÕèàËç¹ÇèÒ¨Óà»ç¹ áÅÐãªé¡ÒèÓÊÔ觷ÕèàÃÕ¹㹪Ñé¹µÒÁ»¡µÔ ¡ÒÃÃÐÅÖ¡áµèà˵ؼŷÕè¶Ù¡µéͧ·Õèä´é

¨Ò¡¡ÒúÃÃÂÒ ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒã¨à©¾ÒзÕèµéͧ¡Òà µÒÁÇѵ¶Ø»ÃÐʧ¤ì੾ÒдéÒ¹·Õè¨Ñ´ãËé

¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡áÅÐẺµ×é¹ ÁͧàËç¹ä´éªÑ´à¨¹¤×Í ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡

¢Í§¡Ãкǹ¡Òà ·Õè¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¨ÐÁÕ·Ñ¡ÉСÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ «Öè§ Îǧ áÅк͹ૹ (Huang and Bonzon, 1995) ä´é͸ԺÒÂäÇéÇèÒ ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡ ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹µéͧ¤é¹ËÒãËéªÑ´à¨¹ÇèÒÁÕÍÐäÃ

«è͹ÍÂÙèÀÒÂã¹µÑǼÙéàÃÕ¹ ÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡Òà ÅӴѺ¢Ñé¹áÅÐÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒäԴ ·Õè¹Óä»ÊÙèÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃ㹡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒ ¢³Ð·Õè

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺµ×é¹ ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´éÁÕ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÍÂèÒ§¡ÇéÒ§ æ áÅÐä´é¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨵ÒÁ·Õèä´éÃѺ¡ÒÃ͸ԺÒ ËÃ×ͺ͡¡ÅèÒÇ

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÅÐàÍÕ´¢Í§¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§ã¹ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´¢Í§à¹×éÍËÒ¡Òà à¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙŢͧ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡¨Ö§¡ÃзÓä´éÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺµ×é¹ ¡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§

¢éÍÁÙŨӹǹÁÒ¡¡ÃзÓä´é´Õã¹¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡ áµè¶éÒà¹×éÍËÒ·ÕèàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÁÒ¡áÅÐäÁèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ«Ñº«é͹ ¼Ùé·ÕèÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡¡ç¨ÐàÊÕÂàÇÅÒ㹡Òä鹤ÇéÒÁÒ¡ áÅÐ ä´é¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèäÁè¨Óà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡àªè¹à´ÕÂǡѹ ´Ñ§¹Ñ鹡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¨Ö§ÂÒ¡·Õè¨Ð·ÓãËé àËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñº¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÅÖ¡ ¢³Ð·Õè¼ÙéÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéµ×é¹ÊÒÁÒöãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÊ͹㹠Ẻ㴡çä´é à¾ÃÒмÙéàÃÕ¹¨Ðʹã¨ã¹à¹×éÍËÒ¡ÇéÒ§ æ áÅШÓã¹ÊÔ觷Õè¨Ñ´ãËéà»ç¹ËÅÑ¡â´ÂäÁèŧÅÖ¡ä»ã¹ ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´¢Í§à¹×éÍËÒ¹Ñé¹ Ê໹à«ÍÃì (Spensor, 1998) ÊÃØ»á¹Ç¤Ô´·ÄɮաÃкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéã¹áºº ÅÖ¡áÅÐẺµ×é¹ÇèÒ ·ÄɮչÕéʹѺʹعá¹Ç¤Ô´·ÕèÇèÒ ¡Ò÷Õ褹àÃÒ¨ÓáÅÐàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÊÔ觵èÒ§ æ ÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ ä´é à¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·Õèà»ç¹¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¡ÒáÃеØé¹ãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé â´Â

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒèÐÁÕËÅÒÂÃдѺµÒÁÊÔè§àÃéÒ·Õè¡ÃзÓ

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº (Web-Based Instuction) à»ç¹â»Ãá¡ÃÁ äÎà»ÍÃìÁÕà´Õ·ÕèªèÇ 㹡ÒÃÊ͹ â´Âãªé»ÃÐ⪹ì¨Ò¡¤Ø³ÅѡɳÐáÅзÃѾÂҡâͧÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ ÁÒÊÃéÒ§ãËéà¡Ô´

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ â´ÂÊè§àÊÃÔÁáÅÐʹѺʹع¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéã¹·Ø¡·Ò§ (Khan, 1997)

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹â´Â¡ÒÃãªé¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纼èÒ¹ÃкºÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ¨Ñ´à»ç¹¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Ò§ä¡Å (Distance Education) »ÃÐàÀ·Ë¹Öè§ à¾ÃÒÐÃкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·Õèàª×èÍÁâÂÁµèͶ֧¡Ñ¹ â´Â¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÍÂÙèµèҧʶҹ·Õè áÅÐËèÒ§ä¡Å¡Ñ¹ áµè¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéã¹áººà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÅѡɳйÕé·ÕèÁÕ·Ñé§ÀÒ¾ àÊÕ§ áÅТéÍÁÙÅãËé¡Ñº¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ áµèÊÀÒ¾

»Ñ­ËҢͧÃкºÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ¤×Í ÃٻẺ¢Í§ÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ¡çÁÕÊÀÒ¾àËÁ×͹¡Ñº¡ÒâÂÒ¢ͧÊѾà¾àËÃÐÁÒ¡

¡ÇèÒ¨Ðà»ç¹ËéͧÊÁØ´ (Clark, 1996)

¡ÒèѴÃÐàºÕº¢Í§à¹×éÍËÒãËé¡Ñº¡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹ÀÒÂ㹺·àÃÕ¹·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹ã¹ÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹

¼èÒ¹àÇ纨֧à»ç¹ÊÔ觵éͧ¤Ó¹Ö§ à¾×èͪèÇÂãËé¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à»ç¹ä»ÍÂèÒ§ÁÕÃкºÃÐàºÕºà¾ÃÒСÒÃ

¨Ñ´ÃÐàºÕºÁÒ¡¨ÐªèÇÂãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéà»ç¹ºÇ¡ ªèÇÂãËéà¡Ô´»ÃÐʺ¡Òóì·Õè´Õ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹´éÇÂàÇçºâ´Â¡Òà àª×èÍÁâ§â´Â¡ÒÃãªé¡ÃÒ¿Ô¡ÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹ÃÐàºÕº¨ÐªèÇÂÅ´¤ÇÒÁÂҡ㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹áÅСÒ÷Õèµéͧ¤ÃØ蹤ԴÁÒ¡

à¡Ô¹ä»ãËé¡Ñº¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ áÁéÇèÒ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§â´Â¡ÒÃãªé¡ÃÒ¿Ô¡à»ç¹ÀҾ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº ÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹ÃÐàºÕº¡Ñº¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ẺäÁèà»ç¹ÃÐàºÕº ¨ÐäÁèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ã¹´éÒ¹¼ÅÊÑÁÄ·¸Ôì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ç µÒÁ (Krawchuk, 1997) áµè¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¼èÒ¹àÇçºáÅÐÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纡çÂѧÁÕÇÔ¸ÕÍ×è¹ æ ÍÕ¡ÁÒ¡·ÕèÂѧäÁèä´éÈÖ¡ÉÒËÃ×ÍËÒÇÔ¸Õ¡Ò÷ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁÊÓËÃѺ¹ÓàÍÒ

