View of การประยุกต์ใช้แบคทีเรียส่งเสริมการเจริญของพืชร่วมกับเทคโนโลยีไฟโตเอกซ์แทรคชั่นเพื่อบำบัดสารโลหะหนักที่ปนเปื้อนในดิน, Application of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria with Phytoextraction Technology for Remediation of Contaminated Heavy Metals in Soil

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*ºŸâπ‘æπ∏åª√– “πß“π, email: wasu.p@cmu.ac.th

Application of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria with Phytoextraction Technology for Remediation

of Contaminated Heavy Metals in Soil

Keng Jiamkitwattana

¹

and Wasu Pathom-aree

^2*

ABSTRACT

Contaminated heavy metals in environment generated from human activities became major health and environmental problems. Heavy metals are immutable by any natural biodegra- dation process that is still in need of an effective and proper clean up process. Phytoextraction, which is one type of phytoremediation, is a promising technology because it is clean, environmental friendly and cost effective. It is also superior for metals clean-up than microbial bioremediation which is ineffective at addressing this type of contamination, particularly in soil.

However, a major hurdle to apply this technology is the low bioavailability of heavy metals in soil and time consuming is also another disadvantage of this technology. These problems can be solved by the application of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR) with this technology.

Many metabolites produced from these bacteria can promote plant growth and help both direct and indirect way to improve plantûs heavy metals removal efficiency. Many research papers showed that this technology is potentially applicable in the near future.

Keywords: Phytoextraction, Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPR), Heavy metals

1Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University

2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University

*Corresponding author, e-mail: wasu.p@cmu.ac.th

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√Ÿª∑’Ë 2 °≈‰°„π°“√°”®—¥ “√¡≈æ‘…∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â‡¡◊ËÕ„™â«‘∏’°“√∫”∫—¥‚¥¬æ◊™ ‚¥¬«ß°≈¡·∑π “√¡≈æ‘…´÷ËßÕ“®

∂Ÿ°μ√÷ß ∑”≈“¬∫√‘‡«≥√“°‚¥¬ Rhizobacteria ∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬¿“¬„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™ À√◊Õ √–‡À¬

ÕÕ°‰ª„πÕ“°“» Õâ“ßՑߢâÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° [9]

Phytodegradation À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„™âæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´—∫ °—°‡°Á∫  “√¡≈æ‘…∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰«â

„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™ ‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™∑”≈“¬ “√¡≈æ‘…π—ÈπμàÕ‰ª

Phytovolatilisation À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„™âæ◊™∑’Ë “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√¡≈æ‘…‡¢â“ Ÿà‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™·≈–

 “¡“√∂‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ߢÕß “√ „Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ “√√–‡À¬ÕÕ° Ÿà∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â

Phytostabilization À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„™âæ◊™‚¥¬‡©æ“–∫√‘‡«≥√“°μ√÷ßÀ√◊Õ®—∫ “√¡≈æ‘…‰¡à„Àâ

°√–®“¬ÕÕ° ‰ªªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡¡“°°«à“∑’ˇªìπÕ¬Ÿà ‚¥¬‡©æ“–Õ¬à“߬‘Ëß°“√∂Ÿ°™–≈â“ß®“°¥‘π Ÿà·À≈àßπÈ”

À√◊ÕπÈ”∫“¥“≈  ”À√—∫§”«à“ Rhizofiltration À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„™â√“°æ◊™‡æ◊ËÕ¥Ÿ¥´—∫·≈–°—°‡°Á∫ “√æ‘…

´÷Ëß¡’§«“¡À¡“¬§àÕπ¢â“ß„°≈⇧’¬ß°—π ‚¥¬¢âÕ·μ°μà“ß∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ Phytostabilization „™â∫”∫—¥ “√¡≈æ‘…∑’Ë ªπ‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π ¢≥–∑’Ë Rhizofiltration „™â∫”∫—¥ “√¡≈æ‘…∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„ππÈ”

Phytostimulation or rhizodegradation À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„™â®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥√“°æ◊™

√à«¡°—∫æ◊™„π°“√∑”≈“¬ “√¡≈æ‘…

Phytoextraction À¡“¬∂÷ß°“√„™âæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´—∫ ‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬ ·≈–°—°‡°Á∫ “√¡≈æ‘…∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π  ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰«â„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™ ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊™‡®√‘≠‡μÁ¡∑’Ë°Á®–μ—¥ à«πμâπ·≈–„∫∑’Ë – ¡ “√æ‘…‡æ◊ËÕ𔉪∑”≈“¬

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ (Phytoextraction) ‡æ◊ËÕ∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ

㹴Թ

À≈—°°“√¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’π’ȧ◊Õ°“√„™âæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´—∫·≈–°—°‡°Á∫ “√¡≈æ‘…∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡‰«â

„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™·≈–‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«æ◊™π—Èπ‡æ◊ËÕπ”‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–∫«π°“√°”®—¥ ‡™àπ °“√‡º“∑”≈“¬¥â«¬§«“¡√âÕπ Ÿß (Incineration) ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‰¥â«à“¡’§«“¡‡À¡“– ¡μàÕ°“√°”®—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ë¡’§«“¡§ßμ—«·≈–‰¡à “¡“√∂∂Ÿ°

∑”≈“¬‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√∑“ß∏√√¡™“μ‘ πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—ß¡’§«“¡‡ªìπ‰ª‰¥â∑’Ë®–π” “√‚≈À–Àπ—°´÷Ëß∂Ÿ°°—°‡°Á∫‰«â„π

‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™‡¢â“ Ÿà°√–∫«π°“√ °—¥‡Õ“ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ë¡’¡Ÿ≈§à“°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à‰¥â [10]

®ÿ¥‡√‘Ë¡μâπ∑’Ë𔉪 Ÿà°“√æ—≤π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ ‡√‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ®“°°“√§âπæ∫æ◊™ªÉ“À√◊Õ æ◊™æ◊Èπ∂‘Ëπ∫“ß™π‘¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’‡ªìπ摇»…‡¡◊ËÕ‡∑’¬∫°—∫æ◊™∑—Ë«‰ª [7] ‚¥¬æ◊™∑’Ë “¡“√∂

‡®√‘≠‰¥â„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°Õ¬Ÿà¡“°°«à“ª°μ‘ (Metalliferrous plant)  “¡“√∂·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 3 °≈ÿࡧ◊Õ 1. Excluder §◊Õæ◊™∑’Ë∑πÕ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’‚≈À–Àπ—°Õ¬Ÿà‰¥â‚¥¬‰¡à¥Ÿ¥´÷¡∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°‡Õ“‰«â„π≈”μâπ

