THE USE OF KWL PLUS AND VIDEO ON THE READING COMPREHENSION OF 6TH GRADE BHUTAINE ESL STUDENTS. Thesis Title: Using KWL Plus and Video on the Reading Comprehension Skills of Grade 6 Bhutanese ESL Students.
INTRODUCTION
- BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
- RESEARCH QUESTIONS
- RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
- SCOPE OF THE STUDY .1 Location of the Study
- Research Population
- Sample
- Content of the Study
- Time Frame
- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY
- LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
- OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Reading skill is one of the essential factors that affects students' performance in the exam. Previous studies have shown that the KWL Plus strategy has been very effective in improving students' reading comprehension skills (Lou & Xu, 2016).
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEM IN BHUTAN
The nationalization of the school curriculum in the 1970s focused more on injecting Bhutanese values, culture and ideas. Bhutan took the right decision to revise all curricula recently to cope with the changes brought about by unprecedented globalization.
ENGLISH CURRICULUM IN BHUTAN
- Teaching and Learning Reading in English as a Second Language (ESL)
- Framework for Teaching Reading
- Dale’s Cone of Learning
- Importance of Reading
- Reading Collaboratively
- Reading Comprehension
They will then fill in the 'W' (Want) column with their questions related to what they want to know from the text. Readers' ability to clearly decode written text is essential to understanding the text.
DEFINITION OF KWL PLUS
More so because Kaya (2015) writes that comprehension skills are necessary for an individual to successfully pass any exam. While students are learning to read, it is very important for teachers to use strategies that help students extract meaning from text (Mulida & Gani, 2016).
STEPS FOR USING KWL PLUS IN READING
Therefore, KLW Plus is one that provides learners with a sense of purpose for reading and provides an opportunity for the learners to become actively involved before, during and after reading the text (Le & Nguyen, 2020; Mulida & Gani , 2016). Students can see what they are learning and what they are not understanding by reading the text.
BENEFITS OF KWL PLUS IN READING
For teachers, KWL Plus provides spaces to make their classroom interactive (Usman et al., 2018). When KWL Plus is used, students have enough time to think about problems and prepare their own solutions (Rahmawati, 2018).
USING STORY TO IMPROVE READING SKILLS
- Four Selected Stories from the Grade 6 Bhutanese English Textbook
The story will allow students to create text for life connections as they can easily relate to the feelings of the main character for Bell the horse. The main character dreams of creating infinite greenery by planting trees, and he could achieve it by planting more and more trees every day.
DIGITAL STORY AND DIGITAL LITERARY SKILLS
- Using video to improve reading comprehension skills
Unlike other countries, Bhutan has not experimented much with the use of technological tools especially in language teaching in primary school. The use of video in reading activities facilitates the association of words to images and this leads to higher chances of comprehension in ESL learning (Teng, 2019).
THEORIES OF LEARNING
- Cognitive Theory
- Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory
- Cooperative Learning Theory
- Constructivist Theory of Learning
- Multiple Intelligence Theory of Howard Gardner
When KWL Plus and Video are used, this student intelligence will be activated throughout the activity because the strategy requires students to write down their thoughts and even share what they have written with the teacher and their friends. Interpersonal intelligence, one of the eight intelligences will also be activated and used by students while using KWL Plus and Video.
RELATED RESEARCH
They concluded that using the KWL technique to improve students' reading comprehension was very effective. The following is some of the related research that has been done to confirm the effectiveness of the KWL Plus in improving the students' reading comprehension skills. To summarize, the result confirmed that KWL Plus was impactful in improving students' reading comprehension performance.
The influence of the KWL Plus reading method on the pupils' reading comprehension before and after the intervention was investigated using a reading comprehension test.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- Research Design
- POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY
- Research Participants
- RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
- Instructional Instrument
- Instruments for Quantitative Data Collection
- Qualitative Instruments
- VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY
- Content Validity
- Reliability
- DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
- Ethical Consideration
- DATA COLLECTION STEPS
- Reliability Test
- Pretest
- Use of KWL Plus and Video as Intervention
- Posttest
- Semi-structured Interview
- DATA ANALYSIS
- Test Score Analysis
- Analysis for Learning Satisfaction
To assess the effectiveness of the KWL Plus and Video, the researcher administered a reading comprehension test to determine whether students had achieved the set learning goals (Cherry, 2018). In this study, the researcher used semi-structured interviews to determine the research participants' learning satisfaction with the use of KWL Plus and Video. Validity clarifies the scope of the research topic covered by the data collected (Ghauri & Gronhaug, as cited in Taherdoost, 2016).
To determine the learning satisfaction of the participants, semi-structured interviews were used to collect the data.