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºä»ãªé㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹

ÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº

¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺáÅоѲ¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºà¾×è͹Óä»ãªé㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¨Ð µéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Õ§¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹áÅéÇ ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纷ÕèàËÁÒÐÊÁÊÓËÃѺ

¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¡çÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàËç¹·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§¹Ñ¡ÈÖ¡ÉҡѺ¹Ñ¡Í͡ẺàÇçºä«µì áŹʺÍÃìà¡ÍÃì (Landssberger, 1998) ä´é¡ÅèÒǶ֧ͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¢Í§àÇçºä«µìáÅÐÅѡɳÐàº×éͧµé¹·Õè¨Óà»ç¹µéͧÁÕ â´Â ੾ÒÐÃٻẺ¢Í§àÇçºà¾¨ «Öè§à»ç¹ÅѡɳТͧ˹éÒ¨ÍÀÒ¾àÇ纨ҡ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҢͧà¢Ò¾ºÇèÒ ¨ÐÁÕÍÂÙè 2 ÃÙ»

Ẻ¤×Í

1.àÇçºä«µìẺÂÒÇ ÁÕÅѡɳÐ˹éÒ¨Íà»ç¹á¶ºàÅ×è͹ (Long , Scrolled pages) ¹Ñ蹤×Í àÇçºà¾¨¨ÐÁÕÅѡɳÐà»ç¹¢éÍÁÙÅ˹éÒà´ÕÂÇÂÒǨҡº¹Å§ÅèÒ§ áÅÐÊÒÁÒöàÅ×è͹¨Ò¡º¹Å§ÅèÒ§ËÃ×ÍàÅ×è͹

¨Ò¡´éÒ¹ÅèÒ§¢Öé¹ÊÙè´éÒ¹º¹ä´é´éÇÂᶺàÅ×è͹ (Scroll bar) ´éÒ¹¢ÇÒÁ×ͧ͢¨ÍÀÒ¾

2.àÇçºáººÊÑé¹ ÁÕÅѡɳÐ˹éÒ¨Íà»ç¹Ë¹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇÅÔ§¡ì (Shorter , Linked pages) ¹Ñ蹤×Í àÇçºà¾¨¨ÐÁÕÅѡɳÐà»ç¹¢éÍÁÙÅ˹éÒà´ÕÂÇ áµè¨Ó¡Ñ´à©¾ÒÐ˹éÒ¨ÍÀÒ¾¢Í§¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ äÁèÊÒÁÒö

àÅ×è͹ŧä´é´éÒ¹ÅèÒ§ËÃ×Í´éÒ¹º¹ä´é

¹Ñ¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàËç¹ÇèÒ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇ纤ÇÃÁÕ¾×é¹·ÕèËÅÒÂàÇçº ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ·Õè¨ÐàÃÕ§ÅӴѺà¹×éÍËÒÍÂÙè´éÇÂ

¡Ñ¹à¾Õ§˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇáÅéÇàÅ×è͹ŧËÃ×ÍàÅ×è͹¢Öé¹ÍÂÙèµÅÍ´àÇÅÒ â´Âà¹×éÍËÒ¤ÇèÐÁÕà¾Õ§˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇàÃÕ§

˹éÒµÒÁÅӴѺ (Series Pages) â´ÂáµèÅÐ˹éÒ¨ÍÀÒ¾¢Í§àÇ纡ç¤ÇèÐÁÕ¢¹Ò´·Õè¼ÙéãªéÊÒÁÒö

¨Ñ´¡Òäé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅä´é â´Â·Õè¢éÍÁÙÅäÁèä´éÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÅÖ¡¨¹à¡Ô¹ä»áÅФÇÃÁÕà¾Õ§˹éÒà´ÕÂÇ (Cotrell and Eisenberg, 1997) ¶éÒ¨ÐãËéâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§àÇçºÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§àËÁÒÐÊÁá¹è¹Í¹ ¡ÒÃáÊ´§¢éÍÁÙÅ ã¹áµèÅÐ˹éҢͧàÇ纨ÐÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ ¶éÒÁÕ¡ÒÃàÃÕ§ÅӴѺ¢Ñ鹢ͧà¹×éÍËÒã¹áµèÅÐ˹éÒÊÑé¹ æ (Young and Watkins, 1997) ¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇã¹áµèÅÐ˹éÒ¤ÇÃà·èҡѺ˹éÒ¨ÍÀÒ¾ áµè¶éÒ¢éÍÁÙÅÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭ

ÁÕÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹¡ÇèÒ˹Öè§Ë¹éÒ¨ÍÀÒ¾ ¡çãËéä»ÍÂÙèã¹Ë¹éÒµèÍä»ã¹ÍÕ¡àÇçºà¾¨Ë¹Öè§ ¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ˹éҨ͡ç¤ÇèÐàÅ×Í¡

¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèÊӤѭà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ (Stover and Zink, 1996) ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺÅѡɳйÕéÁÕ¾×é¹°Ò¹ ÁÒ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻº·àÃÕ¹¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìªèÇÂÊ͹ ·ÕèáÊ´§à¹×éÍËÒáµèÅÐ˹éҨ͵ÒÁÅӴѺ «Öè§ÊÒÁÒö

àª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ÀÒÂã¹â»Ãá¡ÃÁ·ÕèÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹ä´é áµè¶éÒ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹µéͧ¡ÒþÔÁ¾ìà¹×éÍËÒ㹺·àÃÕ¹

¡çµéͧ¾ÔÁ¾ì·ÕÅÐ˹éÒàÃÕ§µÒÁÅӴѺ (Barron,1998)

ã¹¢³Ð·Õè¹Ñ¡¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·ÕèÍ͡ẺàÇçºä«µìàËç¹ÇèÒ ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºà¾¨¤ÇèÐÁÕ˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇ áµèà»ç¹áººË¹éÒ¨ÍÂÒÇẺᶺàÅ×è͹ (Scrolling pages) â´Â¢éÍÁÙÅã¹Ë¹Öè§àÃ×èͧ¤ÇèÐÍÂÙè ã¹Ë¹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂǡѹÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧ·Ñé§ËÁ´ áµèäÁèÂÒǨ¹à¡Ô¹ä» ¨ÐªèÇÂãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´éàÃÕ¹ÃÙéà¹×éÍËÒ·Ñé§ËÁ´ã¹ ˹éÒà´ÕÂǡѹÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧÊÒÁÒöÊ׺¤é¹¢éÍÁÙÅä´éµÅʹ˹éÒ¨Ò¡º¹Å§ÅèÒ§ ã¹¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¡çÃÙéÇèÒ