‚¥¬§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°∫√‘‡«≥√“°®–¡“°°«à“∫√‘‡«≥ à«π≈”μâπ·≈–„∫

2. Indicator §◊Õæ◊™∑’Ë – ¡∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°‡Õ“‰«â„π≈”μâπ„π√–¥—∫∑’Ë “¡“√∂ –∑âÕπª√‘¡“≥

∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ë¡’Õ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π‰¥â

3. Hyperaccumulator §◊Õæ◊™∑’Ë – ¡∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°‡Õ“‰«â„π≈”μâπ‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥¡“°°«à“

ª°μ‘‚¥¬∑’ˉ¡à¡’Õ“°“√º‘¥ª°μ‘„¥‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫μâπæ◊™ ‚¥¬æ◊™™π‘¥„¥∑’Ë “¡“√∂ – ¡·§¥‡¡’¬¡‰¥â¡“°°«à“ 100

¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ μàÕ 1 °‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°æ◊™ ∑Õß·¥ß ‚§∫Õ≈μå ‚§√‡¡’¬¡ π‘°‡°‘≈ μ–°—Ë« ‰¥â¡“°°«à“ 1,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡

μàÕ 1 °‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°æ◊™ À√◊Õ – ¡·¡ß°“π’ À√◊Õ —ß°– ’‰«â„πμâπæ◊™‰¥â¡“°°«à“ 10,000 ¡‘≈≈‘°√—¡ μàÕ 1 °‘‚≈°√—¡πÈ”Àπ—°æ◊™ Õ“®®—¥‡ªìπæ◊™ hyperaccumulator ‰¥â À√◊Õæ◊™∑’Ë¡’Õ—μ√“ à«π°“√ – ¡‚≈À–Àπ—°

„π à«π„∫À√◊Õ¬Õ¥μàÕ√“°¡“°°«à“ 1 ´÷Ë߇ªìπμ—«∫àß™’È«à“‡°‘¥°“√‡§≈◊ËÕπ∑’Ë¢Õß “√‚≈À–Àπ—°®“°√“° Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥

 à«π∫π¢Õßμâπæ◊™Õ“®®—¥‡ªìπ hyperaccumulator ‰¥â‡™àπ°—π [11] ‚¥¬ —ππ‘…∞“π«à“ª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ’È¡’Àπâ“∑’Ë

‡æ◊ËÕ„™âª°ªÑÕßæ◊™®“° —μ«å°‘πæ◊™·≈–·¡≈ß [7]

æ◊™‚¥¬∑—Ë«‰ª¡’·π«∑“ß®—¥°“√§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…®“°‚≈À–Àπ—°¥â«¬°“√‡°Á∫‚≈À–Àπ—°‰«â„πºπ—߇´≈≈å

·≈–·«§‘«‚Õ≈ (Vacuole) ¢Õß√“°‡æ◊ËÕ·¬°‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¡à„À⇢ⓠŸà à«π‰´‚μæ≈“´÷¡¢Õß√“° „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π

°Á‡ªìπ°“√ªÑÕß°—π‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¡à„À≪ Ÿà à«π¬Õ¥¢Õßæ◊™ ‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—𧫓¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑’ËÕ“®‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ°—∫

°√–∫«π°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ßÕ—π‡π◊ËÕß¡“®“°‚≈À–Àπ—° [12] Õ’°·π«∑“ßÀπ÷Ëß∑’˪ÑÕß°—𧫓¡‡ªìπæ‘…®“°

‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â §◊Õ°“√ √â“ß “√∫“ßÕ¬à“ßÕÕ°¡“®“°√“°æ◊™‡æ◊ËÕ¥—°®—∫∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¡à„À⇢ⓠŸà‡´≈≈å√“°‰¥â

¥—߇™àπμ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕߢ⓫‚楠“¬æ—π∏ÿå∑’Ë∑πμàÕ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢ÕßÕ–≈Ÿ¡‘‡π’¬¡ (Al) ®– √â“ß°√¥´‘μ√‘°´÷Ëß¡’

§ÿ≥ ¡∫—쑇ªìπ “√§’‡≈μ (Chelating agents) °—∫Õ–≈Ÿ¡‘‡π’¬¡ ‡°‘¥‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ¢ÕßÕ–≈Ÿ¡‘‡π’¬¡

∑’ˉ¡àÕ“®ºà“π‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈剥â [6] æ◊™∑—Ë«‰ª∑’Ë„™â°≈‰°‡À≈à“π’È„π°“√®—¥°“√§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…®“° “√‚≈À–Àπ—°®÷ß

‰¡à‡À¡“–∑’Ë®–𔉪æ—≤π“ ”À√—∫‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ‰¥â

 ”À√—∫æ◊™ hyperaccumulator ¡’°≈‰° ”À√—∫®—¥°“√ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ë·μ°μà“ßÕÕ°‰ª‚¥¬

∫√‘‡«≥√“°®–¡’‚ª√μ’π¢π àß (Transporter)  ”À√—∫ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°Õ¬à“ßÀπ“·πàπ ∑”„Àâ√–¥—∫°“√π” “√

‚≈À–Àπ—°‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈åÕ¬Ÿà„π√–¥—∫ Ÿßμ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ [12] √«¡∑—Èß°“√º≈‘μ “√ phytosiderophore ´÷Ë߇ªìπ  “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë‚¥¬ª°μ‘·≈â«æ◊™®– √â“ߢ÷Èπ„π ¿“«–¢“¥·§≈π∏“μÿ‡À≈Á° ‚¥¬°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°¡“®“°√“°

(Root exudation) „Àâ·∑√°´÷¡‡¢â“‰ªÕ¬Ÿà„π√–À«à“ßÕπÿ¿“§¥‘π (Soil particles) ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß “√ª√–°Õ∫

‡™‘ß´âÕπ°—∫∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°∑’ˇ°“–μ‘¥Õ¬ŸàÕπÿ¿“§¥‘π ‚¥¬ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ∑’ˇ°‘¥¢÷Èπ®–π”‡Õ“∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°‡¢â“ Ÿà

‡´≈≈å√“°æ◊™ºà“π∑“ß high affinity transporter ∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥º‘«¢Õß√“°æ◊™ (Root surface) μàÕ¡“‰¥â¡’°“√

§âπæ∫«à“ phytosiderophore ¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘™à«¬π” “√‚≈À–Àπ—°™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ‡™àπ  —ß°– ’ ∑Õß·¥ß ·¡ß°“π’ 