RESEARCH RESULTS
RESULTS OF QUANTATIVE DATA
- Paired T-Test analysis for the reading comprehension test
- Pretest-Posttest comparison
The highest score for the research participant in the pretest was 28 and the lowest was 8, respectively. Using the raw grades scored during the pretest and posttests, the researcher also calculated the increased percentage in the posttest scores. The following table contains the details of the remarkable increase in the score percentage in the post test results.
Furthermore, the researcher used a graph to illustrate differences in the scores of the pre-test and post-test as illustrated below.
RESULTS OF QUALITATIVE DATA
- Motivation for Learning
- Learning Satisfaction
- Enhancement of Classroom Participation
- Reading Comprehension Enhancement
- Developing Higher Order Thinking
During the interview, it was found that most of the students were extremely motivated to read stories in English using KWL Plus and Video. 8 and 3 are undeniable proofs that the level of students' learning satisfaction has been increased by the use of KWL Plus and Video. Most of the respondents stated that using KWL Plus and Video made the lesson very interesting, engaging and could answer questions better.
All interview respondents were in favor of using KWL Plus and Video in ESL reading lessons.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CONCLUSION
- The Results of the Test Score Analysis
- The Result Analysis of Semi-structured Interview
Thus, the first research question and the first research hypothesis were formulated (students' reading comprehension skills in 6th grade Bhutanese English would improve by using KWL Plus and Video). The final result of the data analysis showed that the students were satisfied and motivated to use KWL Plus and Video when reading stories. The findings of the study also showed that using KWL Plus and Video improved their reading comprehension skills when reading stories in English.
These findings strongly supported the second research question and research hypothesis (6th grade Bhutanese ESL students' satisfaction would improve with the use of KWL Plus and Video).
DISCUSSION
KWL Plus and Video also helped students identify the main points and main themes of the story through the use of the story map and writing a summary. Interviews with the students showed that using KWL Plus and Video improved their understanding of the stories. This study also confirmed Almamari's (2019) findings where the researcher stated that using the KWL Plus strategy had a positive impact on the students' academic performance.
Therefore, the above results highlight how the use of KWL Plus and Video in the reading comprehension activities affects the students' overall learning.
RECOMMENDATIONS
- Recommendation for Practice
- Recommendation for Future Research
In addition, students were satisfied using KWL Plus and Video while reading stories. The students had a lot of fun and understanding became much easier by using the strategy. However, a limitation of using KWL Plus and Video was noted, it takes time for teachers and students to become familiar with the design and implementation of the KWL Plus strategy.
In the end, KWL Plus and Video is an effective teaching approach that is an essential tool needed today to teach the twenty-first century students.
Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-for-development/Bhutan_PISA_D_National_Report.pdf. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268061082_Effects_of_Reciprocal_T Eaching_Strategies_on_Reading_Comprehension. Retrieved from https://www.peoplematters.in/article/training-development/the-myth-of-the-dales-cone-of-learning-17104.
Retrieved from https://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/163343-Importance-of-English-in-this-modern-world.aspx.
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
SAMPLE LESSON PLAN
The teacher will tell the students that they are going to read the story "The people who hugged the trees". The teacher will read the first two paragraphs of the story aloud, and the students will listen carefully. Students will be asked to complete the story map template (Plus) based on the information from the KWL map and their understanding of the story.
Using their KWL map information, understanding of the story and the story map, students will be asked to write a summary (plus) of the story in their groups.
APPENDIX B
READING COMPREHENSION TEST FOR PRETEST
The main character in the story "Endless Greenery" makes it a habit to plant trees and take care of them. Below are the things the author and his friends discovered in the story "Infinite Greenery" EXCEPT. According to the main character of the story "Endless Greenery", every year more birds come and the spring does not dry up so quickly because.
Which of the following lines describes the exact dream of the author of the story "The Never-Ending Greenness".
APPENDIX C
READING COMPREHENSION TEST FOR POSTTEST
What would have happened if Amrita and the villagers had not stopped the axes from cutting down the trees. Which of the following planets is called Kileken, the Masai orphan boy. How the main character realized his dream of "a land covered with a thick forest carpet".
Who else helped the main character plant the trees to bring back the lost forest?
APPENDIX D
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW QUESTIONS
Do you agree that using the KWL chart and recording the video made learning fun. How did you feel about using KWL plus charts and video to learn to read stories in English. Do you think the KWL chart and making the videos made it easier to understand the stories?
Would you like to continue using KWL plus charts and making video of role playing reading stories in English.
APPENDIX E
RELIABILITY TEST SCORES OF RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
APPENDIX F
EXPERT WHO VALIDAYED THE INSTRUMENTS
APPENDIX G
IOC RATINGS FOR DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS
Item-Objective Congruence for Lesson Plans
IOC for Reading Comprehension Test
1 Do you agree that using KWL map and video shooting made learning fun. 2 How did you feel about using KWL plus cards and video to learn to read stories in English. 4 Do you think the KWL card and making video clips made your understanding of the stories easier.
APPENDIX H APPROVAL LETTERS
CONSENT LETTERS