¢³Ð¹ÕéÍÂÙè·Õèä˹ ¡ÓÅѧ·ÓÍÐäà ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Ñé§ËÁ´¢Í§à¹×éÍËÒã¹àÃ×èͧ¹Ñé¹ æ ÁÕÍÐäúéÒ§

àËç¹ÀÒ¾ÃÇÁ¢Í§¢éÍÁÙÅ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ¶éÒ¢éÍÁÙÅ㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹ÁÕÁÒ¡¡ç§èÒÂ㹡Òäé¹ËÒ ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃËÂÑè§ÃÙé áÅÐ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁá¹è¹Í¹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¨ÐãªéᶺàÅ×è͹㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹¢éÍÁÙÅ ¡çÊÒÁÒöãªé¡ÒäÅÔ¡ä»Âѧ

¨Ø´àª×èÍÁ⧷Õè¡Ó˹´ Íѹ¨Ð¾Òä»Âѧà¹×éÍËÒ·Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃä´é (Hites and Ewing, 1996) ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹àÁ×è͵éͧ

¡ÒèоÔÁ¾ìà¹×éÍËÒáµèÅÐ˹èÇ¡çÊÒÁÒö¾ÔÁ¾ìÍÍ¡ÁÒä´éµèÍ㹤ÃÑé§à´ÕÂÇ ÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧ¡Ñ¹ µÅÍ´·Ñé§àÃ×èͧ (Nielsen,1996)

ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纡çÁռŵèÍ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ ¶éÒµéͧ¡Òà Í͡ẺàÇçºà»ç¹áººË¹éÒà´ÕÂÇàÃÕ§ÅӴѺ¡Ñ¹ ¡Òä鹤ÇéÒ¹Ñ鹡çµéͧä»Âѧ˹éÒµèÒ§ æ ÀÒÂã¹àÇçºä«µì·ÕèÁÕ ÍÂÙèà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ ·ÓãËéàÊÕÂàÇÅÒáÅеéͧàª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÂѧÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ¢Í§àÇçºä«µìà¾×èÍÈÖ¡ÉÒà¹×éÍËÒµèÒ§

æ ÍÒ¨¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õèà¢éÒÁҢѴ¢ÇÒ§¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´é ËÃ×ͶéÒÃٻẺ¢Í§

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºà»ç¹á¶ºàÅ×è͹˹éÒà´ÕÂÇ ¡çÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÕà¹×éÍËÒÁÒ¡ÅÓºÒ¡·Õè¨ÐàÃÕ¹ÃÙéä´éÅÐàÍÕ´

¶éÒµéͧàÃÕ¹ÃÙé㹡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒ¡çÂÒ¡·Õè¨Ðä´é¤ÓµÍºà¾ÃÒмÙéàÃÕ¹µéͧãªéàÇÅÒ㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹¹Ò¹áÅÐ ÍÒ¨äÁè»ÃÐʺ¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃç¨ã¹¡ÒÃËҤӵͺ (Gillingham, 1996) »Ñ­ËҢͧâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§à¹×éÍËÒã¹àÇçºáÅÐ

¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻà»ç¹ÅӴѺ¡çµéͧ¨Ñ´à¹×éÍËÒãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ«Ö觼ŵèÍ¡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅâ´Â੾ÒÐ

¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹

¡ÒÃãªé¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºà»ç¹à¤Ã×èͧÁ×Í¡ÒÃÊ͹¡çµéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§´éÇÂÇèÒ ã¹áµèÅÐàÇçºä«µì¡çÂèÍÁ

¨ÐÁÕ ¨Ó¹Ç¹Ë¹éÒËÃ×ÍàÇçºà¾¨ (Web Page) ÍÂÙèÁÒ¡ÁÒ ¢³Ð·Õè¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂ㹢ͧ

áµèÅÐàÇçºà¾¨¨ÐÁÕÅѡɳÐà»ç¹äÎà¾ÍÃìà·ç¡«ì (Hypertext) â´Â㹺ҧ˹éÒ¡ç¨Ðãªé¢éͤÇÒÁËÃ×ÍÀÒ¾ ¢³Ð·Õè¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧠(Link) ¨Ò¡Ë¹éÒ˹Öè§ä»ÂѧÍա˹éÒ˹Ö觢ͧàÇ纡çÊÒÁÒö·Óä´é â´Â¡ÒäÅÔ¡àÁéÒÊì·Õè äÎà¾ÍÃìà·ç¡«ì áµè¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧢ͧàÇ纡çÊÒÁÒö¡ÃзÓä´é·ÑèÇ·Ñé§Ãкº äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà»ç¹¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§

ÀÒÂã¹Ë¹éÒà´ÕÂǡѹ ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁä»Âѧ˹éÒÍ×è¹ æ ÀÒÂ㹨شà´ÕÂǡѹ ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃä»ÂѧâÎÁྨÍ×è¹ æ ËÃ×Íä»Âѧ

·Õè˹Ö觷Õèã´ã¹âÅ¡¡çä´é (Rich,1995) 㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹ÁÒ¡ä«µì ¼ÙéãªéÊÒÁÒöãªé¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§

·Õè¼ÙéÍ͡Ẻä´éÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹â´Âãªé¡ÒäÅԡŧä»ã¹¾×é¹·Õè·Õè¡Ó˹´ «Ö觨зÓãËé¼ÙéãªéÊÒÁÒöãªéà¤Å×è͹·ÕèËÃ×Í·Õè àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ¡ÒáÃÐâ´´¨Ò¡¾×é¹·Õè˹Öè§ä´é (Gall and Hannafin, 1994) ¼Ùéãªé¨Ö§à¡Ô´»Ñ­ËÒÇèÒ¢³Ð¹Õéµ¹¡ÓÅѧ

ÍÂÙè㹺ÃÔàdz㴠¨Ð仵èÍä»ËÃ×ͨСÅѺä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ

ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纷ÕèÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹ãËéÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ã¹ÅѡɳÐᶺàÅ×è͹ ¨Ò¡º¹Å§ÅèÒ§ËÃ×Í ÁÕÁÔµÔà»ç¹á¹Ç¹Í¹áÅÐá¹ÇµÑé§ äÁèä´é¡Ó˹´ËÃ×ÍÂÖ´¶×ͨӹǹ¢Í§¢éÍÁÙÅâ´Â·ÑèÇä»ãËéÁÕÅѡɳÐ੾ÒÐ áµèÍÂèҧ㴠ÍÒ¨¨ÐÁÕ´éÒ¹º¹¢Í§â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§à¹×éÍËÒ ã¹¢³Ð·ÕèàÇ纷ÕèÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéҧẺ˹éÒà´ÕÂÇ ¡çÍÒ¨ÁÕ à¹×éÍËÒá¡à»ç¹Êèǹ æ â´ÂÅÐàÍÕ´ áµèÁÕÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºàËÁ×͹ æ ¡Ñ¹ áµè¨ÐÁÕâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§