𑇰‘≈ ·≈–·§¥‡¡’¬¡∑’Ëμ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà°—∫Õπÿ¿“§¥‘π‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈å√“°‰¥â¡“°¢÷Èπ [6, 7, 13]

 ”À√—∫°“√≈”‡≈’¬ß “√‚≈À–Àπ—°®“°√“°‰ª Ÿà¬Õ¥π—Èπ  —ππ‘…∞“π«à“™à«ß√–¬–‡«≈“∑’Ëæ◊™‡®√‘≠„π æ◊Èπ∑’Ë¡’ª√‘¡“≥‚≈À–Àπ—° Ÿß‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ∑”„Àâ‡æ‘Ë¡¢π“¥°“√≈”‡≈’¬ß “√‚≈À–Àπ—°ºà“π‰´‡≈¡ (Enhanced xylem loading) Õ¬à“ßμàÕ‡π◊ËÕß ™à«¬„Àâæ◊™‡°‘¥°“√ª√—∫μ—«®π∑πμàÕ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…·≈–¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√

≈”‡≈’¬ß “√‚≈À–Àπ—°®“°√“° Ÿà¬Õ¥ (Translocation) ‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ [12] ¥â«¬‡Àμÿ∑’Ë “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¡à “¡“√∂

 ≈“¬μ—«‰¥â æ◊™®÷ßμâÕß¡’°≈‰°∑’Ë®–‡°Á∫ “√‡À≈à“π’ȉ«â‚¥¬‰¡à‡ªìπÕ—πμ√“¬μàÕæ◊™ °≈‰°∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â∑’Ë ÿ¥§◊Õ

°“√„™â‡ªª‰∑¥å∑’ËÕÿ¥¡‰ª¥â«¬°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π´‘ ‡∑Õ‘π (Cysteine rich peptides) 2 ™π‘¥§◊Õ metallothioneins

·≈– phytochelatins ‚¥¬‚≈À–Àπ—°À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ ·§¥‡¡’¬¡ ·≈–π‘°‡°‘≈®– √â“ßæ—π∏–°—∫∏“μÿ°”¡–∂—π

¢Õß°√¥Õ–¡‘‚π´‘ ‡∑Õ‘π´÷Ë߇ªìπÕߧåª√–°Õ∫„π‡ªª‰∑¥å‡À≈à“π’È ·≈–𔉪‡°Á∫‰«â„𷫧‘«‚Õ≈‡æ◊ËÕªÑÕß°—π

§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…®“°‚≈À–Àπ—°μàÕ‡´≈≈åæ◊™ [6, 7]

¡’°“√𔇠πÕ·π«§‘¥∑’Ë„™âæ◊™∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂摇»…‡À≈à“π’È„π°“√∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°μ—Èß·μà™à«ß

∑»«√√…∑’Ë 80 (§.». 1980) ·μà¥â«¬Õÿª √√§À≈“¬Õ¬à“ß ‡™àπæ◊™‡À≈à“π’È¡’¡«≈™’«¿“æμË” °“√¢“¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’

‡æ◊ËÕ„™â„π°“√‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°æ◊™‡À≈à“π’È„π‡™‘ß‡°…μ√°√√¡¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–¢“¥§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫ªí®®—¬∑“ß

™’««‘∑¬“·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’Ë àߺ≈„Àâæ◊™‡À≈à“π’È – ¡ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¡“°‡ªìπ摇»… μà“߇ªìπμ—«¢—¥¢«“ß°“√

æ—≤π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’π’È¡“‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“π ∑”„Àâ°“√«‘®—¬‰¥â‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬‰ª‡πâπ°“√§âπÀ“»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√ – ¡  “√‚≈À–Àπ—°¢Õßæ◊™∑’Ë¡’¡«≈™’«¿“æ Ÿß ·≈– “¡“√∂‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°„π‡™‘ß‡°…μ√°√√¡‰¥âßà“¬ [7]

§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘¢Õßæ◊™∑’ˇÀ¡“–®–π”¡“„™â„π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬ [14]

1. ‚μ‡√Á«·≈–„Àâ¡«≈™’«¿“æª√‘¡“≥¡“°

2.  “¡“√∂∑πμàÕ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â ‚¥¬æ◊™∑’Ë∑πμàÕ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â “¡“√∂ª√—∫

μ—«‡¢â“°—∫ ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇªìπæ‘…®“°‚≈À–Àπ—°‡À≈à“π’ȉ¥â

3.  – ¡ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â„π à«π¢Õßæ◊™∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà‡Àπ◊Õæ◊Èπ¥‘π ·≈– “¡“√∂‡°Á∫‡°’ˬ«‰¥âßà“¬

4. ¡’§à“ªí®®—¬§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ∑“ß™’«¿“æ (Bioconcentration factor) [15] ¡“°°«à“ 1 · ¥ß∂÷ß ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√¡≈æ‘…‡¢â“ Ÿà‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™ ‚¥¬‰¡à‡°‘¥Õ“°“√º‘¥ª°μ‘À√◊Õ‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕæ◊™

¡’°“√»÷°…“«‘®—¬·≈–æ∫«à“æ◊™À≈“¬™π‘¥¡’»—°¬¿“æ‡æ◊ËÕπ”¡“„™â„π‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ  ”À√—∫∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°¥—ß· ¥ß„πμ“√“ß∑’Ë 2

μ“√“ß∑’Ë 2 æ◊™∑’Ë¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∫“ß™π‘¥

‚≈À–Àπ—° æ◊™ (™◊ËÕ “¡—≠Õ—ß°ƒ…/™◊ËÕ«‘∑¬“»“ μ√å) Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

‚§√‡¡’¬¡ ¢â“« (Rice/Oryza sativa L.) [16]

‚§√‡¡’¬¡ μâπÀ≈‘« (Willow/Salix babylonica L.) [17]

 “√ÀπŸ ¢â“«‚æ¥ (Maize/Zea mays L.) [18]

·§¥‡¡’¬¡ ¡–·«âßπ° (Black nightshade/Solanum nigrum L.) [19]

∑Õß·¥ß ∑“πμ–«—π (Sunflower/Helianthus annuus L.) [20]

∑Õß·¥ß ¥“«‡√◊Õß (marigold/Tagetes erecta L.) [21]

 —ß°– ’ ‚§¡‰ø®’π (Chinese lantern/Physalis alkekengi L) [22]

π‘°‡°‘≈ º—°°“¥°â“π¢“« (Rapeseed/Brassica napus L) [23]

μ–°—Ë« ∑“πμ–«—π (Sunflower/Helianthus annuus L.) [24]

Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ Õÿª √√§ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√π”‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’π’ȉª„™â„π°“√∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°„π¥‘π §◊Õ æ◊™ “¡“√∂π”‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ëμ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà°—∫Õπÿ¿“§¥‘π‰ª„™â‰¥âπâÕ¬ (Low bioavailability) ¡’°“√∑¥≈Õßπ”æ◊™

‚μ‡√Á«·≈–„Àâ¡«≈™’«¿“æª√‘¡“≥¡“° √«¡∑—Èß “¡“√∂‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°„π‡™‘ß‡°…μ√°√√¡‰¥â¥’Õ¬à“ߺ—°°“¥‡¢’¬«

(Brassica juncea, Indian mustard) ´÷Ëß¡’ “¬æ—π∏ÿå„°≈♑¥°—∫æ◊™ hyperaccumulator À≈“¬™π‘¥„π«ß»å Brassicaceae ¡“‡æ“–‡≈’Ȭ߷∫∫‰Œ‚¥√‚ªπ‘° å (Hydroponic) „π “√≈–≈“¬∑’Ë¡’ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß æ∫«à“ “¡“√∂ – ¡ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’·μà‡¡◊ËÕª≈Ÿ°æ◊™≈ß„π¥‘π∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°ª√‘¡“≥ Ÿß §«“¡

 “¡“√∂„π°“√ – ¡ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°°≈—∫≈¥≈ß [7] ª√“°Ø°“√≥åπ’ÈÕ∏‘∫“¬‰¥â«à“√“°¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫

 “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’‡æ√“–¡’æ◊Èπ∑’˺‘«¡“°·≈–¡’μ—« receptor ∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫°—∫ “√‡§¡’μà“ßÊ ‰¥â¥’

‡¡◊ËՇ擖‡≈’Ȭ߄π “√≈–≈“¬√“°®÷ß “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â„πª√‘¡“≥¡“° ·μà‡¡◊ËÕÕ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫

μâÕß·¬àß°—∫Õπÿ¿“§„π¥‘π °“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫®÷߉¡à¥’¥—߇¥‘¡ [6]

°“√‡μ‘¡ “√§’‡≈μ ‡™àπ EDTA ‡æ◊ËÕ„À≪ √â“ß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°Õ‘ √–

(Free metal) ‡¡◊ËÕª√‘¡“≥‚≈À–Àπ—°Õ‘ √–≈¥≈ß°Á®–∑”„Àâ‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’ˇ°“–Õ¬Ÿà°—∫Õπÿ¿“§¥‘πÀ≈ÿ¥ÕÕ°¡“

‡ªìπÕ‘ √–‡ªìπ°“√∑¥·∑π‰ªμ“¡À≈—° ¡¥ÿ≈§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ æ√âÕ¡°—ππ—Èπæ◊™ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ë  √â“ß “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ°—∫ EDTA ‡¢â“‰ª„π‡´≈≈å√“°‰¥â ®÷߇ªìπ°“√™à«¬„Àâ√“°æ◊™ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫

 “√‚≈À–Àπ—°®“°¥‘π‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ [7] Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ “√‡§¡’ ‡™àπ EDTA ¡’§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…μàÕæ◊™ √«¡∑—È߇ªìπ æ‘…μàÕ®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠μàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠·≈–æ—≤π“°“√¢Õßæ◊™ [25]

·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™ (Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria À√◊Õ PGPB)

·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™ À¡“¬∂÷ß°≈ÿà¡·∫§∑’‡√’¬ “¬æ—π∏ÿåμà“ßÊ∑’Ë·¬°‰¥â®“° ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡

∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠‡μ‘∫‚μ¢Õßæ◊™„π¥â“πμà“ßÊ [26] ‚¥¬ PGPB ¡—°Õ“»—¬∫√‘‡«≥√“°

æ◊™∑’ËÕÿ¥¡‰ª¥â«¬ “√Õ“À“√∑’˪≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°¡“®“°æ◊™ (Plant exudates) ‡™àπ °√¥Õ–¡‘‚π À√◊ÕπÈ”μ“≈

À≈“¬™π‘¥ ®÷߇ªìπ·À≈àßÕ“À“√Õ—πÕÿ¥¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ”À√—∫·∫§∑’‡√’¬ ‚¥¬ PGPB π—ÈπÕ“®Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥

¥‘π√Õ∫Ê √“° (Rhizophere) ∫√‘‡«≥º‘«√“° (Rhizoplane) À√◊ÕÕ¬Ÿà„π‡´≈≈å√“°°Á‰¥â ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷ßÕ“®‡√’¬°™◊ËÕ

·∫§∑’‡√’¬°≈ÿà¡π’ȉ¥âÕ’°™◊ËÕÀπ÷Ëß«à“ Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria À√◊Õ PGPR [27]

°≈‰°°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™‚¥¬ PGPB π—Èπ ¡’‰¥âÀ≈“¬√Ÿª·∫∫¥—ß√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥μàÕ‰ªπ’È[28]

1. °“√μ√÷߉π‚μ√‡®π (Nitrogen fixation) ‰π‚μ√‡®π‡ªìπ∏“μÿÕ“À“√À≈—°¢Õßæ◊™ ·¡â«à“„π Õ“°“»®–¡’‰¡‚μ√‡®π‡ªìπ à«πª√–°Õ∫Õ¬Ÿà∂÷ߪ√–¡“≥√âÕ¬≈– 78 ·μàÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª∑’Ëæ◊™‰¡à “¡“√∂„™âª√–‚¬™π剥â

‰π‚μ√‡®π„πÕ“°“»®–∂Ÿ°‡ª≈’ˬπ„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õß·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬ ´÷Ëßæ◊™ “¡“√∂𔉪„™âª√–‚¬™π剥₥¬Õ“»—¬

°≈‰°¿“¬„π®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë “¡“√∂μ√÷߉π‚μ√‡®π‰¥â (Nitrogen fixing microorganisms) μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬

‰√‚´‡∫’¬¡ (Rhizobium spp.) ∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„πª¡√“°¢Õßæ◊™μ√–°Ÿ≈∂—Ë«

2. °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª¢ÕßøÕ øÕ√— „π¥‘π„ÀâÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª∑’Ëæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰ª„™â‰¥â (Phosphate solubili- zation) øÕ øÕ√— ‡ªìπ∏“μÿÕ“À“√À≈—°∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠√Õß≈ß¡“®“°‰π‚μ√‡®π ·¡â®–¡’øÕ øÕ√— Õ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π

‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°·μàøÕ øÕ√— „π√Ÿª∑’Ëæ◊™ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰ª„™â‰¥â°≈—∫¡’πâÕ¬ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°øÕ øÕ√— „π¥‘π  à«π„À≠àÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â‰¡à¥’æ◊™®÷ߥŸ¥´÷¡‰ª„™â‰¡à‰¥â ·¡â·μà°“√‡μ‘¡ªÿܬ‡§¡’øÕ ‡øμ„Àâ·°àæ◊™°Áæ∫«à“

æ◊™¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰ª„™â‰¥âπâÕ¬·≈–ªÿܬøÕ ‡øμ à«π∑’ˇÀ≈◊Õ°Á®–‡ª≈’ˬπ√Ÿª°≈—∫‰ª‡ªìπøÕ øÕ√— ∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â‰¡à¥’

Õ¬Ÿà„π¥‘πμàÕ‰ª ·∫§∑’‡√’¬°≈ÿà¡Àπ÷Ë߇√’¬°«à“ Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√

‡ª≈’ˬπøÕ øÕ√— ∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â‰¡à¥’„Àâ≈–≈“¬‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ®÷ߙ૬„Àâæ◊™ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰ª„™â‰¥â¥’ ‚¥¬°≈‰°°“√

º≈‘μ°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å‡æ◊ËÕ„ÀâøÕ øÕ√— Õπ‘π∑√’¬å„π¥‘π≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ (Solubilization of inorganic phosphorus) ·≈–°“√º≈‘μ‡Õπ‰´¡åøÕ ø“‡∑  (Phosphatase) ‡æ◊ËÕ¬àÕ¬øÕ øÕ√— Õ‘π∑√’¬å„Àâ°≈“¬

‡ªìπ∏“μÿÕ“À“√∑’Ëæ◊™π”‰ª„™â‰¥â (Mineralization of organic phosphorus) μ—«Õ¬à“ߢÕß·∫§∑’‡√’¬°≈ÿà¡π’È

‰¥â·°à ·∫§∑’‡√’¬„π®’π—  Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium

3. °“√º≈‘μ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å (Siderophore production) ∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°‡ªìπ∏“μÿÕ“À“√ ”§—≠

μàÕ∑—Èßæ◊™·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë·¡âμâÕß°“√„πª√‘¡“≥πâÕ¬·μ࢓¥‰¡à‰¥â‡æ√“–¡’§«“¡‡°’ˬ«¢âÕß°—πμàÕ°√–∫«π°“√ ”§—≠

„π°“√¥”√ß™’«‘μ ‡™àπ °“√∑”ß“π¢Õ߇Õπ‰´¡å °“√¢π àßÕ‘‡≈Á§μ√Õπ„π°√–∫«π°“√ √â“ßæ≈—ßß“π ‡ªìπμâπ [29]

Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π∑’Ë¡’ ¿“«–§à“§«“¡‡ªìπ°√¥-¥à“ß (pH) ∑’ˇªìπ°≈“ß®–Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª¢Õ߇øÕ√‘°

(Fe³⁺) ·≈–‡°‘¥‡ªìπ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ ‰Œ¥√Õ°‰´¥å (Fe(OH)₃) ∑’Ë≈–≈“¬πÈ”‰¥â¬“° [30] ∑”„Àâ∑—Èßæ◊™

·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å‰¡à “¡“√∂π”‡À≈Á°‰ª„™â‰¥â ‡æ◊ËÕ·°âªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«∑—Èßæ◊™·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å®÷ߺ≈‘μ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å

´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å¡«≈‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈μË”∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°„π¥‘π‡æ◊ËÕπ”¡“‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈剥âßà“¬

∑—Èßπ’ȧ”«à“‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å (Siderophore) ¡—°®–À¡“¬∂÷ß “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’˺≈‘μ®“°®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å‚¥¬Õ“®‡√’¬°

„À⇩擖‡®“–®ß‰¥â«à“ microbial siderophore  ”À√—∫§”«à“‰ø‚μ‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å (Phytosiderophore) À¡“¬∂÷ß “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’˺≈‘μ‰¥â‚¥¬æ◊™

 “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’˺≈‘μ¢÷Èπ¡“∑—Èß®“°æ◊™·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å¡’§ÿ≥ ¡∫—μ‘∑’ˇÀ¡◊Õπ°—πÀ≈“¬Õ¬à“߇™àπ

∂Ÿ° √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡“„π ¿“«–¢“¥·§≈π∏“μÿ‡À≈Á° ®÷ß¡’Àπâ“∑’ËÀ≈—°„π°“√π”æ“∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π¥‘π‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈å‡æ◊ËÕ

„™â„π°‘®°√√¡∑’Ë ”§—≠¢Õ߇´≈≈å πÕ°®“°∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°·≈â« “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√宓°∑—Èßæ◊™·≈–®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å¬—ß “¡“√∂

®—∫°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°™π‘¥Õ◊Ëπ‡™àπ Õ–≈Ÿ¡‘‡π’¬¡ ·§¥‡¡’¬¡ μ–°—Ë« ∑Õß·¥ß ‰¥â¥â«¬ [29] Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ ·¡â«à“

®–∑”Àπâ“∑’Ë·≈–¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂∑’˧≈⓬°—π·μଗߡ’§«“¡·μ°μà“ß„π‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’·≈–ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√

®—∫∏“μÿ‡À≈Á° ‚¥¬ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√宓°®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬åÕ“®·∫àßÕÕ°‰¥â‡ªìπ 4 °≈ÿà¡μ“¡‚§√ß √â“߇§¡’∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—π

‰¥â·°à catecholates, carboxylates, hydroxamates ·≈–·∫∫∑’Ë¡’‚§√ß √â“ßÀ¡Ÿàøíß°å™—π∑—Èß 3 ·∫∫À≈—°∑’ˉ¥â

°≈à“«‰ªº ¡°—π (Mix of the main functional groups) ´÷Ëß∑—Èß 4 °≈ÿà¡¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√®—∫∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°

‰¥â‰¡à‡∑à“°—π ‚¥¬·∫∫ catecholates ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫‡À≈Á°‰¥â·πàπ∑’Ë ÿ¥ [29, 30]  ”À√—∫ “√

‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√宓°æ◊™¡’≈—°…≥–‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’‰¡àÀ≈“°À≈“¬‡∑à“¢Õß®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å·≈–¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√

®—∫‡À≈Á°μË”°«à“ °≈à“«§◊Õ¡’§à“§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫‡À≈Á°„°≈⇧’¬ß°—∫ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å°≈ÿà¡ carboxylates