·Õèà»ç¹ÊÑ´Êèǹ¢Í§à¹×éÍËÒᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹ÀÒÂã¹â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§àÇ纡ç¨ÐÁÕ·Ñ駷Õèà»ç¹¡Òäé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅ ã¹á¹ÇÃÒºËÃ×ͤé¹ËÒ¡ÇéÒ§¶Ö§ËÑÇ¢éÍãË­è æ ÊӤѭ æ ¡Ñº¡Òäé¹à¹×éÍËÒã¹á¹ÇÅÖ¡

¹Ñ蹤×Íŧ件֧ÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕ´»ÅÕ¡Âè͵èÒ§ æ «Ö觵éͧàª×èÍÁ⧡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹Å§ä»µÒÁá¹ÇÅÖ¡¢Í§àÇ纫Öè§ÂèÍÁ ÁռŵèÍ¡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹·Ñé§ÊÔé¹ (Barab, Bowdish and Lowless, 1997 : 23-41)

¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº

¡ÒáÓ˹´ÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºãËéàËÁÒÐÊÁ¡Ñº¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à»ç¹ à˵ؼÅÊӤѭ»ÃСÒÃ˹Ö觢ͧ¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº áµèͧ¤ì»ÃСͺÊӤѭ

¹Í¡à˹×ͨҡÃٻẺ¢Í§àÇ纡ç¤×Í ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧠(Links) ¢Í§¢éÍÁÙÅÃÐËÇèÒ§àÇçºà¾¨µèÒ§ æ áÅÐÀÒÂ㹠˹éҨͧ͢àÇçºàͧ ¡ÅèÒÇä´éÇèÒà»ç¹ËÑÇã¨ÊӤѭã¹Ãкº¡ÒÃÊ×èÍÊÒâéÍÁÙżèÒ¹¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂà¾ÃÒТéÍÁÙŵèÒ§ æ ¨Ð¶Ù¡á¡¨Ñ´à¡çºà»ç¹á¿éÁ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèàª×èÍÁ⧶֧¡Ñ¹ä´é·Ñé§ËÁ´ ¶éÒÁÕ¡ÒáÓ˹´

¨Ø´àª×èÍÁâ§ãËéàª×èÍÁ¶Ö§¡Ñ¹ä´é·Ñé§ËÁ´¹Ñ蹡çËÁÒ¶֧ áËÅ觤ÇÒÁÃÙé·ÕèÁÒ¡ÁÒÂÁËÒÈÒÅ â´Â·Õè¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§

ä»ÂѧÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ¢Í§àÇçº

㹡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纷Õèà»ç¹ ẺᶺàÅ×è͹ÂÒǨҡº¹Å§ÅèÒ§¡çµéͧ»ÃСͺ仴éÇ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂã¹à»ç¹ËÅÑ¡ à¾ÃÒШеéͧ

àÅ×è͹µÓá˹觢ͧ¡ÒôÙà¹×éÍËÒ¢éͤÇÒÁËÃ×ͤé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅâ´ÂäÁèµéͧÅÒ¡ÂÒÇ ã¹¢³Ð·Õè¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹

¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºáººË¹éÒà´ÕÂÇÊÑé¹ æ µèÍẺÅӴѺ¡çµéͧãªé¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒ¹͡à»ç¹ËÅÑ¡ à¾×èÍ àª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÂѧàÇçºà¾¨µèÒ§ æ «Öè§ÁÕÍÂÙè¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ (James, 1997) «Öè§ÂèÍÁµéͧÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ì¡Ñ¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§

ÃٻẺ¢Í§àÇçºà¾¨áÅСÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧢ͧàÇçº ¢³Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¡çÂèÍÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìâ´ÂµÃ§¡Ñº¡Ãкǹ¡Òà àÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÂèÍÁà»ç¹¼ÙéãªéàÇçºâ´ÂµÃ§ à¹×èͧ¨Ò¡¼ÙéàÃÕ¹·ÕèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ã¹¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ç ÂèÍÁÁÕÇÔ¸Õ¡Òâͧµ¹àͧ·Õè¨ÐàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ¢³Ð·Õè¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºà»ç¹Ê×èͼÙéÊ͹Í͡Ẻ¢Ö鹡çµéͧ

¾Ô¨ÒóҶ֧ÊÔè§àËÅèÒ¹Õé»ÃСͺ

¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ä»Âѧà¹×éÍËÒËÃ×;×é¹·ÕèàÇçºà¾¨µèÒ§ æ µéͧ¹ÓÁÒ¾Ô¨ÒóÒ㹡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻº·àÃÕ¹ ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº à¹×éÍËÒã¹áµèÅÐàÇçºà»ç¹¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õè¼ÙéÍ͡ẺàÇ纹Óàʹ͵èͼÙéàÃÕ¹ ÊÔ觷Õè¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¨Ðä´éàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÍÂÙè·Õèà¹×éÍËÒ áµè¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÍÂÒ¡¨ÐàÃÕ¹ã¹à¹×éÍËÒ·Õè¡Ó˹´¡çà»ç¹ÊÔè§

ÊӤѭ àäà¡ÍÃì áÅФ³Ð (Recker and the others, 1995) ä´éÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙÅ㹤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì ÁÑŵÔÁÕà´Õ «Ö觾ºÇèÒ àÇçºà¾¨·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂã¹à»ç¹ÃٻẺÊӤѭ㹡ÒõѴÊÔ¹ã¨Ê׺¤é¹¢éÍÁÙÅÁÒ¡

¡ÇèÒàÇçºà¾¨·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒ¹͡ «Ù (Zhu, 1997) ä´éÈÖ¡ÉҼŢͧ¨Ó¹Ç¹¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧠(Links) áÅÐ

¨Ø´ÃèÇÁ (Nodes) 㹡Òäé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙŢͧ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ áÅÐਵ¤µÔ㹡ÒÃà¢éÒä»ã¹ ÃкºäÎà¾ÍÃìÁÕà´Õ «Ö觨ÐÈÖ¡ÉÒà§×è͹䢷ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ 4 ÍÂèÒ§¤×Í (1) ¨Ø´ÃèÇÁ¢¹Ò´ãË­è¡Ñº¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧹éÍ (2) ¨Ø´ÃèÇÁ¢¹Ò´àÅ硡Ѻ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÒ¡

(3) ¨Ø´ÃèÇÁ¢¹Ò´àÅ硡Ѻ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧹éÍ (4) ¨Ø´ÃèÇÁ¢¹Ò´àÅç¡ÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÒ¡

¼Å¢Í§¨Ø´ÃèÇÁÀÒÂã¹äÎà¾ÍÃìÁÕà´Õ áÅШӹǹ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ø´ÃèÇÁÁռŵèÍ¡ÒÃ

¤é¹¢éÍÁÙÅ ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé áÅÐਵ¤µÔ㹡ÒÃãªé â´ÂÁÕ¡ÒÃÇÑ´ 5 Ẻ¤×Í ¡ÒÃÇÑ´¼Å·ÑèÇä» ¡Òà ÇÑ´¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹¢éÍÁÙÅ ¢éÍÊͺàÅ×Í¡µÍº ¡ÒÃà¢Õ¹ÊÃØ»áÅТéÍÊͺÇѴਵ¤µÔ ¡ÅØèÁµÑÇ ÍÂèÒ§·Õèà»ç¹¡ÅØèÁ·´Åͧ ¾ºÇèÒ ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¨Ó¹Ç¹¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧡Ѻ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö

¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ áÅÐਵ¤µÔ㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹´éÇÂäÎà¾ÍÃìÁÕà´Õ à˵ؼŷÕèà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§ÁÒ

¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁÊѺʹ¢Í§¢éÍÁÙÅ¢èÒÇÊÒÃáÅСÒäԴÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä»ã¹¢³ÐÍèÒ¹

¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧢ͧ¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纨֧à»ç¹Íաͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ˹Ö觷ÕèµéͧÈÖ¡ÉÒ ãËçÊÍ´¤Åéͧ¡ÑºÃÙ»

Ẻ¢Í§àÇ纷Ñ駷Õèà»ç¹áººÅӴѺ˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇËÃ×ÍẺ·Õèà»ç¹á¶ºàÅ×è͹˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇ à¾ÃÒСÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧷Õè µéͧä»ÂѧÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ¢Í§àÇçºä«µì·Ñé§ÀÒÂã¹áÅÐÀÒ¹͡ à»ç¹ÊÔ觷ÕèÁռŵèÍ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹

¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺáÅоѲ¹Ò¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纨֧ËÒ¤ÇÒÁàËÁÒÐÊÁ¢Í§¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧠¡Òäé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅ

¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡¡çµéͧÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ件֧¢éÍÁÙÅÍ×è¹ æ ÁÒ¡ à»ç¹»ÃÐ⪹ì㹡Òäé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃä´éÃÇ´àÃçÇ áÅÐÊдǡ㹡ÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙÅ áµè¶éÒ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÕÁÒ¡à¡Ô¹ä»·ÓãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÍÍ¡¨Ò¡¾×é¹·Õè˹Öè§ËÃ×ͨҡà¹×éÍ ËÒ˹Öè§ä»ÂѧÍÕ¡à¹×éÍËÒ˹Öè§ à¹×éÍËÒäÁèµèÍà¹×èͧ¡Ñ¹à»ç¹ÅӴѺ¢Ñé¹¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¡ç¨Ð ÊѺʹ¡Ñº¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§àÇçº «Ö觶éÒ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÕ¹éÍÂáµèµÃ§ÊÙè¨Ø´ÊӤѭÍÂèÒ§ªÑ´à¨¹ ¡ç¨ÐªèÇÂãËéà¡Ô´

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéä´éÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ áµè¶éÒ¹éÍÂà¡Ô¹ä»¡çÍÒ¨äÁè¤Ãͺ¤ÅØÁà¹×éÍËÒ·Õèµéͧ¡Òà áÅмÙéãªéµéͧ¤é¹ ËÒ´éǵ¹àͧ ·ÓãËéãªéàÇÅÒ㹡Òäé¹ËÒÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ¨Ðä´éàÃÕ¹ÃÙé

¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ·ÕèÁռŵèÍ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒáÅСÒöèÒÂ⧡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé

àÁ×èÍàÃÒä´é·ÃÒº¶Ö§¤Ø³ÅѡɳР¤Ø³ÊÁºÑµÔ áÅФÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº ã¹ ÅѡɳзÕèà»ç¹Ê×èÍ·ÕèÁÕ¾ÅѧáÅÐàÊÃÔÁÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒöãËé¡Ñº¼ÙéàÃÕ¹㹴éÒ¹µèÒ§ æ ¶éÒä´é¹Óä»ãªé㹡Òà ÈÖ¡ÉÒ â´Â੾ÒÐÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂâ§ã·ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍÂèÒ§ÃкºÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺÃкºÊÓ-

Ë Ã Ñ º

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纫Ö觷ѹÊÁÑ áÅÐÁդسÅѡɳзÕèᵡµèҧ仨ҡÊ×èÍà´ÔÁ æ ¨Ö§µéͧ»ÃѺàÍÒ·ÄÉ®Õ áÅÐËÅÑ¡¡ÒõèÒ§ æ ãËéÊÍ´¤Åéͧ¡Ñºà¤Ã×èͧÁ×ÍáÅФسÅѡɳТͧÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ ã¹àÁ×èÍ ÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµÁÕ¡ÒèѴ¡Òðҹ¢éÍÁÙÅ áÅСÒÃà¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙÅ㹡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷Õè«Ñº«é͹áÅÐàª×èÍÁâ§à»ç¹ à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ ·ÄÉ®ÕáÅÐËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃã¹á¹Ç¤Ô´¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Ö§à»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õèµéͧ¤Ó¹Ö§¶Ö§ãËéÊÍ´¤Åéͧ¡Ñº¡Òà Í͡Ẻà¾×è͹ÓàÇçºä»ãªé㹡ÒÃÊ͹ ÍѹÁÕµèͼÅÊÑÁÄ·¸Ôì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒáÅСÒöèÒÂ⧡Òà àÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ ¢éÍ·Õè¤ÇþԨÒóÒä´éá¡è

1. ¶éÒ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇ纤ÇèÐà»ç¹Ë¹éÒà´ÕÂÇÊÑé¹ æ à¾×èÍãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¤é¹¤ÇéÒËÃ×ÍËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅä´éÊдǡ

áÅÐà»ç¹¨Ø´Ê¹ã¨ä´é§èÒ áµè¶éÒ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à»ç¹¼Ùé·ÕèÁÕ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÅÖ¡«Öé§ ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºã¹ ˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂǨÐÊÃéÒ§¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ã¤ÃèÃÙé㹡Òä鹤ÇéÒËÒ¤ÇÒÁÃÙéËÃ×ÍäÁè

2. ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºã¹áººË¹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇ à»ç¹¡ÒÃãËé¢éÍÁÙÅáµèà¾Õ§¹éÍ ¶éÒàÃÕ¹µÒÁ¤Ø³ÅѡɳÐ

¢Í§àÇ纡ç¤×Í à»ç¹¡ÒèѴ¢éÍÁÙÅá¡à»ç¹â¹´ áÅÐãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´éàÅ×Í¡´Ù¢éÍÁÙÅáµèÅÐâ¹´â´Â¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ä»

Âѧ⹴·Õèʹ㨵ÒÁàÁ¹Ù·Õè¡Ó˹´¹Ñé¹ ¡ç¨Ð¾ºÇèÒ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÂѧáµèÅÐâ¹´

¡ç¨ÐÁÕÁÒ¡ÁÒÂ㹡óշÕè¢éÍÁÙŹÑé¹ÁÕÁÒ¡ ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ¢Í§àÇçº ¨ÐÊ觼ÅÍÂèÒ§äõèÍ¡Òäé¹