´÷Ë߇ªìπ°≈ÿà¡¢Õß “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√宓°®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫‡À≈Á°μË”∑’Ë ÿ¥ [29]

 “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’˺≈‘μ‚¥¬®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å ¡’§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√®—∫∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°∑’ËÕ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª “√ª√–°Õ∫

‡™‘ß´âÕπ (Complexing iron) ®“°π—Èπ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ‡øÕ√‘°-‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å (Fe³⁺-siderophore complex) ®–ºà“π°√–∫«π°“√√’¥—°™—π∫√‘‡«≥‡¬◊ËÕÀÿ⡇´≈≈å¢Õß®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å°≈“¬‡ªìπ‡øÕ√—  (Fe²⁺) ´÷Ëß·¬°

À≈ÿ¥ÕÕ°¡“®“° “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å‡æ◊ËÕ‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈å ‚¥¬æ◊™ “¡“√∂„™âª√–‚¬™π宓°‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’˺≈‘μ®“°

®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å‚¥¬°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡™‘ß´âÕπ‡øÕ√‘°-‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å ‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈åæ◊™‚¥¬μ√ß·≈–π”∏“μÿ‡À≈Á°

‰ª„™â‡æ◊ËÕ°“√‡®√‘≠‡μ‘∫‚μ¢Õßæ◊™‰¥â πÕ°®“°π’È “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’Ë®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å √â“ߢ÷Èπ “¡“√∂®—∫°—∫∏“μÿ‚≈À–

Àπ—°™π‘¥Õ◊ËππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ‰ª®“°‡À≈Á°  àߺ≈„Àâª√‘¡“≥·≈–§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‡À≈à“π’ÈμàÕæ◊™

≈¥≈ß ´÷Ëߙ૬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™‡™àπ°—π [28]

4. °“√º≈‘μŒÕ√å‚¡πæ◊™ (Phytohormone production) °«à“√âÕ¬≈– 80 ¢Õß®ÿ≈‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë Õ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà∫√‘‡«≥√Õ∫√“° (Rhizospheric Microbes)  “¡“√∂º≈‘μ°√¥Õ‘π‚¥≈Õ–´‘μ‘° (Indole-3-acetic acid; IAA) [28] ´÷Ë߇ªìπ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ëæ◊™ —߇§√“–Àå¢÷Èπ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπŒÕ√å‚¡πÕÕ°´‘π (Auxin) ·≈–

·¡â«à“æ◊™®– “¡“√∂ —߇§√“–Àå “√Õ‘π∑√’¬åÕ’°À≈“¬™π‘¥ ‡™àπ Õ‘π‚¥≈‡Õ∑“πÕ≈ (Indole ethanol)

°√¥øïπ‘≈Õ–´‘μ‘° (Phenylacetic acid) ‡æ◊ËÕ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇªìπŒÕ√å‚¡πÕÕ°´‘π‰¥â‡™àπ°—π ·μà°√¥Õ‘π‚¥≈Õ–´‘μ‘°

¡’∫∑∫“∑ ”§—≠∑’Ë ÿ¥„π°“√∑”Àπâ“∑’ËŒÕ√å‚¡πÕÕ°´‘π [31] ‚¥¬ àߺ≈μàÕ°“√·∫à߇´≈≈å (Cell division)

°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß√Ÿª√à“߇æ◊ËÕ∑”Àπâ“∑’ˇ©æ“–¢Õ߇´≈≈åæ◊™ (Cell differentiation) °√–μÿâπ°“√ßÕ°¢Õ߇¡≈Á¥

(Seed germination) ‡æ‘Ë¡Õ—μ√“æ—≤π“°“√¢Õ߉´‡≈¡·≈–√“° (Xylem and root development)

°“√μÕ∫ πÕßμàÕ· ß·≈–·√ß‚πâ¡∂à«ß (Response to light and gravity) ·≈–°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¥â«¬· ß (Photosynthesis)

°√¥Õ‘π‚¥≈Õ–´‘μ‘°∑’Ë √â“ß‚¥¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬∫√‘‡«≥√Õ∫√“° (Rhizobacteria) ¡’ƒ∑∏‘χæ‘Ë¡æ◊Èπ∑’˺‘«

·≈–§«“¡¬“«¢Õß√“°æ◊™®÷ߙ૬„Àâæ◊™À“ “√Õ“À“√„π¥‘π‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ „π¢≥–‡¥’¬«°—π°Á¡’ƒ∑∏‘Ï≈¥§«“¡·¢Áß·√ß

¢Õߺπ—߇´≈≈åæ◊™ (Loosen plant cell wall) ®÷ߙ૬„Àâ¡’ “√Õ“À“√∑’˪≈àÕ¬ÕÕ°¡“®“°√“°æ◊™‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ

‡ªìπª√–‚¬™πåμàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õß·∫§∑’‡√’¬¥â«¬‡™àπ‡¥’¬«°—π [28]

5. °“√ √â“߇Õπ‰´¡å ACC deaminase ‡¡◊ËÕæ◊™μâÕ߇º™‘≠°—∫ ¿“«–μà“ßÊ ∑’ˉ¡à‡À¡“–μàÕ°“√

‡®√‘≠‡™à𠧫“¡·Àâß·≈âß  “√‚≈À–Àπ—° √–¥—∫¢ÕߌÕ√å‚¡π‡Õ∑‘≈’π (Ethylene) ®–‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπ·≈– àߺ≈

°√–∑∫¥â“π≈∫μàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™ ‚¥¬°≈‰°°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåŒÕ√å‚¡π‡Õ∑‘≈’π„πæ◊™‡√‘Ë¡®“°‡Õπ‰´¡å ACC synthase ‡√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ “√Õ–¥’‚π´‘≈‡¡‰∏‚Õπ’π (S-adenosyl methionine; SAM) ‡ªìπ “√

Õ–¡‘‚π‰´‚§≈‚æ√‡æπ§“√å∫Õ°´’‡≈μ (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate; ACC) ®“°π—Èπ‡Õπ‰´¡å ACC oxidase ®–‡ª≈’ˬπ ACC ‡ªìπŒÕ√å‚¡π‡Õ∑‘≈’π ´÷Ëß àߺ≈°√–∑∫μàÕæ◊™¥—ß∑’ˉ¥â°≈à“«‰ª·≈â« ‡Õπ‰´¡å ACC deaminase ∑’Ë·∫§∑’‡√’¬ √â“ߢ÷Èπ‡ªìπ‡Õπ‰´¡å∑’ˇ√àߪؑ°‘√‘¬“°“√ ≈“¬ ACC „Àâ°≈“¬‡ªìπ·Õ¡‚¡‡π’¬