¤ÇéÒËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅÀÒÂã¹àÇçº ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¾Íã¨ËÃ×ÍäÁè ¶éÒàÇ纶١Í͡ẺãËéÊÑé¹áÅÐÁÕ¡Òà àª×èÍÁâ§à»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡ â´Âà»ç¹¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÍÍ¡ä»ÊÙèÀÒ¹͡áµèÅÐâ¹´

3. ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºãËéÁÕà¹×éÍËÒÁÒ¡ã¹Ë¹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇã¹ÅѡɳТͧÁéǹ¡ÃдÒÉ â´Â¢éÍÁÙÅ áµèÅÐÊèǹÊÁºÙóìÀÒÂã¹àÇ红ͧµ¹àͧ â´ÂÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁÁÒ¡ËÃ×͹éͪèÇÂ㹡ÒÃËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃ

¨Ðà»ç¹Ê觼ŵèÍ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéËÃ×ÍäÁè ã¹´éÒ¹¢Í§¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ ¡ÒÃÁÕà¹×éÍËÒÂÒǨзÓãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹

µéͧàÅ×è͹µÓá˹觢ͧÊÒµҨҡº¹Å§´éÒ¹ÅèÒ§ áÅÐÁÕ¢éÍâµéáÂé§ÇèÒ·ÓãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¢Ò´¤ÇÒÁʹã¨áÅÐ äÁèÊÒÁÒöÍèÒ¹¢éÍÁÙÅ·Ñé§ËÁ´ ¢éÍâµéáÂ駹Õéà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡ÑºÊÒÂµÒ ËÃ×Íà¡ÕèÂǡѺÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ÃٻẺ¡ÒäԴà¾×èÍ¡Òä鹤ÇéÒ¢éÍÁÙŢͧ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ ¡çà»ç¹ÊÔè§Ë¹Ö觷Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÈÖ¡ÉÒ

4. ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÇçº ¶éÒ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºà»ç¹ÅѡɳÐ˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇÊÑé¹ æ áÅÐÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ â§ä»ÂѧàÇ纵èÒ§ æ ¹éÍÂ੾ÒеÒÁ¤ÇÒÁ¨Óà»ç¹ µÒÁ¡ÒÃÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÊÀÒ¾¢Í§àÇçºä«µì ¡ç¨ÐàÃÕ¡àÇçº ÅѡɳйÕéÇèÒà»ç¹àÇ纷Õèµ×é¹ (Surface) «Ö觹ѡÍ͡ẺàËç¹ÇèÒ à»ç¹àÇ纷Õè§èÒµèÍ¡Òä鹤ÇéÒËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅ áµè¶éÒàÇ纷ÕèÁÕÅѡɳÐ˹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇáµèÁÕ¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèµèÍà¹×èͧÂÒǨҡ´éÒ¹º¹ÊÙè´éÒ¹ÅèÒ§ÀÒÂã¹Ë¹éÒ¨Íà´ÕÂÇáÅÐ ÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÂѧàÇçºÍ×è¹ æ ÁÒ¡ ¡ç¨ÐàÃÕ¡àÇçºÅѡɳйÕéÇèÒà»ç¹àÇ纷ÕèÅÖ¡ (Deeper) à¾ÃÒÐÁÕ¡ÒÃ

¤é¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅä´éÁÒ¡ áÅеéͧ¤é¹Å֡ŧä»àÃ×èÍÂ æ ¨¹ÍÒ¨äÁè·ÃÒºµÓá˹觷Õèµ¹àͧÍÂÙè ¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ˹éÒ

¨ÍẺÅÖ¡ÁÕᶺàÅ×è͹¡ÑºáººÊÑé¹ æ áÅлÃÔÁÒ³¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧷ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹·Ñé§ÊͧÅѡɳÐÁÕ¼ÅÍÂèÒ§äà µèÍ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéËÃ×ÍäÁè à»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÈÖ¡ÉÒ ã¹¢¹Ðà´ÕÂǡѹ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§¢éÍÁÙŢͧàÇ纷ÕèÅÖ¡¡Ñº àÇ纷Õèµ×é¹ ÁÕ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìµèͼšÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé

5.¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧷ÕèÁÕ·Ñ駡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧷Õè¡ÃзÓÀÒÂã¹µÑǢͧàÇçºËÃ×ÍÀÒÂã¹â¹´

¡Ñº¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÇçºË¹Öè§ ËÃ×Í⹴˹Ö觡ѺÍա⹴˹Öè§ ¨ÐÁռŵèÍ¡Òäé¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅÍÂèÒ§äöéÒÍÍ¡

Ẻº·àÃÕ¹ãËéÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂã¹ ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒ¹͡¨ÐÁÕ¼ÅËÃ×ÍäÁè¡Ñº¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé Êè§àÊÃÔÁËÃ×Íú

¡Ç¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ªèÇÂãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒã¹¢³ÐàÃÕ¹ËÃ×ÍäÁè

6. ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì·ÕèÁÕ·Ñ駡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺÅÖ¡ áÅСÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéẺµ×é¹àÁ×èÍàÃÕ¹

´éǺ·àÃÕ¹·ÕèÍ͡ẺãËéÁÕâ¹´ËÃ×ÍàÇ纵×é¹ ¡Ñºâ¹´ËÃ×ÍàÇçºÅÖ¡ ¡ç¹èÒ¨ÐÁÕ»¯ÔÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìµè͡ѹ

·Ñé§ã¹´éÒ¹¢Í§¤ÇÒÁʹ㨠¤ÇÒÁªÍº ¼Å¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé àÇÅÒ㹡ÒÃÊ׺¤é¹ áç¨Ù§ã¨ã¹¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ËÃ×Í áÁéáµè¡ÒÃÃѺÃÙé¢éÍÁÙÅÀÒÂ㹺·àÃÕ¹·ÕèÍ͡Ẻ ¡çà»ç¹ÊÔ觷Õè¹èÒʹã¨ÇèÒ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¡Ñº¡Òà Í͡Ẻ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºÁռŵè͡ѹËÃ×ÍäÁè ÍÂèÒ§äÃ

7. ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì·ÕèÁÕ·Ñé§áºº¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÅÖ¡áÅÐẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéµ×é¹ ÂèÍÁ¨Ð ÁÕÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¤ÇÒÁʹã¨ã½èÃÙé¹èÒ¨ÐᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ËÃ×ÍäÁè ¶éÒ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇ纨ѴãËéÁÕ¡Òà àª×èÍÁâ§㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҤ鹤ÇéÒ¢éÍÁÙÅᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ·Ñ駷Õèà»ç¹áººàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂã¹àÇçº ËÃ×ÍẺ·Õèàª×èÍÁâ§

ÍÍ¡ä»ÀÒ¹͡àÇçº à¾ÃÒСÃкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·ÕèÅÖ¡«Öé§ÂèÍÁµéͧ¡Òä鹤ÇéÒµÔ´µÒÁ ËÒÊÔ觷Õèµ¹ÍÂÒ¡ÃÙéÍÂèÒ§

ÅÖ¡«Öé§ ¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻàª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÂѧÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ÁÒ¡ æ ·Ñé§ã¹áÅй͡àÇ纹èÒ¨ÐÊ觼ŴյèÍ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ÃÙéẺ㴡çà»ç¹àÃ×èͧ·Õè¹èÒʹã¨àªè¹¡Ñ¹

8. ¡ÒÃÊ͹ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Ñ¡¤Ô´ à¾×èÍÁØè§ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´é½Ö¡ÊµÔ»Ñ­­Ò㹡ÒäԴá¡é䢻ѭËÒ·Õèà¡Ô´¢Öé¹Íѹ à»ç¹à»éÒËÁÒÂÊÙ§Êش㹡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÊ͹ã¹ÅѡɳÐã´·Õè¨Ð½Ö¡ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´éÃÙé¨Ñ¡ÇÔ¸Õ

¡ÒÃ㹡ÒÃá¡é䢻ѭËÒ àÇ纷Õèµ×é¹áÅÐÁÕà¹×éÍËÒ¹éÍ ¡ÑºàÇ纷ÕèÅÖ¡áÅÐÁÕà¹×éÍËÒÁÒ¡ àÇ纷ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§

ä»ÂѧÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ·Ñé§ÀÒÂã¹áÅÐÀÒ¹͡ÁÒ¡ ËÃ×ÍàÇ纷Õèàª×èÍÁâ§ÀÒÂã¹áÅÐÀÒ¹͡¹éÍÂẺ

㴨ЪèÇÂãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à¡Ô´¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéà¾×èÍá¡é»Ñ­ËÒä´é´Õ¡Çèҡѹ áÅСÃкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéã´àËÁÒÐÊÁ

¡Ñº¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºà¾×èÍãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Ñ¡¤Ô´á¡é»Ñ­ËÒ áÅжèÒÂâ§ä»ãªé㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹµèÍä»

9. àÁ×èÍÊ͹ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¨Ñ¡¤Ô´ ¨Ð·ÓÍÂèÒ§äÃãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´é¹ÓàÍÒÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒäԴ ËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃáÅÐÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃá¡é

»Ñ­ËÒ·Õè¤Ô´ä´é¹ÓÍÍ¡ä»ãªéä´é¨Ãԧ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ ¹Ñ鹤×ͼÙéàÃÕ¹¨Ð¶èÒÂ⧡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·Õèä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ

¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ¡ÒÃÊ͹ÍÂèÒ§äÃã¹àÇ纷Õè·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒöèÒÂ⧡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·Õèä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ

¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻ¡ÒÃÊ͹ÍÂèÒ§äÃã¹àÇ纷Õè·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒöèÒÂ⧡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéä»ÊÙèªÕÇÔµ¨ÃÔ§ä´é´Õ·ÕèÊØ´

¡ÒÃÍ͡ẺàÇçºÅѡɳÐã´ ÃٻẺ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ¡ÒäԴ¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÍÂèÒ§ä÷Õè¨ÐÊ觼ŵèÍ¡ÒöèÒÂâ§

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé

àÃÒ·ÃÒº»ÃÐ⪹ìáÅФÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº áµèäÁèä´éËÁÒ¤ÇÒÁÇèÒ

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº àÁ×è͹Óä»ãªé㹡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹áÅéǨзÓãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à¡Ô´¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéä´éà¢éÒã¨áÅÐ

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéä´éÍÂèÒ§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁËÁÒ áµè¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ÕèàÃҨеéͧ¡Ó˹´ãËé¡Ñº¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹

¼èÒ¹àÇçºÀÒÂãµé¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§·ÄÉ®ÕáÅФÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨸ÃÃÁªÒµÔ¢Í§¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ µèÒ§à»ç¹Í§¤ì»ÃСͺ·Õèà¢éÒÁÒà¡ÕèÂÇ

¢éͧ㹡ÒÃÍ͡ẺáÅоѲ¹Ò¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçº ·Õè¨Ð·ÓãËé¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹ÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ ÊÃØ» ¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ÃٻẺ¢Í§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇçºáÅСÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧢ͧàÇçº à»ç¹Í§¤ì

»ÃСͺà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ·Õèµéͧ¾Ô¨ÒóÒÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹ ã¹¢³Ð·Õè¡ÒÃÍ͡Ẻà¹×éÍËÒÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃÊ͹¡çÁØè§à¹é¹ä»ÊÙèà»éÒ ËÁÒ¢ͧ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à¡Ô´¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙé ¤Ô´à»ç¹ á¡é»Ñ­ËÒä´é áÅжèÒÂâ§àÍÒ¤ÇÒÁÃÙé·Õèä´éä»ãªé㹪ÕÇÔµ

¨ÃÔ§ã¹Ê¶Ò¹¡Òóì·Õèµéͧ༪ԭ¨ÃÔ§ä´éà»ç¹à»éÒËÁÒÂÊاÊØ´¢Í§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ ¡ÒùÓàÍÒà·¤â¹âÅÂÕ·Ò§¡Òà ÈÖ¡ÉÒÊÁÑÂãËÁè ·Õèä´éÁÕ¡ÒþѲ¹Òà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂà»ç¹ÊҡŵԴµèͶ֧¡Ñ¹ä´é·ÑèÇâÅ¡ÍÂèÒ§ÃкºÍÔ¹à·ÍÃìà¹çµ·Õè ÊÒÁÒöÍ͡Ẻ¡ÒÃÊ͹·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纹Ñé¹ ¨ÐÁÕÊèǹà¢éÒÁÒªèÇÂ㹡ÒþѲ¹ÒÃкº

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹ à¾×èÍãËéºÃÃÅØà»éÒËÁÒÂÊÙ§ÊØ´µÒÁá¹Ç¤Ô´·Ò§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ

áÁéÇèҼšÒÃÈÖ¡ÉҨоºÇèÒ ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÒ¡¨Ð·ÓãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ÁÕ¼ÅÊÑÁÄ·¸Ôì·Ò§¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÊÙ§¡ÇèÒ¡Òà àª×èÍÁ⧹éÍ à¾ÃÒСÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÒ¡¨Ð·ÓãËéà¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙÅä´éÍÂèÒ§ÃÇ´àÃçÇ¡ÇèÒ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧹éÍ¢éÍÊӤѭ

»ÃСÒÃ˹Ö觡ç¤×Í ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ÁÒ¡ä´é¼Å´Õ¡ÇèÒ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧹éÍÂ㹡óշÕèàÇçºä«µìÁÕ¢¹Ò´ãË­èà¾ÃÒÐ·Ó ãËéà¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃä´éâ´ÂäÁèµéͧä»à»ç¹ÅӴѺ¢Ñé¹ áµè¼Å¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒáÅмšÒöèÒÂ⧡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ ÃÙéäÁèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ àÁ×èÍàÃÕ¹¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纷ÕèÁÕÃٻẺáÅСÒÃàª×èÍÁâ§ᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ ¡ÒèѴ