·≈–·Õ≈ø“§’‚μ∫‘«∑’‡√μ (α-ketobutyrate) [32] ¥—ßπ—Èπ®÷߇ªìπ°“√μ—¥«ß®√°“√ √â“ߌÕ√å‚¡π‡Õ∑‘≈’π

‡¡◊ËÕæ◊™‡®Õ ¿“«–μà“ßÊ ∑’ˉ¡à‡À¡“–μàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠°Á®–‰¡à¡’°“√ —߇§√“–ÀåŒÕ√å‚∑π‡Õ∑‘≈’π¢÷Èπ¡“·≈–‰¡à àߺ≈

°√–∑∫¥â“π≈∫μàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™ æ◊™®÷߬—ߧ߇®√‘≠‰¥â

°“√ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™°—∫‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ

§«“¡ ”‡√Á®¢Õß°“√π”‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ‰ª„™â¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫ªí®®—¬∑—Èß®“°æ◊™∑’˧«√¡’¡«≈

™’«¿“æ¡“° (High biomass) ·≈–°“√∑πμàÕ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß‚≈À–Àπ—° (Metal stress) ·≈–ªí®®—¬

„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‚≈À–Àπ—°§◊Õæ◊™ “¡“√∂π”‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ëμ‘¥Õ¬Ÿà°—∫Õπÿ¿“§¥‘π‰ª„™â‰¥â ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡

°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™ “¡“√∂™à«¬ à߇ √‘¡ªí®®—¬·Ààߧ«“¡ ”‡√Á®‡À≈à“π’ȉ¥â·≈– àߺ≈„Àâæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’

¢÷Èπ∑—Èß∑“ßμ√ß·≈–∑“ßÕâÕ¡ [25]

°“√™à«¬ à߇ √‘¡„Àâæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ‚¥¬∑“ßμ√ߧ◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡§«“¡ “¡“√∂¢Õßæ◊™„π°“√

¥Ÿ¥´—∫·≈–‡§≈◊ËÕπ¬â“¬ (Translocation)  “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰ª‡°Á∫‰«â„π‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕæ◊™‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ‚¥¬°≈‰°∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥â ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬

1. °“√º≈‘μ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å  “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å “¡“√∂®—∫°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°™π‘¥Õ◊ËππÕ°®“°∏“μÿ

‡À≈Á°¥—ß∑’Ë°≈à“«‰ª·≈â« ™à«¬„Àâ‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’Ë∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫Õ¬Ÿà°—∫Õπÿ¿“§¥‘πÕ¬Ÿà„π ∂“π–∑’Ë®–∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‚¥¬æ◊™‰¥â ßà“¬¢÷Èπ Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡º≈∑’ˉ¥â¢÷ÈπÕ¬Ÿà°—∫™π‘¥¢Õßæ◊™ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°æ◊™·μà≈–™π‘¥¡’°≈‰°„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‚≈À–

Àπ—°‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈å∑’Ë·μ°μà“ß°—π¥—ßπ—Èπæ◊™∑’ˉ¡àÕ“®¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å∑’˺≈‘μ®“°·∫§∑’‡√’¬‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈剥â°Á Õ“®‰¥âº≈≈—æ∏å∑’Ëμ√ß°—π¢â“¡§◊Õ “¡“√∂¥Ÿ¥´—∫ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈åæ◊™‰¥â≈¥≈߇π◊ËÕß®“° “√‚≈À–Àπ—°

∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´—∫‰«â‚¥¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’˺≈‘μ “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√剥â

2. °√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å¡«≈‚¡‡≈°ÿ≈μË” (Low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs)

°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å “¡“√∂ √â“ßæ—π∏–°—∫‰ÕÕÕπ‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â ‚¥¬°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å∑’Ë¡’À¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õ°´‘≈ (COOH)

¡“°®– “¡“√∂®—∫°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’°«à“ ¥—ßπ—Èπ°√¥´‘μ√‘° (Citric acid) ´÷Ëß¡’À¡Ÿà§“√å∫Õ°´‘≈ 3 À¡Ÿà (Tricarboxylic acid) ®÷ß “¡“√∂ √â“ßæ—π∏–°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’¡“°  “√ª√–°Õ∫°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°

®–∂Ÿ°æ◊™·¬°‡Õ“‡©æ“–‚≈À–Àπ—°ÕÕ°¡“ (Dissociated) ‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√∑’ˇ°‘¥∫√‘‡«≥º‘«√“°æ◊™∑”„Àâ

°“√π”‚≈À–Àπ—°‡¢â“ Ÿà√“°∑”‰¥âßà“¬¢÷Èπ Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡ ¬—ß¡’ªí®®—¬Õ◊Ëπ∑’Ë àߺ≈μàÕ°“√ √â“ßæ—π∏–√–À«à“ß

°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å°—∫‚≈À–Àπ—°‡™à𠧫“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß°√¥Õ‘π∑√’¬å„π¥‘π ªí®®—¬∑“ß°“¬¿“æ·≈–‡§¡’¢Õߥ‘π (Physicochemical properties) ´÷Ëß°Á àߺ≈∂÷ߧ«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‚≈À–Àπ—°‡¢â“ Ÿà‡´≈≈å√“°æ◊™‡™àπ°—π

3.  “√≈¥·√ßμ÷ߺ‘«™’«¿“æ (Biosurfactants) ‡ªìπ “√·Õ¡øîøî≈≈‘° (Amphiphilic molecule)

§◊Õ¡’∑—Èß à«π∑’Ë¡’¢—È«®÷ß™Õ∫πÈ” (Hydrophilic) ·≈–‰¡à¡’¢—È«®÷߉¡à™Õ∫πÈ” (Hydrophobic) ∑’˺≈‘μ¢÷Èπ¡“‚¥¬

·∫§∑’‡√’¬∑’ËÕ“»—¬∫√‘‡«≥√Õ∫√“° ‚¥¬ “√≈¥·√ßμ÷ߺ‘« “¡“√∂ √â“ßæ—π∏–·≈–¥÷ß∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’ˇ°“–

Õ¬Ÿà°—∫¥‘π ∑”„Àâ‚≈À–Àπ—°Õ¬Ÿà„π ¿“æ∑’Ëßà“¬μàÕ°“√∂Ÿ°¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‰¥â‚¥¬æ◊™

 ”À√—∫°“√™à«¬ à߇ √‘¡„Àâæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´÷¡‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ‚¥¬∑“ßÕâÕ¡§◊Õ°“√™à«¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠

‡μ‘∫‚μ¢Õßæ◊™∑”„Àâæ◊™¡’¡«≈™’«¿“æ¡“°·≈–∑πμàÕ§«“¡‡ªìπæ‘…¢Õß‚≈À–Àπ—° ´÷Ë߇ªìπ°“√‡æ‘Ë¡

ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√∫”∫—¥‚≈À–Àπ—°¥â«¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’π’È [25] Õ’°∑—Èß°“√™à«¬„Àâæ◊™‡®√‘≠‡μ‘∫‚쉥â‡√Á«

™à«¬·°â‰¢¢âÕ®”°—¥ ”§—≠¢Õß°“√∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‚¥¬„™âæ◊™§◊Õ√–¬–‡«≈“¥”‡π‘π°“√∑’˧àÕπ¢â“ßπ“π‰¥â Õ’°¥â«¬ [33]  ”À√—∫°≈‰°°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠‚¥¬·∫§∑’‡√’¬‰¥â°≈à“«‰«â·≈â«¢â“ßμâπ ®÷ߢՉ¡àÕ∏‘∫“¬´È”Õ’°

∑—Èßπ’ȇ¡◊ËÕ‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫°—∫°“√„™â “√‡§¡’‡™àπ EDTA ‡æ◊Ëՙ૬„Àâæ◊™¥Ÿ¥´÷¡ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°‰¥â¥’

¢÷Èππ—Èπ ·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™¡’¢âÕ‰¥â‡ª√’¬∫§◊Õ “√‡¡·∑∫Õ‰≈μå∑’Ë·∫§∑’‡√’¬ √â“ߢ÷Èπ “¡“√∂

¬àÕ¬ ≈“¬‰¥â„π∏√√¡™“μ‘ ®÷߇ªìπæ‘…°—∫ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡πâÕ¬°«à“ [25] ∑—Èßπ’È¡’ß“π«‘®—¬À≈“¬™‘Èπ∑’Ë· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“

·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™¡’»—°¬¿“æ∑’Ë®–π”¡“ª√–¬ÿ°μ儙Ⱇ∫‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ μ—«Õ¬à“߇™àπ

Pseudomonas fluorescens  “¬æ—π∏ÿå Pf27 ‡æ‘Ë¡¡«≈™’«¿“æ·≈–§«“¡ “¡“√∂„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫

 —ß°– ’ ∑Õß·¥ß·≈–·§¥‡¡’¬¡®“°¥‘π‡¢â“ Ÿà‡π◊ÈÕ‡¬◊ËÕ¢Õߺ—°°“¥‡¢’¬« (Brassica juncea) ‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ [33]

Sphingomonas  “¬æ—π∏ÿå SaMR12 ´÷Ë߇ªìπ‡™◊ÈÕ∑’ËÕ“»—¬Õ¬Ÿà„π√“° (Endophyte) ·≈–·¬°‡™◊ÈÕ

‰¥â®“°√“°¢Õßμâπ Sedum alfredii ´÷Ë߇ªìπæ◊™æ◊Èπ∂‘Ëπ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®’π ™à«¬‡æ‘Ë¡¡«≈™’«¿“æ·≈–§«“¡

 “¡“√∂¢Õßμâπ Sedum alfredii „π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫ —ß°– ’∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π¥‘π„À⥒¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ [34]

Streptomyces sp. MC1 ™à«¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¡«≈™’«¿“æ¢Õߢ⓫‚æ¥ (Zea mays)

∑’˪≈Ÿ°„π¥‘π∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ‚§√‡¡’¬¡ √«¡∑—Èߙ૬‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫‚§√‡¡’¬¡ÕÕ°®“°¥‘π‰¥â¥’¢÷Èπ¥â«¬ [35]

Streptomyces tendae F4 ´÷Ë߇ªì𠓬æ—π∏ÿå∑’Ë∑πμàÕ·§¥‡¡’¬¡·≈– “¡“√∂ √â“ß “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√剥â

§≈ÿ°º ¡≈ß„π¥‘π∑’˺à“π°“√¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ·≈–‡μ‘¡·§¥‡¡’¬¡≈߉ª ®“°π—Èπ®÷ßπ”‡¡≈Á¥∑“πμ–«—π (Helianthus annuus) ∑’˺à“π°“√¶à“‡™◊ÈÕ·≈â«¡“‡æ“–ª≈Ÿ°≈ß„π¥‘π∑’˪√—∫ ¿“«–„Àâ‡À¡“– ¡μàÕ°“√ √â“ß “√‰´‡¥Õ‚√øÕ√å

¢Õ߇™◊ÈÕ æ∫«à“‡™◊Èՙ૬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠·≈–°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫·§¥‡¡’¬¡¢Õߥհ∑“πμ–«—π„À⥒¬‘Ëߢ÷Èπ [36]

∫∑ √ÿª

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’‰ø‚μ‡Õ°´å·∑√§™—Ëπ¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√π”¡“„™â‡æ◊ËÕ∫”∫—¥ “√‚≈À–Àπ—°∑’˪π‡ªóôÕπ„π

¥‘π∑’ˇªìπªí≠À“ ”§—≠„πªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ„πÕπ“§μ ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢âÕ¥’∑’Ë¡’μâπ∑ÿπμË” ·≈–‡ªìπ¡‘μ√

μàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’π’Ȭ—ß¡’¢âÕ®”°—¥·≈–Õÿª √√§„π°“√𔉪ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â®√‘ß ·μàÕ“®

·°âªí≠À“‰¥â‚¥¬°“√π”·∫§∑’‡√’¬ à߇ √‘¡°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™¡“ª√–¬ÿ°μå„™â√à«¡°—∫‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’π’È ´÷Ëßß“π«‘®—¬

À≈“¬™‘Èπ· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ·≈–·π«‚πâ¡∑’Ë “¡“√∂𔉪„™â‰¥â®√‘ß„πÕπ“§μ Õ¬à“߉√°Áμ“¡§«√¡’°“√

»÷°…“«‘®—¬‡æ◊ËÕ∑”§«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’ˬ«°—∫ªØ‘ —¡æ—π∏å√–À«à“ßæ◊™·≈–·∫§∑’‡√’¬√«¡∑—Èß°≈‰°∑’Ë àߺ≈μàÕ ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√¥Ÿ¥´—∫∏“μÿ‚≈À–Àπ—°¢Õßæ◊™„Àâ¡“°¢÷Èπ°«à“π’È

‡Õ° “√Õâ“ßÕ‘ß

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