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹µéͧÊ͹¹Ñ¡àÃÕ¹ãËéä´éàÃÕ¹ÃÙé·Õè¨Ðá¡é»Ñ­ËÒãËÁè ã¹Ê¶Ò¹¡Òóì·ÕèᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹ â´Â¹Ó

¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö¨Ò¡Ê¶Ò¹¡Òóì˹Ö觷Õèà¢ÒàÃÕ¹ÃÙé¹Óä»»ÃѺ»ÃاáÅÐÇÒ§ËÅÑ¡ãËé¡ÑºÊ¶Ò¹¡ÒóìÍ×è¹ æ ¡ÒöèÒ â§à»ç¹ËÑÇ㨠à»ç¹á¡¹¢Í§¡ÒÃá¡é»Ñ­ËÒáÅСÒäԴÊÃéÒ§ÊÃÃ¤ì «Öè§à»ç¹¼Å·Ñé§ËÁ´¢Í§

¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ҧ¤ÇÒÁ¤Ô´¢Ñé¹ÊÙ§

¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹¼èÒ¹àÇ纷ÕèÁØè§ãËéà¹é¹ËÒáÅÐÍ͡ẺÊǧÒÁ ¨Ñ´àÊé¹·Ò§ãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ ä´éàª×èÍÁâ§ä»ÂѧÊèǹµèÒ§ æ ¢Í§àÇçº äÁèä´éà¹é¹¡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹ÃкºÃÐàºÕº áÁé¨Ðà»ç¹

¡ÒÃãËéÍÔÊÃСѺ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹ä´éàÃÕ¹ÃÙé´éǵ¹àͧ à»ç¹¡ÒèѴÊÀÒ¾áÇ´ÅéÍÁãËé¼ÙéàÃÕ¹à»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§¡Òà àÃÕ¹ÃÙé¡çµÒÁ ¼ÙéàÃÕ¹¡çÍÒ¨¨Ðä´éÃѺáµèà¹×éÍËÒ·Õèà»ç¹à¾Õ§¤ÇÒÁÃÙé¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨠áµèäÁèÊÒÁÒö¹Óä»

á¡é»Ñ­ËÒä´é áÅФÇÒÁÃÙé¤ÇÒÁà¢éÒ㨹Ñ鹡çäÁèÊÒÁÒö¶èÒÂâ§ä»ãªéä´é¨Ãԧ㹪ÕÇÔµ»ÃШÓÇѹ ã¹Ê¶Ò¹¡Òóì

¨ÃÔ§·Õèà¢Ò¨Ðµéͧ»ÃÐʺã¹áµèÅÐÇѹ à·¤â¹âÅÂÕ¹Ñ鹨ÐÁդسÀÒ¾áÅлÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾´Õà¾Õ§㴠¡çäÁèÊÒÁÒö

·ÓãËé¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹¡ÒÃÊ͹ºÃÃÅض֧à»éÒËÁÒÂÊÙ§ÊØ´¢Í§¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒä´é

********************************

ºÃóҹءÃÁ

Barab, S.A., Bowdish, B.E. and Lawless, K.A. Hypernedia Navigation : Profiles of Hypermedia Users. Education Technology Research and Development. 45(3), 1997 : 23-41.

Barron, A. Designing Web-based Training. British Journal of Educational Technology. 29(4), 1998 : 355-370.

Biggs, J.B. and Telfer, R. The Process of Learning. 2 nd Australia : Prentice-Hall of Australia, 1987.

Clark, C.L. A Student' Guide to the Internet. Saddle River, New Jersey : Prentice-Hall, 1996.

Cotrell, J. and Eistenberg, M.B. Web Design for Information Problem-Solving : Maximixing Value for Users. Computer in Libraries. 17(5), 1997 : 52-57.

Cox, K. and Clark, D. The Use of Formative Quizzies for Deep Learning Computers and Education. 30(3/4), 1998 : 157-167.

Craik, F. and Lockhart, R. Level of Processing : A Framwork for Memory Research. Jour- nal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 11,1972 : 671-684.

Gall, J.E. and Hannafin, M.J. A Framwork for the Study of Hypertext. Instuctional Science.

22(3), 1994 : 207-232.

Gillingham, M.G. Effects of Question Complexity and Reader Strategies on Adults' Hypertext Comprehension. Journal of Research on Computing in Education. 26(1), 1996 : 1-15.

Hites, J.M. and Ewing, K. Designing and Implementing in Education on the World Wide Web : A Case Study. http://Irs.stcloud.msus edu/ispi/proceedi.html., 1996.

Huang, L. and Bonzon, P. Two Level Learner Modeling of Declarative Knowledge Based Problem Solving. World Conference on Computers in Education VI. WCCE'95 Liberating the Learner. Tinsley, D.J. and Van Weert, T.J. (Ed). London : Chapman and Hall, 1995.

James, D.(1997) Design Methodology for a Web-Based Learning Environment URL : http : //www.lmu.ac.uk/lss/staffsup/desmeth.htm

Khan, Badrul H. Web-Based Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey : Education Technology Publication, 1997.

Krawchuk, Cheryl Ann. Pictorial Graphic Organizers, Navigation, and Hypermedia :Con- verging

Constructivist and Congnitive Theories. Doctoral Dissertation,West Virginia Univer- sity.

1996. Dissertation Abstrasts International. 57(07), January 1997 : 2981.

Landsberger, J. A Basic Web Page and Its Elements. University of St. Thomas, Minisota : URL : http://www.iss.stthomas.edu/webtruth/basicpag.htm, November, 1998.

Nielsen, J. Top Ten Mistake in Web Design, 1996. URL : http://www.useit.com

Rakes, G.C. Using the Internet as a Tool in a Resource-Based Learning Environment.

Educational Technology. September-October, 1996.

Rich, M. Supporting a Case Study Exercise on the World Wide Web. International Conference on Computer in Education. Jonassen, D. and McCalla, G. editor.

Singapore : Association for the Advance of Computing in Education ; December 5-8, 1995 : 22-228.

Spensor, K. The Psychology of Educational Technology and Instruction Media.

New York : Routledge, 1998.

Stover, M. and Zink, S.D. World Wide Web Home Page Design : Patterns and Anomalies of Higher Education Library Home Pages. Reference Services Review. 24 (3), 1996 : 7-20.

Watkins, D.A. Depth of Processing and the Quality of Learning Outcomes. Instructional Science. 12, 1983 : 49-58.

Young, F.L. and Watkins, S.E. Electronic Communication for Educational and Student Organizations using the World Wide Web. Paper Presented at Annual Midwest Section Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education.Columbia, 1997.

Zhu, Erping. Hypermedia Interface Design : The Effect of Number of Links and Granularity of Nodes (Instructional Design, Searching, Learning Performance) Doctoral

Dissertation. Indiana University, 1996. Dissertation Abstracts International.

58 (03), September 1997 : 836.

******************